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I

BODLEIAN LIBRARY

The gift of
Miss Emma F. I. Dunston

i '

I

Augustus & Cleopatra.

THE

ANCIENT HISTORY

of rut

EGYPTIANS,
CARTHAGINIANS,
ASSYRIANS,
BABYLONIANS,

MEDE9 and PERSIANS,
MACEDONIANS,

AND

GRECIANS.

BY MR. ROLLIN,

tATE PRINCIPAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS, PRO«
FESSOR OF ELOQUENCE IN THE ROYAL COLLEGE,
AND MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF
INSCRIPTIONS AND BELLES-LET"'UE3.

TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH.
IN TEN VOLUMES.

VOL. X.

THE NINTH EDITION.

ILLUSTRATED WITH COPPER-PLATES*

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR C. O. AND J. ROBINSON ; W. RICHARDSON 4SD CO. \
H. GARDNER; W. OTRIDCE AND SON; R. BALDWIN; J SKWILL ;
J. HAYES ; D. OGILVY AND SON ; W LOWNDES ; f . AND C. RIVINUTON J
LONGMAN AND REE*; C. LAW; J. NUNN ; J. CUTHELL ; VERNOR AND
HOOD; DARTON AND HARVIY { R. LEA; G. CAWTHORN \ T. HURST J
3. WALKER J AND LACKINCTON, ALLAN, AND CO.

By A SaLkvm and Son, Nrw BrM&Strut.

\ :

M.DCCC.

* ' \

• :»?

.' H ••

CONTENTS TO VOL. X.

BOOKXSL

ARTICLE I.

Sect* I* Hiero the fecond chofeo captain-general by the
Syracufans, .and foon after appointed king.
He makes «w tiKanee wkh the Romans in

the beginning of the firft Punic war i

II« Hiero's pacific reign. He particularly favours
agriculture. He applies the abilities of Ar.
cnimedei, his relation, to the ierviceof the .
public, and caafes him to intake an infinite
•cumber of machiaes fbr the defence of a be-
lieved place* He cfies vtxy old, aad much
regretted by die -people » 9

ARTICli; IL

Stcx* I. Hie«mymus, grandfbnof Hioro, fucceels him,
and caufes him to be regretted by his vices
and cruelty. He is killei in -a confpiracy.
Barbarous murder of fhe jprinccffes. Hippo-
crates and Epicides po&ts themfelves et the
jgoirerflment of Syxacufe* and declare for the
Carthaginians, as Hkronyrous had done * , , a 3

A * Sect*

CONTENTS.

«SeCt. II. The conful Marcellus befieges Syracufe. The
confiderable loffes of men and (hips, occa-
fioned by the dreadful machines of Archi-
medes, oblige Marcellus to .change the (lege
into a blockade. He takes the city at length
bv means of his intelligence within' it*
Death of Archimedes, killed by. a foldier
who did not know him ........ 39

ARTICLE HI.

Sect. I, Tomb of Archimedes difcovered by Cicero • 56*

II. Summary of the hiftory of Syracufe 59

III. Reflections upon the government and character

of the Syracufans, and upon Archimedes . . 63

BOOK XXII.

t

ARTICLE I.

Sect. I, Mithridates, at twelve yeafi old, afcends the
throne of Pontus. He feifes Cappadocia and
Bithynia, having firft expelled their Kings*
The Romans re-eftabli(h them. .Hecauies,
all the Romans in Afia Minor to be rkt to
. the fword in one day. Firft war of the
Romans with Mithridates* who had made
bimfelf matter of Afia Minor, and Greece,
where he had taken Athens. Sylla is
charged with this war. He befieges and
retakes Athens. He gains three great bat*
ties againil the generals of Mithridates. He
grants that prince, peace in the fourth year
of the war. Library of Athens, in which
were the works of Ariflotle. Sylla caufes
it to be carried to Rome ,.,....,.. ^ ., . 87

Sect.

CONTENTS*

Sict. II. Second war againft Mithridates, under Mu-
rem, of only three years' duration. Mithri-
datcs prepares to renew thrwar. He con-
cludes a treaty with Sertorius. Third war
. With Mithridates. Lucullus conful feat
againft him. He obliges him to raifethe
flege of Cyzicum, and defeats his troops;*
He gains a complete victory over him, and
reduces .him to fly into Pontus. Tragical
end of the fillers and wives of Mithridates.
He endeavours to retire to Tigranes his fon-
in-law. Lucullus regulates the affairs of

Afia lot

III. Lucollos caufes war to be declared with Tu
'granes, and marches againfl him. Vanity
and ridiculous felt -Efficiency of that prince*
He lofes a great battle. Lucullus takes
Tigranocerta, capital of Armenia. He gains '
a lecond victory over the joint forces of
Tigranes and Mithridates. Mutiny and

revolt in the army of Lucullus 1 18

IV. Mithridates, taking advantage of the difcojd
which had a rife n in the Roman army, re; ■
covers all his dominions. Pompey is chofen
to fucceed Lucullus. He overthrows Mithri-
dates in fe vera!, battles. The latter flies in
vain to Tigranes his fon-in-law for refuge*
who is engaged in a war with his own fon.
Pompey. marches into Armenia againft Ti-
granes, who comes to him and furrenders
himfelf. Weary of purfuing Mithridates
to no purpofe, he returns into Syria, makes
himfelf matter of that kingdom, and puts an '
end to the empire of the^Seleucides. He
marches back to Pontus. Pharnaces makes
the army revolt againft his father Mithri-
dates, who kills himfelf. That prince's
character. • Pompey's expeditions into Arabia
and Judaea, where he takes Jerusalem. After
having reduced all the cities of Pontus, he
returns to Rome, and receives the honour of
a triumph ..,•••..,•,,,,.,,,,.,.„.. 138

.•*■».'• • BOOK

contents;

book xxra.

■ Page

«S»CT. L Ptolema?u* Auleta had been placed upon the
throne of Ejjypt in. the room of Alexander.
He is declared the friend and ally of the
Homan people by the credit of Caefar and
^_ TWpeyj whkh he purohafes at a yery great
*^ price. ^ I« confeauence he loads his itibjefts
with, impofts. Be Is expelled the throne*
The Alexandrians make his daughter Bere-
fcice queen, " Me goes to Rome, aad bjr
money obtains the voices af the heads of
the cosnrapnweakJk for his re-efbWilhraent.
fee is oppofed by an oracleof the Sibyls ;
^witManding which, Cabin ins ftts him
isypbrithe thnone.by force «rf arms, where he
jemaias till hts death. The JEamow Cleo-
yatra and feejr brother, very ycmr^g, Succeed
'aim*......,.....'......' f ...-. ... itfj

Sect* TL Pothinus and Achillas, mhufteni of rise young
5cipg» espel Cleopatra. She rahes troops to
tt-eAabHih herfelf. Pamper, after having
(been overthrown at Phanaiia, retires into
f gjptr He. h aflaiunated there* Caefar,
who pucfiied him, arrives at Alexandria,
where he is informed of his death, -which '
te fecms to JamenJU- He endeavours to re-
concile the brother and filter, and for that
tmrpofe (ends for Cleopatra, . o£ whom he
icon becomes enamoured. Geeat commo-
tions arife at Alexandria* and .federal battles
are fought between the Egyptian&aod Cxfar's
ttcopsi wherein trie lattcrLive aknofi: always
the .advantage. Tbe king having, been
browned in flying -after a 4bh££uf* all
Egypt fubtnit* to Casiai. p He Yets Cleo-
patra with her younger brother upon the

throne, and returns to Rone , 1 76

XII. Cleopatra caufes her jwunjr brother to lje put
to death, and reigns alone* The death of

4 J ulia *

CONTENTS*

Page

Julius Caefar having made way for the Tri-
umvirate formed between Antony, Lepidus,
and young Caefar, called alio Odavius,
Cleopatra declares herfelf for the Triumvirs.
She goes to Antony at Tarfus, gains an abw
folute afcendant over him, and brings him
with her to Alexandria. Antony goes to
Rome, where he efpoofes Odavia. He
abandons himfelf again to Cleopatra, and
after fome expeditions returns to Alexan-
dria, which he enters in triumph* He there
celebrates the coronation of Cleopatra and
her children* Open rupture between Caefar
and Antony. The latter repudiates Ocla-
via. The two fleets put to fea* Cleopatra
determines to follow Antony, Battle of
Allium. Cleopatra flies and draws Antony
after her. Caeiar's victory is complete. He
advances fome time after againit Alexandria,
which makes no long refiitance. Tragical
death of Antony and Cleopatra. Egypt h
reduced into a province of the Roman empire 190

Conclufion of the Ancient Hiftory 223

Chronological Table ' 228

<5eneral Index , ,„ , $ Jt

THE

BOCK THE TWENT.Y-FIRST.

**«■*»<

THE

HISTORY
&; Y> Rt A. C US B.

• . ■ ' •

THIS tweftty.fftft Book contains the'cpnclufimr of
the hiftory of Syracufe. It may*b$ xjivid.cd into
three parts. The- nirft includes the long reign of
Hiero II. ' The fecond, the (ho^t Tetgn or* his grand*
fen HiERONVtttfs,- the troubles 1 of .Syracufe'' confe-
qoential of it, ' with' the Reg* and taking of that, city by
MXrcelliw; The' third is-an' exa6> abridgement of'
the hiftory' of Syracofo with* fome reflefttonson the
government and chara&er of tlie Syracufens-, r and oa

A'RCHlMfcl>E3.

Sect; Ii Ifori* tha&ecand chofinx ctptahfrgetmaify the .
S$ratufiw.$i . a&Aj&*a after, xffleatiiijdiqg; ift> mahas
an. QJfoamtt taikkv'tkb> Romans i&F.tht.&cgrnmng.af ikt ■

•TTrERO II; was defended ffom the family of
•t-*- Gejon* , who had formerly reigned in Syra-
cufe t A$ his. mother was qf flavifh. extra £t ion, his
father' H^rpcles^ ac^ojdVng to the barbarous cuftom
of thofe tjiicsj qaufedhhn to. be espofed foQn. "after
his birth; beli^virjgj that jhe infant diijhonaured the
nobility or his race.* „' li Juttin's fabulous account
mav be believed, the bees nourifhed him feveral days
Vou X* , •• .: < ' •* • ' • - • - B T * * « with

4> thkhistokt

field -under the* pretext of marc king agatttftkte Nftmcr- '
tines*. When he came ! within view of' tHe-enemy,
hfi divided his army? into t^o^artsc on the dn«'GdfciYe''
£pftod,&ieb of therfoWterA as wene Syracufans : ort'tftc.[
otl|ef,,^fe wjw>*wcre notifo. Heptit htmftlf'at'tHe-*
lieadrof' tJb<5 firft* w if he> intended an aftackv a*td left 7
the, o}h$rs 0xp©feJdttothe Mamertine** Who cut tHem;
t Q:.Ri ece P> . after whicb h» returned quietly to tta city;;
withthe* Syracufan troops ; ; '

;Thfr a^;m>; being/ thus, purged of all wHorrtightex*
cite diforders and' fedition, . he raifed • a * feffieiehi-
npmbftr .<tf ftttoitrobps*: and afterwards-difclterged'the
d^ftes of, bis fiittCKon in peace* The Mamertfties*, J
ela|e; withj thW> fuccefiv adva»cing irtfo- the county *
hip marched againftt thero with the; Syraeufan- troops--'
whom he had armed and disciplined welrF," aMd gave-
tfejenr battle in the plain of Myla* c A great- part ; of '
the .enemies ware left tipwi the place, and theirgetierafe -
mad$ prifonwv At his return he was declared king-
ed, all tb# citizens, of Syracuie> and afterwards by all
t&e aU^s* This happened ifeven years? after his being :
ra4fed)to.the fupreme authority.

lMv©uld<bc dificult tajaflrify the ntanner in- which-
he attained that eminence. Whether he put the fo*
rpgii' fpldier* in motion himfelfj which feems proba-
ble enough* or only Tent himfelf to their zeal/ it was
a< crjrflijial infidelity to his Country, and the pub-
lic authority, to which his example* gave- a* mortal
w^ound* t It is true the irxegulartty of" his- entrance-
upon ofl^ce was* fconewhat amended by the content
whiclvtlje* people and allies afterwards gave to it. But
can we fuppofe, in fuch a conjuncture, that : their-
aonfent was perfe&ly Jree ? As to his being- elefted
kiug, tfyeje was nothing forced in «hat: if* his fecret
ambition had aay tparfc in«it f that fettte was- well atoned

' ■ * » few

cA..M. 3736. Ant^J. Q. 26^,

'* Tnjfy were originally Cam panjan tropps, whonft AgatfwcU* hatfi
tafeftft inta his'pvrji and' vvW afterwards liegcd Meifina, having firit
puiujlc principal inhabitants to -tfoe»fword.

for, .by his wife and difintereflbd conduft dirtw#i € the
lojig duration of his feign and lHe« • '

"The lofs of the battle we r^efpo^fcf entiretr
difconcerted the affairs of the Mamcrtines. Sortie of
them bad recourfe to the Carthaginians, to whom they
iurrendej&d iheir cfcadeL; others refoivod to abandon
the city to .the Romans, and fettt to-d*fire their'&Hr.
Hence ajpofe the firft Purric'war, as I baVe efcptoinfetf
more at large * elfewhere.

* Appius Claudius the aanful put tofea, in order tt>
aid the Mameftina*. Not beings-able ttvpafsthe ftfak
*oF Meftna, ojf which the Otrtbagintaiw had'pfcfleffett
themifelves, he made a feint <#• abandoning tfoht<<ettt€ii-
9 pn£e« and .of returning towards Rome with ttfl the
•troops he had oa -board his fleet. Upon this 'Hews' thfe
enemy, who blocked up iMeflina on tiie fide ttekt tfcfc
Yea. having retired, as <if<*here ihad been RotMttg ftlfc*
Cher to apprehend, Apptus tacked -about, and jiaflett
the fljaittwithoutdanger. , '

*■ The MaraertineA, ' between inertaoes fctfd farptifc,
laving driven 4he officer out of the citadel, who coftw-
jnanded in ,k .for the Carthaginians, tttty ! cal!ed rfr
^npius, *and opened the >wte* of <iheir dhy to htm.
The Carthaginians Toon idter fonwed the ftege tfHt,.
And made a^raaty of alliance .with Hieroj *Hd joirieft
hu troops to the***. . The Roman cottfid 'thbuglk fit
to venture a tattle* and attacked one ^SyraMifanVfirft.
.The 'fight was rude. Hiero fhcrfved aM poflible c<m-
•r^ge* vut could not refrft the valoiir df the Rtahatfc,
•and was -obliged to jgjmc way, and rmke^o^rfccnfe'.
^Claudius, shaving obtai»ed; a tike JViitery *>yer *hfe -
^arthugirrian*, W . hjwfeJf .mater <wf the fieW, -W-
vanced *o the walfe-ef Syvaoufe, imle^n tiaft^nJaUfe
ibave hofiegcd k.

* "When the news of AppiuVs gttod lucceft tttttMecl

at Jlooie, it •occafiantid igreai joy* in master **© rftake

«" Ytofiftto. fctiatifc. 1. 1. c. 4. e Wlyb. L I. p. 10, f i 4 .

, . 'A. M. 3741. Ant. J. C. 263. Ibid. p. 15, 16.

* V*t. <U ftiftoqrtf &e<fcirtb*jgmkn*-

k *

6 THE. HISTORY

• _ *

the mo$ of it* it wa& thought proper toufe new efforts.
The two confuls lately eleftea, Manius Otacilius, and
Manius Valerius, were ordered into Sicily. ' Upon
their arrival feveral of the Carthaginian and Syracufan
cities furrendered at difcretion.

The confternation of Sicily, joined to the number
and force of the Roman legions, made Hiei-of ccin-
^eive what event, this . new war was likely to*have.
That 'prince was fenfiblc, that lie might rely upon'a
,niore faithful and conftant amity on the fide of .the
Romans. He knew that the Carthaginians had not
renounced the defign they had- anciently* formed, of
poffefling themfelvcs of all Sicily; and if they made
.themfelves mafters of Meflina, he rightly judged his
power would.be very infecutfe in 'the neighbourhood
•of fuch dangerous and formidable enemies.' 'He faw
.no; Qther expedient for. xhe prefer vat ion 6f his* king-
dom, than t to . leave . the Carthaginians engaged witii
the Romans; well a (lured that the war would be Ipnjj
and-obflinate between thefe two republics equal in
'their forces, arid that' as lorrg as they fhoalcf be at
jblows, he fhould have no reafon to apprehend being
# £iftr&fled either by the one <xr the other. 'He thereT-
fore fent ambaflador& to the i confute' to treat of rieaCe
jand a&lliance. They "werjc fair from* refufing thbie o£-
-fers . ; They were too * rpuch ' af r-aid , • that- the Cartna-
jginians, mafters at fca, hiight cut ^fP all paffage foi*
juroyifions ; which fear was the better founded, as ttte
troops, who had firft paffed the ftrait, had Juffere&
ex,treinely by famine- An alliance with Hiero fecured
,the legions in that refpeft, and was immediately corf-
eluded. The conditions Were, that 1 the ting fhould
reftore to the Romans, without ranfom, all- the prifon-
ers he had taken from them, and pay them an hundred
* talents in money.

. From .thenceforth Hiero .faw no war in his domi-
.ftypns, nor had any other fhare in it, than of fending
fupplies tQ the Romans upon oc cafion. ... In. other re-

• ■•.'• , . . . * : fpecls

* An hundred thoi*f«xl crowns. *

•OF SYRACUSE. 7

fpeQs hC( reigned as a kiag who had no view oor am-

ibition but the efteem and lave of ;his people. No

, prince was ever more fuccefsful in that point, oor

longer enjoyed the fruits of his wifdora and prudence;.

During more than fifty years that he lived alter being

-ele&ed king, whilft all tilings were in flames around

him, occasioned by the cruel wars which the two mofc

.potent ftates of the world made ^gainft each other, he

was fo prudent and happy to be no more than a fpec-

tator ol them, and only to hear the noife.of thofe

arms, which fhook all the neighbouring regions;

himfelf and his people retained a profound peace.

g The Romans perceived on more than one o<3-
. cafion, during the firfl Punic war, and efpecially at
.the fiege at Agrigentum, with- which it was in a man-
ner opened, the importance of their aljiance with
.Hiero, Who abundantfy fupplied them with provifions
.at times when the Roman army, without his aid, had
been expofed to exceffive famine.
- The. interval between the end of the firll Punic
war, and the commencement of the fecond r which
.was about five and twenty year s^. was a time of. peace
[and tranquillity to Hiero, in which the a&ions pf that
. prince are little fpoken of.

h Polybius only informs us, that the Carthagini-
ans, in the. unhappy* war they were obliged to fup~
port againft the Grangers or mercenaries, which was
.called ,ti}e African war, finding themfelves extremely
pr^rffe^, had recourfe to their allies, and efpecially to
king Hiero, who granted them all they afked of hit*.
That prince conceived, that to fupport himfelf in
Sicily, it was neceflary that the Carthaginians mould:
overcome in this war; left the ftrangers, who had al-
ready obtained many advantages over the Carthagi-
nians, in cafe of entire fuccefs, fhould find no fur-
ther obftacles to their projeQs, and (hould form defign*
of bringing their viQorious army into Sicily. Perhaps

alio

% Polyb. L i. p. 18* * A. A£ 3763. Ant. J. C, 041. Po-

lyb. 1. i. p. 84.

U '<Tm -HISTOft*

alftvas he was an excellent poWijcian^heflionrfrtijt
incumbent on him to be upon his guard againft the
too great power of the Romans, who would Become
•abfolute.ma-fters, if the Carthaginians fhould be en-
tirely ruined m the war againft the reverters.

! Hiero*s fole application during this long interval

of peace, was to make his fnbjefts* happy, and*to re-

-<lrcfe the evHs which, the unjuff government -of Aga-

-Aacies, who preceded him (brae years, and the intef-

*ine divifions confequential of diem, had occasioned ;

<an -employment worthy of a great king. There Ttfas

a levity -and inconftancy in the, chara&er of the ;Sy-

*acuTans, which often inclined them to exceffive. s and

violent refoltitions - but *at -bottom they were humane

and equitable, and no enemies to a juft-and reafonablie

obedience. T4ie proof of wh^-h is, that when rh^y

were governed with wifdom and moderation; as by

• Timoleon, they refpc6ted the authority of the hro&s

and magi ftrates, and obeyed them with joy. x . "

Hieix> was ho fooner entered upon office, ant! had

*the fup*««ve authority confided to : him, fliati hefhowcil

-hi*4eWftation ; fori1ie wreuhed policy of the tyTacrttV;

:<who, <fc>nfideting the citizens as their enemies, 4nftl

no other thoughts than to weaken and ^nthyn^afc

~tjhem,'tirtA frepofed 1 their whole confidence in t)ie fo-

-ijeign ifoid^rs, by -Vhom they' were perpetually fuf-

.fcevuiwktL' Ke began fey pafctiag 1 arm's into the. bands

\<rf the cit«e»s, 'formed them with care in the exer-

v/ciies of yrar, and employed them m preference to ?{1

-

/ 4

1

i ' '

»

•

1

f

1

\ | »

* \
I

1

i

• • *

\ .. •• cl. i \»

. / 1

1 . 1 W

. ; .i,* t .] .: A

• *

•Si .

: : ' . ' . * 1

: l Sect.

6* StfcAfcttSE. °W

Sfcttcv -M. - Herd's patific mgn. tie 'fdiiicutyrlfy

fh&otojs Agriculture, tit applies the " abilities of

Jr chime Acs bis ttllztitin to Vke fervice of the public^

kind tuufes him fd make ok iflfirtite nutiiber tf machines

Jfcr the Menu rf n befmcti ptatt. . J& T&es t wry cld^

and. much regretted by the people.

WHtM Hietb ' tttained life ftvereigrj : amhpnt^
Ms great application Wai to convince htp f\&-
fc&s, Wft by hrs words, than his action*,, that he wa*
rrtfifiitdy tfembte from itttenditig any thing to the

!>r£judice of thfcit fortunes or liberty. He was. not
iftent upon being feared, but tfpoh being Iqved. ;$£
looked upon himleff left as theit; matter, than as their
jfrrote&or and father. - Before His reign the ftafce hal
been elMdetl by- ttoo factions, that of the citiaoqsv anp
Aat of the foMiers; whofe differences, fuppojrtedt orj
both fide* with great anlmofity, had occauonedr infr-
ftite misfortunes. He tifed hil Utm6ft endeavours tp>
extingiiHb all remairis of this divifion, and to eradi-
cate^ fttrth their fliimh aH feeds of difcord a^d mifiin^
JteHtaa<Hfifc. j 1ft fcem* to have fucceeded wonderfully
hi tliat terjteft, as during a reign of mote than fjfiy
year*, rto fetfitioh off revolt dlfturbed the tranquillity
ofSrracufe. ' ' \

• What contributed moft, without 'doubt," to th$
happy calm, was ttie 1 particular care taken by Hi£ro-
to keep Ms ftibje&s employed ; to banifli luxury a,pi
idtenefs, the parents of ail vieds, the fourqe ,pt al)
feditloris, from his dominions ;' t& fupport and improvp
tfcfc rtattiral fertility of His country; ahci to plape'^grj,-
•^tilttinS ih rumour; T*mch he looked upon as the ceiv
tam means to render his people happy, anc( to ^ififuff
abundance throughout htfc kingdom. The cuftivation-
of lands, indeed, befides employing an infinity oF
hands, which- wpuld'othefwifd remain, idle and* H* pro-
fitable, dr&WV frrttf a; "country, by the exportation rof-'
fTain^th* &cbti& of the neighbouring natrons, an£

B.4 * ' '" " turns

10 THE HISTORY

* , » > > ■ * •

turns their current into the houfes of the people, by
a commerce renewing every, year v thfe\defeifte#rfruit
fcftfieir labour and inuuftry/ .This island ^we •can-
not repeat it too often, ^what ought, to be the pecu-
liar 'attention J of a" wife government, as one of {he
jnoft eflential parts of wjfe and falutary policy* thpjigh
unhappily too niuch negle&ed. j ^ v 4 • , - \. /

Hiero .applied himfelf entirely to this end. He did
not think it unworthy of the /foverejgnty to, ftudy srnd
f>e 'fkilful in all the rples .of agriculture. * He even
cavfe himfelf the trouble /o .compofe oooks upon that
lubjecTJ, of , which we bujjjht much to regret the lofs.'
l$ut he considered that bbjeft of his inquiries in a
jnanner ftill more worthy of a king. The principal
riches of the fiat e> and the moft certain; fund :of th$

{irinVe's revenue confifted in corn. He therefore, be T
rdved' it of the higheft confeqnence, and ; whjat r de+
manded his utmoft care and application,; to* ieftablifh
goodroirder in that traffic, to render the condition of
the 1 mifbandman, of whom the greateft part* of the
people were compofed, fafe ana* happy ;. torafGertaii}
the prince's dues,, whofe principal revenue rofe ft;0jn
tuem ;' to obviate fuch ditbrdefs as, night get ground
to the prejudice of his inftitutiorw ; and to prevent .th$
uiijuft vexations,, which endeavours , might ppjjibly, be
wfed to intrude in the' iequel. To anfwer all thefe
purpofes, Hiero ni a de- regulations fo wife, i;eafonable f
equitable, anil at the fame time conformable to the
people's ' interefts, that they became, in a, manner the
fundamental laws of the country, , and were, always
""•obfeiWd. as facred arid inviolable, not pnly in hi*
reignj' but in all : fucceeding times. .When the. Rpt
mans c !Had' fubjefted the city and dominions of Syra-
*cufe,' 'they impofed no new tributes, -and decreed,**
ifeat alt 'things mould be difpofcd according to the
' r ' r . ••' ' • . .'laws

.."... T * ' ' : ^olyb. 1. xviii. c. 3. . , i ^

* JMumas lege Hieiomcdjempcr ycndcndas ceqf (/erupt, ut [\s jucundlor
'fffit mXfiftfoTtfidsfwtffio, JS ejus rtgfs, yuf'Sicufis 'cdrijjimus'fult^ non,
'Johtm infiUura % tvrnmftf&o imperio, vcrujtt ctbtin mm* **m*n*ttt<. • Ci*.
TDr^. in'Ver. dc fruxn. jb. 15.

hi.r ^ ~ w°-

OF'sVUACttStt. If I

laws, of Euro : ib'&rddr that the SyrVcuTans, In eHang*
ing their mailer^' might have. " the eottfblation not to*
change their laws,' ahd fee themfelveS' in fofne rriea.
fure ftill governed by a prince, whole name alone was
always dear \o them, and rendered thqfe laws exceed*
ingly venerable. : '

Lhaye ohfented, that in JSidiy theprihce's princi-
pal revenue ^onlTifted in ^orn^ thVtenth being paid
him? - ; K * Wa$ f therefore hii ' inteVerf that ' the country
» ihould fee well cultivated, that ' eftirrfates fliddld be
made of the' Value of the lands, and that they Ihbulcl
produce abundantly, as his revenue augmented, in
proportion to their fertility. *tht colle&prs of ftjs
tenth for the prince, which^waJ pa(id 7 t in Kirid and'not
in money, were cajled l}t&indni, th^t ; ! is toYayv^^
mcfs of the tenths^ .'.Hiero, in\he regolaiidnS he madii
upon this head, did ^not J 'neglecy \\d Wtt i'nter^ft^
which argues him' a \vife prince and a good ceconomifti
He knew very well, there was reafon to apprehend,
that the country people, who'cohfider the moft legal
and moderate impofts ad intolerable" "burthens,' might
be tempted 3 to defraud the ' prTnce bfluV (hies'. To
Ipare thefti this temptation, he (60^4^' f\ juft 'and
exaft pf^cauttons, t1rat'.wheVher ; the 'c6 l rh f ' werd 'in the
fear, on the floor to bethre(hed, i: lal8 up r m barns^; or
laden -for carriage, it' was no:' poffibte for the buf-
bandman to fdcrete any ' part v ot it; bPx6 defraud the
colle&or even of; a finale gra* in; without e^pofing him-
felf to a feyere penalty. But Kfe a'tfds^foVtfiat Hler<i
had taken the faijneVprecatotiohV agamfl: ! the avidity 'of
the colleftor$^ tb Whom it 'wis etjtiaily impriftibfe t'A
Vxtdrt anything ffertt toe liafbandmen beyond tKA
tenth. Hiero feems to have beervvery muc*h againftfhi
hufbandman's quitting his home" upon any pretext
whatsoever. \' Cicero "fays'" accordingly, inveighing

• Jftmtica lex emmbus cujiodus JubjaBum aratorem decuman? tradtt,

lit tuque infegitibus, neque in areis, neyuc in korr-eis, netfvt in amovendo,

xefut iA^ffikrtkndofrumentOy g^nQxHnK\xp^^ai^^ne>jmmcim^tma^

Jraudare decumanmm. Cic.,Qr»tj. ia, YtMSike J&ruttU M *P. .• - V

•.*

par clumsy .tp ,t^ .jyty, tro^ (jifVp.lp^'.tj? thenar.
5?*. W ^? ofVilljngibeiF Jap&^Wt P? ft-o/'pcut;
ing law-fuits. " '* Myerum atque iniquu/t'ex Mro $<?•

Pq eye* # iuft. im ffify W^,fnnjf # (o .the^re^di^

Wnfe pf Jfc ,j|cne^](fy fll RWn,. .Pu{.wi'/J Iww joany.

■ tapes jw$t \$ hifv'e ffy/|je4 WWPpwJ Kpv'ipasy

foul&^dine* " ": lands J

Hoy? much 'iflofiej

bave'cpft i >Wfhjjf

gaxe b^fVii. ' mfh^reiq

with wifdpj Iffftwl

p.f fjon^ern mis, be

c.ultiva^p, i i Jsrfiip

'i?f*'%> HfJWr

flfffllf P' 1 51 W

jtheir Uaquf, . ., .

fe dj^ing^ifhcd prow* of his attachhj^nt to ijie
maiis. ' As fdon as ne' received advics of Hanni-
V' arrival in Italy, he went with his fleet well

.■-ifc.-pifc-««t. ioVw.-d*6vm.ti. 14. '"" «'■*»'»». Jf#fc

Aw. J.C.wl. Uf.t>Wr^a r '5*i , 5 t '' ' i.-.r.i. •.,

arrived fct Meflfra, ,M> P%f $# Spnftil his ferviccs*
agd fo 'affure Jii^' that adVajftcad,in<age;aj he waj, ha
wpyl4 ftow the ; fain£ s&aj jfor the Rowan peppje, a«
he h&4 fewwly dwe in &S vouth, * n *he firfl *«*
3£ana# the Carthaginian^.' He ioofe V»ppfl, % to
fuppl^^M . jcgftfol's 'lqsjofi* wpd the .troops; of *h«
allies, Vlti;^>r/i .ajyj fllotbe^ at his Pwq euranfc. Vppfl
the neyvs ftc/rived jj^Jflp^ injbnt,;pf,.tfie .adva^tag*
^iriedby tj»e RojpafJ pye/ the C^thajririiaa fle^, tfef
corifuj tfiaqked the' &nj For hif* advajjtagiKW pflei?, an4
fga/Je np ufc pf thern at.,tfj3t jipi£. ; • ,

" ftisro's ;nyip]able ( (idej^y for, the «Rpfl¥W». frhich
is very remarkable' in his character/ appears U[\i
jpgre sonfyiwpyitty Afar thsi* d^foa^ o^#r. fli^.i^ke
pf Thrajyinene. They had ahea^y, toft three battle*
aeainft I^^qni^al^ each, more unfortunate anji more
pfoofjy ih&n the other- IJiero* in vhat mournful con*
jun&ure, fen* A fleet lacl en w **h ppoviiions to the port
of Gftja. The jfyjwu'jfn anibafiadpr*. upon their
OeiW introduced to, the, (eriaje, fpld thern, ♦* That
«« Jtiero, i^eir Iflpftejf, .haif bee^n ^fenfityy affli&ed

r on their^Jaft $}$*?% a^if he fa4 fwPe/c4 it in hU

^PWfrP^tfpfl* ,4#at though he wflJJ ^tjeivr, tfyat the

*" grjrcdeur of ths Roman PWP ,e v**\»ltw>ft . w«^

'«' a&njrafcje W tiroes pf aoVerfity* than afte* th<* woft
%8*J f*#e#*i' h? had, fepfc thpffi all the aid ihai
cpuW P e .expected irqm. a good qnd faithful atyy» f
? c aqij, Wf e^jyn dsfired J^ fcnim wqu]# npt rtfyfc **
>« accept \u Thafc t^fjr fad particularly Vrc^gbt a
>• Vi^ypf gdd^^^eigj^^thfee hunted, pound*,

■"■ Y% b .*fe *WR- ^ Q fi«J AW w&^.iVQUChfafe tp
*• receive as a favburabje augury, and a pl.edgfc of th*

«# Y q^;wJ?i9h 1# .««#•%. *^ J?fpfR e «m- -That

*« j,hey had alfo three hundred thou fa nd bufhels of
"*• whea{, an^.two hu.ndre^ thoil&nd pf barley ; a,nd

>« tM flf-lM'IU 1 ^ P'W? .4«fi^^d. a; gceaiir quaj^i*
>t Hitse (would ca^fa aa mu^h..aa they pleafed to be

v - r-. • ■ ^ v.\ . 1 .« .. . ■..« ^^"trarifbpyte^

4<

i4 THr ttrsTOKr

«• tranfpotted to whatever* places" tftcyj lhairld appoint
M That he'knew tfre R'oraan.peophe employed none it
44 their armies but citizens and allies; but that h<
M had feen right-armed ftrangers in their camp,
•^Tliaf he had' therefore fetat them a thoufarid archer:
44 and (lingers, who might be oppofed fuccefsfully tc
" •* fhe 'Baleares ^nd Moon 'of .Hannibal's army."—
They ad'ded to this aid a 1 very Taluiaty piece *bf coiin
fel, whieh was, 1 thiv .^t ( prxt^^ha fhould be fen
to'cornmatid in : Sicily; , 'might '.'difpaich k fleet tc
Africa, in order to find the Garrhagfriians fuch em
plpyment in their own country, 'as' mi'ght put it out o
their power by that diverfion to fend any fuccours tc
Hannibal. . '. y l • \ ! '

The fenate anfwered ! the) king's ambaffadors in verj
obliging and hdnbnrable tei'rrisy " That 'Hiejro aftec
•• like a very generous 1 prince, and a .'rnort* faithfu
••ally: that' from the- time, be had cohtrafted ar
44 alliance with the Romans; his attachment for then
44 had been coriftant and unalterable ; in fine, tha
44 in all times and places he had powerfully and mag:
• 4 nificently fuppbrted . them : that the people had ;
At due fenfe ot futh generofity \ that tome cities o
44 Italy hajd already prefenied tne Roman people witl
"gold, who, after having, expreffed rheir gratitude
" had not thought fit to accept it: that the viftor)
44 was too favourable an augury not to be received
44 that they w/ould place her in the Capitol, that i
, t4i to fay, in the temple of the raoft high Jupiter, ii
*" order tiiat (he might eftabTifh there her fixed an<
* 4 lading abode.". All the- ddrn and barley on boar<
the mips, with the archers and 'dingers, were fent t<
the confute. • ' : '

Valerius Maximus * obferves We, upon the hobl
! % an»

-. • '".,•' ;*.'!..

* Trecenta mfllia modiitm tritici, et ducenta mitf/'a hcrdei % aurlqi
JHeento & quadragnta ftmdo urbi nifty* tnunefl nttjlt, '' Nequel^nan
vtreeurtdl* \t»4J*ntm ncflrvttmj fuUkcliu 4*dp*rt, iHtbatotum M*A'£it
tia furmA'viU>uLCQX religione motes, munificent! A fud uti cogent t t/olunta
mtifendi prlus 9l iterum ftrvidentU c&vtnd* nt rcntittetttur* Itbcraliu-
Val. Mix. 1. iv. c. «. < : ' '"* l Vt "

/ .

OF' SYRACUfct. 15

and prudent liberality of Hiero ; firft in the generous
<k£gn be fonrns, of prefeoting the Romans three hun-
dred and twenty pounds weight of gold ; then in the ••
induftrious precaution he ufes, to prevent their refund
to accept it. He does not offer them that gold in fpe 1 -
cie*; he knew the* exceeding delicacy of the Roman
people too well for that; but dnder the form of a vic-
tory, which they dared not refufe, upon account of the
good omen it feemed to bring along with-it. ■ • *

It is extraordinary to fee a prince, whofe dominions
were fituate as Syracufe was in regard to Carthage,
from which it had every thing to fear, at a time •
when Rome feemcd near her ruin, continue unalter.
ably faithful, and declare openly for her interefts, not*
witbftandmg all the dangers to which fo daring a con*
duel expofed him. A more prudent politician, to fpeak
the ufual language, would perhaps have waited the
even of a new action, and not have been fo hafty to
techre him felf without neceffity, and at his extreme.
peril. Such examples are the more eitimable, for he*
*ng rare and alrrioft unparalleled. x

I do not know, however, whether, even in good
policy, Hiero ought not to have acted as he did. It
would have been the greateft of all misfortunes for
Syracufe, had the Carthaginians entirely ruined, or
even weakened the Romans too much. That city
would have immediately felt all the weight pf Car.
thage ; as it was fituated over again ft it, and lay highly
convenient for Strengthening its commerce, fee u ring
it the empire of the fea, and eftabli filing it entirely
in Sicily, by the poflefhon of the whole ifland. It
had therefore been imprudent to fuffef fach allies to
be ruined by the Carthaginians ; who would not have
been the better friends to the Syracufans for their
having renounced the Romans by force. It was
therefore a decifive point, to fly immediately to the .
aid of the Romans ; and as. Syracufe would necefTarrty
fall after Rofme, it was abfolutely recjuifite to hazard
every thing, either to fave Rome, or tall with her, -

jfi the Hssreorr

* If the fe&s, nvhich htflory has prefemed oT fo lottg
.and happy a reign, are lew, tlbey do not give us the
Ids idea af this prijnce, and ought to vaakcm eftcee&-
lingly regret the want of a more particular kiforatatioft
.concerning his a&iohs,

, n The futn of an hundred iafewts;. fan hundred
jhouiand <cri>vn>^ which he Jem to the Rfaodfen*, and
$be pjrefentt he raadethelm after the> great eanbquftke*,
which laid wafc theft ^flanJ, aixLalwt* dawn tfeetr
JCoioflu^art; iHuftfiottf i*iftanees*>f his(ttfe*ra1ify«nd
magnificence. The modefty,. with which His prefentt
.were attended* infinitely ^exalts the value ofthein.' Hfe
xaufed two ftatves to be ere&cd i« the Public Placfc
it Rliode*, r^prefenting tbc people of Syrafcufe placing
a crown upon the head of the Rhodians ; as if , fayfc
^olybius, Hiero, after haying made that people mag*,
iiificent prefects, far from afluming any vanity fronA
bis munificence, believed himfeif their debtor upon
that very account* And indeed the liberality and
bsne/jpe.iu* of 9 prince to ft rangers* is rewarded wiA
intereft, in the pleafore they give himfeHv and *he
glorv be acquires by them. »
. There ii a paftoral of Theocritus (idyll. i6.)tfiamed
After the king ve fpeak of, wherein the poet ieem« t6
r^pxtoitch that prince tacitly, with paying very ill for
the verfep made in honour of him. But the mean
jpanner in which he claims, as it w«re, a reward
|or the v$rfea be meditated, leaves room to conclude 1 ,
ihu ttxp. irnpuiftiion of avarice falls with more juftice
ppon the po^i than upoa the prince, diftinguifeed and
^fteeroed, a* we havfe feen; from his liberality. *
, • It is to tttcroVjuft taftcv and lingular atten-
tion to every thing that affected the public good,
|hat: Syracuse was indebted for thofe attia^irtg ma*,
chines; of war, of which wfe (hall foon fee" it make &
.great af* ufe, when bcjfieged by the Romans. - Though
4fat .prince Teemed to devote his cams entirely to tbt
^aQq(iillity and domeftic affair* of the kingdom, hi

i I * Polyb, I. y. p. 429. •Plut. in Marcel, p. 305,: joft*

,did *et tt^kAiftfatfeaf <wmrz KKWMBewtMhat the

fureft means to preferve the peace of hbidamiaions,

»jas;4o. bold kinnfelf .abvajic \io tvaohqefeto makevwar

jtipon unj#ft neigfobptilfi, w>ta AduIiI -attempt to «dif-

.iitfb.jt. Heik^ew bow: iottife- lb e advantage of .having

jiu «Jus ,jdowini*os :tfee moft leaned gwrniemcian «the

^arld had ever ijMtofoetd ; it is- plain :I -mean Archi-

roede*. lie was jUu/kiom, .not onty by <his great

a^lky in geometry, Wit b» -birth, qs be .was Hwro's

relation- Sea/iWe alone to. the.-.pl/safiires of the. m rod,

and highly averfe, to rifreJtaKty aadiaiaiult.xif bufinftfs

,a&d gave* niaent, hedcYKged/himfelf finely to the ftudy

.of » Science, ^w4*Qfe i«Wi«ae Speculations iof mahs

^purely iotclj^&ual ao4 l:fptrituaC and lentirrtly djftiitft

from matter, have fuch> attraction -Wfithfthe learned of

Ubeiirft rank* ;as-fcaflce leaves them at liberty to apply

.themfelyes tpjny Other. ebjeQs.

iHmro bpk 9WW&U iuffkitflt powerwith Arohi-
\rg&$&> 4o rtngage him to Aefcood iroro ihofe > lobar
,fpeCjulatjoi>e>fr>,&e fm&ia? off idie jnedianic.% whidh
trfepend pn 7^ie ,iw«w{, but /are >d ifpjjrfed; a n^.dke&e J Hoy
the head. He preffed him continually, not to v «*pJojr
4H$:^rt always An (Raiting jafeer onrauteind iarel' mtel-
Je$uai <4^j$fts, <but^ feriM it.downtto fenfiidc anti
( -ftof ; p^r^ai things, urui ioirenrior bit aeafoninjp in fume
tWpifure fl^fte ©Mtdej^t #n4 familiar no the generality >d£
^ajikifld, by ^fting tte"a iwtpcf imentaiky witiathrws

Afdiilmfat i*fcis*»tjy so&yerfcd .<wi<fe the iking,

^)h> always hjWT4 Jiiltt Kwjtb great- atteatioti and ox*

ttrwe p)«f*&M»e> ; £>&* slay, when- lie vw explaining

tpftitfMhe jyon4wfcKefff^.0f *fae [pouters, df maotian^ie

jWHH&ed^U? rfejnpftftrite, V [fh*t with a certain given

poH^r.a^y ?^^igh^lWl^foeveriTOght!be•Inoved. , ' And

^Pi^^^ftg hiipfetf afterwards ipa .the ifefCCif>f his.de-

^#i^gtiWiJ>? ftttrtuf&l i|o barf,; iiaat ;if ttpere tvetie

^^ >wW ibftfidfl this a*-* .iribaMt, iby ,«oing *>

.Ufflt'-bp i^tiW *rftn>owe lhi» «ft please. ' Tthe dun|,

.ft*i"&M.'ind febgbtad* 4gfimd ilim toypm iiis jpob-
» tion

*8 STM HlSTOfcV

: lion in execution, by xcnioving fornb greatVeigHt with
a imai) force. > .-f 1 ' ' •' J -'-"- { l "

Archimides preparing to fatisfy the juft'and ra-
tional curiofiiy.of hi* kinfman and friend,, he chofe
one of tne galleys in. the port, caufed it to be drawn
•on fhore with great labour, and -by abundance of
men. He then ordered uts ufual ladirtg to be put ofa
■'board, and befides that, as marty rrieft, <as u could hold*
Afterwards, placing Wmfelf at ifoifte l diftancfe, arid
.fitting at his eafe, without' trouble, or exerting his
flrength in the lead, by only moving with his hand
*the end of a machine, which he- had '^provided with
"cords and pullies, he drew the galley to mm upon the
-land, with. as much eafe^ arid as 'upright, as if it ha^il
-.fwam upon the water. • . -\\ t \*' > -" ' '

. The' king, upon the fight of fo prodigious, aq eflFeft
of the powers of motion, was* entirety 'aftoriilhed ; a'fitt
-judging from that experiment' the efficacy of the art,
vhe • • earneft ly fol icited Archimedes* ' to 11 ■ make • feveral
/forts of machines and> battering engines : for fieges
'and attacks, as wejl for the I defence- as 1 affauh of

-plaCCS.^ * ' « • : , : , t'- <l '•" } ' } • ' '** •' ■ ' •*

-.. It hasfbeenfotnetimes aflted? Whether tfte fubltrrie

Iknowledge, «of' which fre« fpeafk,*' be« neceffary ib a

'king ; .and if the ftiidy of art* and fciences 5 ought tb

jbe a part of the education of a young prince ? What

,.we. read. ;here-jdemon(|Ktte*- -their -utiljiryv < If king

iHiero had wanted tafte and curiofity, and employed

hirafeli folelyvm hi* pteafuresi Archrmedes had remain-

-ed Inaftuve in his clofet, 'andaU' hi«* extraordinary

feience been a£ no* advantage to ftis CcfuntryJ What

treafures of ufeful knowledge Mkj bftried iri obfeurity,

and in a manner hid under the eaWh,' feecaufe princes

fet no value upon learned tne n, and confider them as

perfons ufelefs to the flate ! But wfoen, in their youth,

they have imbibed fome fmall tinfture of arts and

fciences, for .the ftudy of princes ought to extend no

farther in that -point,? tbey cWeem* fuch a* diftinguifh-

eduhemfelves by learning,' kunfe&rtie* c6nverfe ! .with

. ' ■ them.

OF SYRACUSE. ^ 19

' them, and place them in honour, and by To glorious
a *proteftion, make way for Valuable difcoveries, of
which the ftate foon reaps the advantage. Syrac*ufe
had this obligation to Hiero ; which, without 'doubt,
was (he effect of his excellent education ; for he had
been bred with uncommon care and attentidn.

What' has been faid. hitherto of Archimedes, and
what we (hall prefently add npon the admirable ma-
chine's of war, whkh were ufed during the fiege of
Syracufe, .(hows how* wrong-it is tod«efpife thofe fub-
lime and fpeculatiye fciences, whofe only objetts are
fimple and abftraft ideas. It is true, that all tnej-e
geometrical or algebraical fpeculations do' not relate 10
ufeful things^. But it is alfo .as true, that" tfloft \}f
thofe,. which have not that jrejation, condufcVbr refer
to thofe that have. * They may appear 'unprofitable,
as long as they. do not derive from thh, real frit ej lee -
tual world; but the mi'xed mathematics, v^tfich o*^-
-fcend to matter, 1 and confider the motions of thenars,
the perteft knowledge of 'navigation, the art * of
drawing remote objefis near by the afliftance of tele-
scopes, the increafe of the fivers of motion, tVe
•nice exactitude of the balance, and' dther thVlike
'dbjecls, becomeV more eafy of accefsV and in a mart-
*ner : famil iarife- themfelves' wkh -the vulgar. The
labour of Archimedes was long obfeure, arid perhaps
Contemned, becaufe he confined, himfelf to "fimple
and barren fpeculations. Ought we therefore to con-
clude,* that it? was ufelefs and unprofitable ?. It wa*$
from* that very fource df know ledge,buried till then
in obfeurity, from which (hot forth thofe living
lights, and wonderful difcoveries, • which difplaye'cr
from their birth a fehfible and inanifeft utility, and
gave the Romans aftontfhment and defpair when they
befieged Syracufe." '** '

Hiero was great and magnificent in all thiiig.% ifi
building palaces, arfdnals and temples. He- can fed
an infinite number bf (hips of all burthens -ftr be* built
•for the % exportation of corn; a commerce, in which

.: .:*. *i .r . j :.i .1 .1. 1 '.* f . almoifc

. «0 T«* Ht&TQRY

..almoft.the whole weakh.of the iXUad^njifted, -*W>e
. are ^ told .of a galley built fyy ,his order, under the

•dircflion of ^Archimedes, which was reckoned ooe *>f

the xnotit famous firu&ures of .antiquity, k wia* ;a
-"whole year in building. Hiero .paffed whole days

amongft the workmen, to animate .them by his pt4-
r fence.

This Ihjp thai! twenty benches of oars. The eoior-
-mous pile was fattened together pc all Odes with hyge

nails of : copper, which weighed each ten pounds -and

upwards.

The infide ,had in 4 three ,galterie& or jcorridons,

the loweft .of which led to :the hold by a <iefcent of

.'flairs, the Second to apanineat*, aodtfhe firft to foldiers'

'lodgings, . ' ' ,

On the right and left iidc of 4he uniddle. gallery,

1 there were to the number of thirty Apartments.; >m

eachoTrxvhich weie four beds ior roe*. Tbe apa*t-

mc«t fQritJic^flicer&.awd fwaen.had fifteen heck, «od
Uhree.great rooms for eating j4beJaftof whick that
'was at the { popjy ferved for <* krtchefi. AH -the jfoefes
.of there ^partjipents were inland wiU^fmall 'ftoncf in
/different .co1qui*s ? tatea hqm the JUiad of. Jdoatf*.
The ceihmg^ window*, acd ail -the other parts, **&£
"fitttfhed .with wgndeifiil ar^ ,aad .en^beiiifttfd witlv all
Undjs of ornaments. .

In the uppermoft gallery, there was a gymnafrum,

or pUure of,exercife, and walks proportionate to the
jmqgnitude pf the JQhip. In them were, gardens and

t>!ants of all kinds, difpofed ia wonderful order.
.Pipes, fome, of hardened clay, and, others .of lead, caa-
rveyed water all round, to refrefli thjem. There werfe
jalio arbours of ivy .and vines, that had their ipots in

treat veJJeU filled with earth. Thefe veffels weFf
watered in the fame manner as the gardens. The
£rboucs feryed,to (hade the; walks.
. After ctjiefe came the apartment of Venus . with
ihree bed&. This was floored with agates and either

preciw*

f A then. 1. iit. p. 006—290*

ot-'sriCACvtti 21

preeiotrs ffones; tht* ftheft that could be fotuuT in tho.
iflantt The walls and. roof, were of cyprefe wood.
Thewiwdbws were adorned with ivory* paintings^
atid final) ftatcs. In another apartment was a library %t
at. the tap of* which, on the outfide^was fixed a fun -dial*

There was alfo an. apartment with three beds for a/
bfeth*, in which were three great coppers, axuTa, bathing,
veffef, made of a fingjeftone of various, colours. This
veffel contained two hundred and fifty-quarts. At the
ffiip's head was a great refervoir of water, which held*
an hundred thoufand quarts. \ "

A!! round'the (hip on the outfide were Atfaj&s offix,
cubits* or nine feet, in height* which fupported the'
(ides of the ffxip ; thefe Atlafles were at equal,diltance$,
from eaph others The fhip was adorned op all. fides. •
with paintings, and had .eight towers proportioned to.
its bignefs j two at the head, two at the, ftern, and fou&
in the middle, of equal' dimenfions. Upon thefe towers/
were parapets, from A^hich, ftones might be difcharged
upon the mips of an enemy* that fhould approach too^
near. Each tower was guarded by four young men-
completely armed, and two archers. The mfide of'
tbem was filled with ftones and arrows*

Upon th$ fide of the veffel,. well ftrengthjened with i
pffanks, was ' a* kind of rampart, on which was an,,
engine to difchargp ftones, made* by Archimedes : it 1
threw 'a ftone of three hundred weight, and an arrow of%
twelve cubits' (eighteen feet) the diftance of a-ftadiiuji*, *
or an hundred* and twertfy-nve paces from it.

The fhip had three mafts, at each of which were two
machines to discharge ftones. There alfo were the.
hooks and lumps of lead to throw upon fuch as ap-.

wjfich, toeing thfoVh by machines,. grappled the veffels
of the enemy, and 'drew them clofe to the (hip, from
whence* it was eafy to deftroy. them. On each of*
the fides' were fixty young men completely armed,

M THE HISTORY

* «

and as many about the mads, and at the machines for .
throwing ftoncs.

Though the hold of this ihip was extremely deep,
one man fufficed for clearing it of all watery with a
rrtachine made in the nature of a fcrew, jnvented by
Archimedes. An Athenian poet of that name made
all Epigram upon this fuperb veffel, for which he was •
welJ paid. Hiero fent him a thoufand medimni of corn
a£ a reward, and caufed them to be carried to the port
of Pyraeum. The medimnus, according to father
Montfaucon, is a' meafure, that, contains .(ix bufhels.
This epigram* is. come down to us. The value of
vferfe was known at that time in Syracufe.

Hiero having found that there was ho port in Sicily
capable of containing this veffel, except fome, where
it could not lie at anchor without clanger, refolved to
make a prefent of it to king * Ptolemy, and fent it to
Alexandria. There was at that time a great dearth of
corn throughout all Egypt.

Several other veffel s of lefs burthen attended this
great Ihip. Three hundred thoufand quarters of corn
were put on board them, with ten thoufand great
earthen jars of falted fifh, twenty thoufand** quintals (or
two millions of pounds) of fait meat, twenty thoufand
bundles of different clothes, without including the
pfovifions for the (hips' crews and officers.

To avoid too much prolixity, I have retrenched
fome part of the defci iption Athenaeus has left us of
this great (hip. I mould have been glad, that, to have
given us a better- idea of it, he had mentioned the
exad dimenfions of it. Had he added a word upon '
the benches of oars, it would have cleared up and
determined a queftion, which without it muft for ever
remained doubtful and obfcure.

Htero's faith was put to a very fevere/ trial, after
the bloody defeat ot the Romans in .the battle of
Cannae, which was followed by an almoft univerfal
defection of their allies. But the wafting of his do-
minions

• There is leafen to bclitve this was Ptoltmy Philadelphus,

OF. SYRACUSE^ fj:

minions by the Carthaginian troops, which their fleet
had landed in Sicily, was not : capable of changing
him, p He was only afflifted to fee that the contagion
ha^ fpread even to his own family.' ' He 'had 'a fooT!
named, ftelon, w!k> married Nereis the daughter of
Pyrrhuvbft whom he ha4 feveral child ren, and amongft
others Hieronymuj, of Whom we (hail foon fpeak.
Gelon, defpifing his father's great age, and fetting no
value oh the alliance of the Romans, -*fter : thcjir. laft
difgrace at Cannae, had declared openly for the Cartha-
ginians. He- had already armed ;the multitude, andi
fojicke.d the allies of 3y.rac|ufe *<> jojn him J; and woula
* perhaps, hay e occafianed great trouble in Sicily, if a.
fudden and unexpected death had not intervened. * It
happened fo opportunely, that his father was fufpefted -
of having promoted it. He did not furvive his fon
long, and died at the age of fourfcore and ten years,
infinitely. regretted by his, people, after having reigned
fifty-four years. , . • .,.■;:

» * ■ • . , • • ••

P Liv. 1. xxxiii. n. 30. * A. M. 3789. Ant. J. C. 215;

* Mrvijfet^ne in Sicilia res, nhfi mors, adeo oppyrtuna ut pattern qui-
que fufplciotte 1 adfpergerety artuantem eiun muliitudintntj'JjolHeitantttn^m .
Jbciot % abfumfjiffet. Lxv.

ARTICLE,

£gl: THE KUTOEY*

..• • ARTrcKE' rr. '

1 , v - . , » . . . . . . * '

* ,

jM&tikvtii'kimit&to r*gritH& ty kit vicaj and cruelty.
Ji64fiMu4(£ift>4 c&*)frivaey. Barktorvus murder of 'tite*
- fintytfhv HippoentteP and' Ebtcides pt/ftft iKernfdves •
of 1 , the govmimnt tf>tyr<acu/ej and declare fir the*
(ktth^nMm^asHiirotiymvs had done i> r

*T?\H & <teatlv *6f - HE ierfr ctecarfiontd great- reyojratkmsc
A in- Skflyj- ! Th$ kHfigdom'\\ia$^ falter* mte the
hands ol'lfief0nymus«his-gtftndfi«w, a young* ** prince, .
incapable* <tf 'raiding a wife nfc of» his/ independency,
ami' far from -refining the fedupkig impteflkms of fo-
vewMgn^ power** : KieroV apprehenfionfr, tkat- the*
flttUfUbing- condition* i»« which- hfc left his- kingdom
wOMJ4t foiin' change under-'ai* ihfent' kmg, fuggefted '
to him the thought and defire of reftorin# : !feeir liberty- *
to the Syracufans. But his two daughters oppofed
that defign with their whole credit-; f front the hope,
that uhe. young prince would have only the title of
king, and that they fhould have all.tfye authority*, ill
conjunction with their hufbands, Andranadorus and
Zoippus, who held the fir 11 rank amongfl his guardi-
ans +. It was not eafy for an old man of ninety, to
hold out again ft the careffes and arts of thofe two wo-
men, who befieged him day and night, to preferve the
freedom of his mind again ft their pre fling and affiduous
infinuations, and to facrifice with courage the interefts
of his family to thofe of the public.

To prevent as far as poflible the evils he forefaw,
he appointed him fifteen guardians, who were to form
his counfel ; and earncftly defired them, at his death,
never to depart from the alliance with the Romans,

to

* PutTum^ vix dum libtrtatem^ nedum doml'ttationem y modice laturum. Lir.

+ Non facile erat nonagejimum jam agertti annum, circumfeffb dirt

noftefiue -mulitbribus blan<liti'{i % liberate ammum 9 & convertert ad publicum

O* SYRACUSE. 15

to which lie had inviolably adhered for fifty years, and
to teach the young prince to tread in his fteps, and to
follow the principles in which he had been educated
till then. :

The king, dying after thefedi0>ofitions, the guar-
dians he had appointed his grandfon immediately fum-
moried the afiembly, prefented the young prince to
the people, and'caufed the will to be read. A fmall
number of people, exprefsly placed to applaud it,
clapped their hands, and railed acclamations of joy.
All the reft, in a confirmation equal to that of a
family who* have lately loft a good father, kept a
mournful filence, which fufficientfy exprefled their
grief for their lofs, and their apprehenfion of what
was to come. His * funeral was afterwards folem-
nized, and more honoured by the forrow and tears o£
his fubjefts, than the care and regard of his relations
for his memory.

Andranadorus's firft care was to remove all the
other guardians, by telling' them roundly, the prince
was of age to govern for himfelf.

He was at that time near fifteen years old. So that
Andranadorus, being the frrft to renounce the guardi-
anfhip held by him m common" with many colleagues,
united in his own perfon all their power. Thedifpofi-
tions made by the wifeft princes at their deaths, are
often little regarded, and feldom executed afterwards.

The + bell and moil moderate prince in the worJd, :
fucceeding a king fo well beloved by his fubjefcYs, as
Hiero had been, would have found it very difficult to
confole them for the lofs they had fuftained. But
Hieronymus, as if fye had ftrove by his vicesto make
him ftill more regretted; no fooner afcended the throne,
than he made the people fenfible how mucih all things

V6l. X. C were

* Funus Jit regium, magU amort civ turn £F carhdte, quant cura fuorum
cdebrie. Liv. •

+ Vix quidcm ulli bono moderatoque regi /act lis erat fatoor apud Syra-
cufanosy fuccedenti tantm caritate Hieronh. Verum tninevero IVeronyntus}
mtlut fuUvitih drJJderabitem efficert vtliet ovum, primo Jtatith confpt3u t
omnia quam diffaria ejfent oftendit. Lit; - "• '

*& THE HISTORY

wcre ? .altered. Neither, king Hiero, nor Gelon hi$

fon, during fo many years.,, had ever diilinguifhe^

therafefves from the* otper citizens by their habits,, of

any other ornaments intimating pride. -Hieronymusj

was, presently, feen -in Apurpte, robe*, with, a diadem on

his head, and furrqunded ,by a troop of aifm^d guards.

Sometimes he affe&ec{ t0 . imitate Dionyfius i\\e tyrant,

in coming out of his palace in a chariot drawn by

four white hqrfes. , All the * reft of *his' conduct was

fuital^l^ to this equipage, \ a, vifibje.trontempt for all

ihf world, haugjtty. and djfdajnTuI in Hearing, and

affe&ation of faying difpbligtfig things, To difficult of

accels, that no£ only ftrangers, but even his guardians,

could fcarce approach hini ; a refinement, of tafte in

difcovering new methods of debauch*; a cruelty fo exr

ceflive, as to extinguifli.all fenfe of humanity in him;

this odious difpiofition.of the young king terrified the

people to fuch a degree, that even fome of his guardians

to efcape his cruelty, either put themfelves to death,

or condemned thernfelves to. voluntary baniflim.ent.

Only three men, Andranadorus and Zoippus, both
Hiero's fons~in-law, and Thrafo, had a great freedom
of accefs to the young king. He Iiftetied a little more
to them than to. the .others ; but as the, two firft openly
declare^ for the Carthaginians, and the latter for the
Romans,, that difference offenthnents, and very warm
difput^s frequently the, conference of it,, dyew upon
th^m that prince's, attention.

About this time a confpiracy againft the life of
Hieronymus happened to be difcovered. One of the
principal confpiratoxs, named Theodotus, was accufed.
Being put to the queftion, her confefled the crime as
to hijnfelf;.but all the. violence of the moft cruel tor-
inents ^ouldj not make him betray his accomplices. At
length, as if no longer able to fupport the pains inflifted

on

* Rune tarn fuferhum apf*r,at?tm babltumgue convcnlcntes fequtbar^tur
W*temptus omnium boqtinum>Jup erba aures, contunuliofa dlEla % rati adi-
tu3 t non aliinu„m^fc4tiiiv'i\ui ctiam; libtrdinn nov« % inbtftnana trade*
ktas. Liv.

OF SYRACUSE. «7

on him, he acciifed the king's beft friends, though'
innocent, amongft whom he named Thrafo„ as the
ringleader of the whole entergrize; adding, 1 that they
fiioald' never have' engaged in it, if a man of his
credit had not been at their head. The zeal he had
always exprefled for the 5 Rorrian interefts rendered
the evidence probable; and he was accordingly put
to death. Not one of the accomplices, during their.
companion's being tortured, either fled or concealed
hhttfceff; fd muCn they relied upon the fidelity of
Theddotuy, who had tne fortitude to keep the fecret
inviolable.

The death of Thrafo, who was the fole fuppqrt of
the alliance with the Romans, left the field open to
the partifans of Carthage. Hieronym'us dlfpatchei
ambafladors to Hannibal, who fent back a young Car-,
thaginian officer of illuftrious birth, named alfo
Hannibal, with Hippocrates and Epicydes, natives
of -Carthage, but dercended from the oyraqufaria by'
their father. After the treaty With Hieronyrnuswas'
concluded, the young officer returned to his general ;'
the two others continued with the king by Hannibal*s
perrftiffion. The conditions of the treaty were, that.
after having driven the Romans put' of Sicily, of ;
which they fully atfured themfelvcs; the river Himera^
which almbft divide* the ifland, fliould be the* boun-,
crary of their refpfiftive dominions; Hieroriymuv
bfown up by the pfaifes of his flsfyerers, demanded, ^
even fome time after, that all Sicily (hould b£ given ,
up- to him,- leaving the Carthaginians Italy for their
part. The propofal appeared idle and rafli, but Han- »
nibal gave very little attention to it, having no other*
vie w* at that time, thato of drawing of? the' young king ,
from the party of thd Romans.

Upon the firft runlour of this treaty, A'ppius, prae--
tor of Sfcily, fent ambaflkdors to Hieronymus to re-
new the alliance made by his grandfather with the
Roihans. That proud prince received them with'
great contempt; aflcing them with afl' air of raillery

C 2 and

28_ THE HISTORY

and infill t, what had paffed at .the battle of Cannae ;>
that Hannibal's ambaffadors had related incredible
things of it ; that it was eafy to know the truth from
their mouths, and thence to determine upon the choice
of his allies. The Romans made anfwer, that they
would return to him, when he had learnt to treat am-
baffadors ferioufly and with reafon : and, after having
cautioned rather than defired him not to change (ides
too rafhly, they withdrew.

At length his cruelty, and the other vices to which
he blindly abandoned himfelf, drew upon him an
unfortunate end. Thofe who had formed the con-
fpiracy mentioned before, purfued their fcheme; and
having found a favourable opportunity for the execu-
tion, of their enterprife, killed him in the city of the
Leontines, on a journey he made from Syracufe into
the country.

Here is a fenfible inftance of the difference between
a king and a tyrant ; and that it is not in guards or
arms the fexurity of a prince confifts, but the affection
of his fubjefls. Hiero, from being convinced, that
thofe, who have the laws in their hands for the govern-
ment of the people, ought always to govern them-
felves* by the laws, behaved in fuch a manner, that
it might be faid the law and not Hiero reigned. He
believed himfelf rich and powerful for no other end,
than to do good, and to render others happy. He
had no occafion to take precautions for the fecurity i
of his life : he had always the fureft guard about him,
the love of his people; and Syracufe was afraid of
nothing fo much as of lofing him. Hence he was
lamented at his death as the common father of his
country. Not only their mouths but hearts were
long alter filled with his name, and inceffantly bleffed
his memory. Hieronymus, on the contrary, who
had no other rule of conduct but violence, regarded
all other men as born folely for himfelf, and valued
himfelf upon governing them not as fubjefls but
Haves, led the wretchedeft life in the world, if to live

were

OF SYRACUSE. . *9

were to pafs his days in continual apprehenfion'and
terror. As he trufted nobody, nobody placed any
confidence in him. Thofe who were nearcft h?s
perfon, were the mod expofed to his fufpicions anil
cruelty, and thought they had no other iecurity for
their own lives, than by putting an end to his. Thus
ended a reign of ihort duration, but abounding with
diforders, injuftice, and oppreflion.

r Appius, who forefaw the confequdnce of his
death, gave the fenate advice of all that had pa fled,
and took the neceffary precautions to preferve that
part of Sicily which belonged to the Romans. They,
on their fide, perceiving the war in Sicily was likely
to become important, fent Marcellus thither, who had
been appointed conful with Fabius, in the beginning
of the fifth year of the fecond Punic war, and had
diftinguifhed himfelf glorioufly by his fuccefles againft

Hannibal*

When Hieronymus was killed, the foldiers, lets
4>ut of affection for him, than a certain natural refpeft
for their kings, had thoughts at firft of avenging his
<death upon the confpirators. But the grateful name
of the liberty, by which they were flattered, and the
hope that was given them of the divifion of the tyrant's
treafures amoogft (hem, and of additional pay, with
the recital of his horrid crimes and (hamefuf excefles,
all together appeafed their firft heat, and changed
their difpofition in fuch a manner, that they left the
prince's body without interment, for whom they had
juft before exprefled fo warm a regret.

As foon as the death of Hieronymus was kriowrt
at Syracufe, Andranadorus feifed the ifle, which was
part of the city, with the citadel, and fuch other
places, as were mod proper for his defence in it r ;

gutting good ffarrifons into them. Theodortis and
ofis, heads of the confpiracy, having left their ac-
complices with the army, to keep the foldiers, qujet,

arrived

* A. M. 3790. Ant. J. C. 214. Liv. 1.- xxir. n. ai— 35.

ffi THE HISTORY

t arriyed fopn after at the city. They made themf ; v*s
^npfte^ of the quarter Achradina, .where, by mowing
.the tyrant's bloody robe, with his diadern, to the peo-
.p]e,. and .exhorting them to .take arms for the defence
of their liberty, they foon faw themfelves at the head
.of a numerous body. . .

* ,The whole city was in confufion. The ne*t day.
at fun-rife, all the people, armed and unarmed, rafti
5 ta the quarter Achradina, /whore tlie fenate was af-

fernbled, which had .neither fate, nor been consulted
uppri any affair, from Hiero's death. : Pqlyaenu{s, one
of t^e Senators, fpoke to the people .with great f<ee r
,dom and moderation. He reprefented, " that having
•« experienced the indignities and miferies of ilavery^
" tney.were rnoft fenfiblv affe&ed with, them; bu£
u that as ,to, the evils occafioned by civil difcord, they
" had rather heard them fpoken of by their fathers,
" than been acquainted w:th them theriiielves : that
" he commended thejr readinefs in taking arms, and
44 ,i)hauld praife them itill more, if they did not pro-
" ceed to ufe them, till the laft extremity: that .at
" prefent.it was his ^vi.oe to fen4 deputiq* to Aaixa^
," riadorijs, a#d ,to let ,hun ^noj^.Ue f*u$ Tithmit- *a the
?" lunate, open the gates of tfcc jflfi, «^d withdraw -his

* gamfops : . that if he jpefffiftfld in^uferptfano, it
«• jwo#ld :J)e ncceflary to tr$ajt fooi wilh jmace rigour
j^Ahpp^apnjroqs tad exp«ffief*cgd«" .

. .This .deputation -at fjrft made fome imrarefliaa upon
Jiim ; aether he ftill Raised a refpeft W fihe fonate,
and was moved with £h£ <u*>animou$ reoocurreitte iqf
^,ci|i^iwas j prbecatffc *&e beft fortified part of jthe
jfl^ Jfayjng been t^km fawn him by ^e^chery, and
lurrendered £q the ^yraeufans; that 4ofc gave him
juit jroprehenfiops. But * his wife Demarata, Hiero's
daughter, an haughty and ambitious princefs, having
• » . i -taken

* Sed evocation eum ab legatis Demarata uxor, Jf/ia H/eronis, infimta
ndbuc regiis animit ac muliebri Jpfr/tu, admonet fape v fur pat* Dionyfil
tyranni vocis? quit, pedibus tra&um, nan infiderttem equo 3 relinquere
tyranwfcju-dixar.it.dekere*

OF SYRACUSE. jjl

taken him afitle, put Him. in mind 1 of the famous faying
of Diohyfius the tyrant, " That it was never proper
*« to quit the raddle" (i. c. the tyranny) " till putted (iff
*• the horfe hy the heels,: that a great fortune might
* € be renounced in a moment ; but that it woiild coft
f * abundance of time and pains to attain it : that it
# * was therefore neceffaiy to endeavour to gain time ;
%i ana" whilft he : amufed the ftnate with arnWuous
" anfweYs, to treat privately wifti the'foldiers'at Leon-
•* tiuni/ wholri it Was eafyfo bring over to his iriterett
4 * by the attraction of the king's treafures in his pof-
" feffion."

Andranadorus did not entirely rejelfc this council,
nor think proper to give into it without referve. He
chofe a mean between both. He promifed to fubmit
to the fenate, in expectation of a mote favourable
opportunity ; and the next day having thtown open
the gates of the ifle, repaired to the quarter Ac hra-
Sina; and there, after having excufed nis delay and
frefiftance, from the fear he had been in of being in-
Vo/ved in the tyrant's punifhment, as his uncle, he
Sectored that he l was come to put his perfon and in-
terefts into' the hands of the fenate. Then turning
towards the tyrant's murderers, and addreffing himfelf
to TheodotUs and Sofis ; ' " You have done," (faid he)
r * a memorable aftioft. But believe me your glory is
r * only tegun, and has not yet attained the height of
** which it is capable. If you do not take care tQ
•' eftablifh peace and union among the citizens, the
* % ftate is in great danger of expiring, and of being
u deftroyed at trie very moment me begins to tafte the
" bleffings of liberty. 1 ' After this diicourfe, he laid
the keys of the ifle and of the king^s treafures at their
feet. The whole cHy was highly rejoiced on this oc-
cafioh, and the temples were throhged during the reft
of the day with infinite numbers of people, who went
thither to return thanks to the gods for fo happy a
Change of affairs. rr/

The next day the fehate being fcffetabled accord.

ing

3* THE HISTORY

ing to the ancient cuftoro, magiftrates were appoint* d,
amongft the. principal of whom Andranadorus was,
defied, with Theodotus and Sofis, and fome others of
the confpirators ;who were abfent.

On the other fide, Hippocrates and Epicydes, whom
Hieronymus had fent at the head of two thoufand
men, to endeavour to excite troubles in the cities
which continued to adftere to the Romans, feeing
themfelves, upon the news of the tyrant's death, aban-
doned by the foldiers under their command, returned
to Syracufe, where they demanded to be efcorted in
fafety to Hannibal, having no longer any bufmefs in
Sicily after the death of him, tp jyhom they had been
lent by that general- The Syracufans were not forry
to part with thofe two ftrangers, who were of a turbu-
lent factious difpofitiori, and well experienced in roilU
iary affairs. There is in moil affairs a decifive moment,
which never returns after having been ojice let flip.
The negligence in afligning the time for their de*|
parture, gave them opportunity to .in (inua^e themfelves
into' the favour of the foldiers who efteemed them
upon account of their abilities, and to give them a
difguft for the fenate, and the Better inclined part ot
the citizens. . . :

" Andranadorus, whoffc life's ambition would never
let hini reft, and who, till then, had covered his de-i
figns with fmooth diffimulatiori, believing it a pro-
per time for di'fclofing them, confpired with The r
miftus, Gelbn's fori-ih-law, to feize the fovereignty.
He communicated his views to a comedian named
Arifton, from whom he kept nothing fecret. That
profeffion was not at all diflionourable among the
Greeks," and was exercife£ by perfons of no ignoble
Condition. Arifton believing it his duty, as it really
was, to facrifice his friend to his country, difcovered
the confpiracy. Andranadorus and Themiftus were
immediately killed by order of the other magiftrates,
4s they entered the fenate. ' The people rofe, and
threatened ,to revenge their deaths ; but were deterred

OF SYRACUSE. 39

front it, by the fight of the dead bodies of the twb
confpirators which were thrown 1 out of the fenatcJ-
houie. They were then informed of their perniciotfs
defigns; to which all the misfortunes of Sicily were
afcnbed, rather than to the wickednefs of Hierony-
mus, who being only a youth, had afted entirely by
their counfels. They infinuated, that his guardians
and tutors had reigned in his name ; that they ought
to have been cut off before HieronymiM, or at leaft
with him : that impunity had carried them on to com<-
tmit new crimes, and to afpire to the tyranny : that
not being able to fucceed in their defign by force,
they had employed diffi mutation and perfidy. That
neither favours and honours had been capable to ov£rt-
come the wicked difpofition of Andranadortis-j nor
the eleding him one of the fupreme rriagi ft rates
amongft the deliverers of their country, him, who
was the declared enemy of liberty: that as to the
reft, they had been infpired with their ambition of
: reigning by the princeifes of the blood royal, whom
they had married, the one Hiero's, the other Gelen's
daughter.

At thofe words, the whole affembly cried baft,- that
not one of them ought to be fuffered to live, and that
it was neceffary to extirpate entirely the rice of the
tyrants, without any peferve or exception. # Such
is the nature of the multitude. It either abjeftly
abandons itfelf to flavery, or lords it with infolence*
But with regard to liberty, which holds the mean.
betwixt thofe extremes, it neither knows how to be
without it, or to ufe it ; and has always too mahy flat*
terers ready to enter into its paflions, enflame its rage,
and hurry it on to exceffive violences, and the molft
inhuman cruelties, to which it is but too much in-*
clined of itfelf ; a* was- the cafe at this time. At the

C 5 requeft

natur

fctjntts fkbclarum anivm ad/anguincm & cadet irritent* lav*

34 .WS WffQ^r

Jsqueilof the <raagifbrates, ^yba^h>w*s ahfcpft fafm^r #p~
Qepted jljan proppfed* th«v decreed, that *Ue royal &-
jmly (h^uld be entirely destroyed.

Pemarafa Hiero's, and Harmonia Gelon's daughter,

tj*e firft married to AndranadpruSj aad the other tp

yheraiftus, were filled firft. from thence they went

£p, the houfe of IJeraclia, wife of Zoippus ; t whp

having been fent op an embafly tp Ptolemy king Qf

£gyp*i : Ff ipaifted there in voluntary banifhrneiU, tp

3yo$ b^ing witngfe of the. miseries of his country.

Havii\g bee,n apprized thai they were eoroag to her,

thatuhfprjtunate princefs bad taken > refuge with her

fwq daughters in the mod remote part of her houfe,

jjear, b*r bpufchftld gqd«. When *h« Aflaflins -arrived

jhere, with her hair Joofe and difordered, her, face

hathed \n tears, and- in a condition , moft proper to

<e^pite companion, (he conjured theiQj m faulting

ypice, interrupted with fighs, in jthe name at Hi^ro

-her father, and Gelow her brother, *' Not to involve

* 4 an innocent princefs in the guilt and misfortunes

"pf Hieronyimis. She roprefented to them, that her

" hu (band's banifhment had been to her the fole fruit

?••• of that.re^gn: that, not having had any (have in

i* 4 the fortunes and defigns pf her iifter DemaraU,

•\(hp ought to have none in her purtiQimeat. Be-

•< fides, what was there to fear, either from her, in

f* the forlorn condition aad a i mo ft widowhood to

** which ft© was reduced, or from her daughters,

1 •' uphappy orphans, without credit or fupport ? That

M if the r<>yal family were become fo odious to Syra-

** cufe, that it could not bear the fight of them, they

M might be banjflied to Alexandria, the wife to her

•• husband, the daughters to their father/' When the

J law them inflexible to her remonftrances, forgetting

herfelf, (he implored them at lea ft to fave the lives

pf the princefles her daughters, both of an age to

jnfpire the mod inveterate and furious of enemies

with cpmpaffion : but her difcpurfe made no impre.f-

fo# ujpou the minds oi thole Barbarians. Having

torn

Of SYRACUSE. 8J

torn her in a manner from the arms of her boufehold
gods, they flatbed her to death in the fight ci her two
slaughters, and ft>*n afte* cut their throats* already
ftained and covered with the blood of their mother.
What was ftifl m*re deplorable in their deftiny was,
that immediately after their death, an order of the
people's canfe for fparing their lives.

From oompaffion, the people in a moment proceeded
t* rage and vary againft* thole, who had been fo hafty
in the execution, and had not left them time for re-
flefiion or repentance. They demanded that magif*
trates mould be nominated in the room of Andrana-
dorua and Themiftus. They were a long time in
fufpetife upon this choice. At length, fomebody in
the crowd of the people happened to name Epicydes,
another immediately mentioned Hippocrates. Thofe
two ptorfons were demanded whh fo much ardour bv
the tnnltitude, which confrfted of citizens and fofc
tiers', that the fenate could not prevent their being
created.

The neW magiftrates did not immediately difcovet
die dcftgn they had, of reinftating Syracufe in the in*.
terefts of HainnibaU But they* had Teen with pain the
Tfierfures which had tieeh taken < before they were m
office. For immedfately after the re-eftablifhment Of
liberty, anibaffadors had been fern to Appius, ' to prtf-

S>fe renewing the alliance broken by HieronymiW.
e 'had referred them to Marcetlus, who was lately
arrived in Sicily, with an authority fuperior to hfe
own. . Mtfroditts, in his turn, fent deputies to the m£-
giftrates of Syracufe, to treat of peace.

Upon arriving there, they found the ftate of af-
fairs much altered. Hippcttrates-and Epicydes, at fifft
by fectet practice*, and afterwards by open corrf-
plaints, had infpired every body with great averfioti
for the Romans; giving out, that dcfigns weYfe
formed for putting Syracufe into their hands. The
behavior of Appids, who hid* approached the en-
trance of the port wittotois fl«et, to encourage the

•4 .... party

$6 THE HISTORY*

party in the Roman iniereft, ftrengthened thpfe fufpi-
cions and accufations.fo much* tbati the- people ran tu-
multuoufly to prevent the Romans, frorn -landing, in
cafe they ihould > have that' deugn. ' • • -, :

In this trouble and confufion it was thought proper
to fummon the juTembty ; of the people. Opinions
differed very much in it;jand the heat of -debates
giving reafon to fear fome.fedition, Apollonides, one
of the principal fenators, 'made a difcoutrfe /very itiifc-
ableto *he conjuncture. . He intimated, " that never
?' city, was nearer its deiiruftion or prefervatknv than
11 Syracufe aftually was at .that time: that if they

aU with onammous ctfnfent fbould join either

the Romans or Carthaginians, their condition would
** be happy : that if they were divided, the. war
* 4 would, neither be more warm nor more* dangerous
" between the Romans and Carthaginians, than . be-
44 tween the Syracufana themfelves againft each other,
* as both parties muft. necefiarUy have, .within the
44 circumference of their own walls, their own troops,
" armies, and generals : that it was therefore abio-
44 lutely requifue to make their j agreement and union
44 amongft themfelves, their fole care' and application;
** and that to knowiwhkh of the two alliances was to
'•**i be preferred, was not now the moft- important, quef*
" tioni:, that for the reft, the authority df Hjeto, in
-.•* his opinion, ought to carry it againft that of Hiero-
• M nyraus ; and that the amity of the Romans, happily
."experienced for fifty years together, feemed prefer-
44 able .to that of the Carthaginians, upon which, they
44 could not much rely for the prefent, and with whicn
44 they had as little reafon to be fatisfied with regard to
<"- the paft* He added a laft motive of no mean force,
44 which was, that in declaring againft the Romans,
44 they would have the war immediately upon their
44 hands ; whereas, on the fide of Carthage, the danger
: 44 was remote."

The l$fs paffionate this difcourfe appeared, the more
effeft it bad. It. induced then* to deiire the opinion p£
\the feveral bodies of the ftate, and the principal officers.

of

OF SYRACUSE, J37

of the troops, as well natives as foreigners, were re*
quelled to confer together. The affair was long dift
cuffed with great warmth. At length* as it appeared
that there was no prefent means for fupporting the war
agaiofl; the Romans, a peace with them was refolved,
aod ambaffadors fent to cpnclude it. ;

Some days after this refolution had been taken, .the
Leontines fent to demand aid of Syracufe, for the
defence of their frontiers. . This) deputation Teemed tfr
come very feafonably for difc hanging the city of a tur-
bulent unruly multitude, and removing their no lefs
dangerous leaders. Four thoufand men were ordered
to march under the command of Hippocrates of whom
they were glad to be rid, and who was not forry him-
feli, for the occafion they gave him to embroil, affairs*
For he no fooner arrived upon the frontier of the Ro-
man province, than he plundered it, and cut in pieces
a body of troops fent by Appius to its defence. Mar P
cettus complained to the Syracufans of this a& of hof-

tility, and demanded, that this ftranger mould be ba-
niihed from Sicily, with his brother Epycides ; who,
having repaired about the fame time to Leontium, had
endeavoured to embroil the inhabitants with the people
of Syracufe, by exhorting them to fefume their li-
berty as well as the Syracufans. . The city of the Le-
ontines was, dependent on Syracufe, but pretended at
this time to throw off the yoke, and to aft independent-
ly of the Syracufans, as an entirely free city. Hence
when the Syracufans fent to complain of the hoflilities
committed againft the Romans, and to demand the ex*
puliion of the. twtf Carthaginian brothers, the Leontines
replied, that: they had not empowered the Syracufans
to make peace for them with the Romans.

The deputies of Syracufe related to Marcel lus this
anfwer from the Leontines, who were' no longer at the
difpofal of their city, and left him at liberty to declare
war againft them, without any infraction of the treaty
made with them. He marched immediately to Leon-
tium, ajidjDfta^c himfelf . jntfar *£ it; at. the firit attack.

7 Hippocrates

8«

Hippocrates wd Epicydes; fled. All tte> idrfertar*
found wi the place, to the number ^of two thhufintdt
Were j»t tto 'the fwdrd ; but as* fafcwi *«• the- «iiy was
taken, all the Leonttnes and other foldiei* weretfttettxt*
and even every thing taken frora them was retbored*
except what was loft in the firft tumufr of a City car*
tied by Ztontft, > ? < <i iJ .-j :,;..••:..

- Eight - thoufand { troops, font by the rnfcigtft*ates of
Syracufe to theaid-of MarceHus, it^tartwn on »dieir
march; who gave them a falfe aceourit of what? had
paffad at the taking of -Leontium ; exaggerating with
artful malice the cruelty of the Romans, who, he
faifely affirmed, had put all the inhabitants to thfc
■fword, as well as the troops fent thkher by the Syr*,
cufans. *

This artful falfehood, which they fwallowed with*
out fufpioion, infpired them with companion for their
•companions.-' They exprefTed their indignation by
their munmirs. 'Hippocrates and Epicydes, who were
^before well known to thefe troops, appeared at the
very inftant of this trouble and tumult, and pot
themfelvfes under their protection, not having any
'other refoorce. They were received with joy and
acclamations. The report foon reached the rear of
the army, where the commanders Dinbftienes arid
<Sofis were. When they wete informed of the caufe*
of the tumult, they advanced haftity, blamed the
foldiers,fo,r having received Hippocrates and Epi-
fcydes, the enemies of their country, and gave ordefs
#or their being feifed and bound/ The foidiers op-
pofed this with great menaces ; and the two generals
fent express to Syrfccafe, to infotlw the fenate of
what had pafifed. . .

The army* however, dominoed its march towards
44 segara, and upon the way met a courier prepared
toy Hippocrates, who was chaQFgtd with a tetter,
which feemed tobe Written by the magiftme* of
Syracufc to Marcfcllus. They prai&dt him for the
iatigfetfe* he bad made at JUemium, *tfd aborted

him

TO SYRACUSE. Cgg

him to .treat aH the mercenary fddiers in the faWe
manner, in order that Syracuse might at length bte
reftored to its liberty. The reading of this forgejl
letter enraged the mercenaries, of whom this body df
troop* wa& a 1 moil entirely compared. They were
for failing upon the few Styracufans amongft them,
hut were prevented from that violence by Hippocra-
tes and Epicydes.; not from the motives of pt>y or
humanity, but that they might not entirety lofe their
iiopea at centering Syracuse. They fent a en an thi-
ther, .whom they had gained by bribes, who related the
{forming of Leontium conformably to the firft ac-
count. Thofe reports were favourably received by
the multitude, who cried out, that the gates mould
be (hut againft the Romans. Hippocrates and Epi-
cycles arrived about the fame time before the city,
which they entered, partly by farce* and partly by
the intelligence they had within it* They killed the
magift rates, and took pofleffion of the city. Thte
next day the flaves were fet at liberty, the priibners
made free, and Hippocrates and Epicydes elected into
the bigheft offices, in a tumultuous aflembly. Syra-
cufe, in this manner, after a (hort irradiation *of liberty 9
funk again into its former flavery.

Sect. II. The conful Mccrcdfos befieges. Syracufi.
The confiderable loffes of men and Jhxps, accqfione^d by
the dreadful machines of Archimedes, oblige Mar-
tellus to change the fiege into a blockade. He ta'&es
the city at length by means of his intelligence within if.
Death of Archimedes, failed py a Jbldter who. di$ not
know him*

' A FFAIRS being ki this ftate, Marcelhrc thought

•**- proper to quit the country of the Lftonfines,

and advance towancU Synacufe. When he was near

it, he feot deputies to. let the inhabitants knaw 9 .tfc&t

• i be

« A. M. 3790. Ant. J. C. 214. Liv. 1. niv. n. 33, 34. Plut.

&

40 THE HISTORY

he came to reftcre liberty to the Syracufans, and not
with intent to make war upon them. They were not
permitted to enter the city. Hippocrates and Epi-
cydes went out to meet them ; and having heard their
propofals, replied haughtily, that if the Romans in-
tended to beiiege their city, they fhould foon be made
fenfible of the difference between attacking Syracufe
and attacking Leontiura. Marcellus therefore deter-
mined to benege the place by Tea and land *; by land
on the fide of Hexapyla ; and by fea, on that of the
quarter Achradina, the walls of which were wafhed by
the waves.

He gave Appius the command of the land-forces
and referved that of the fleet to himfelf. It confided
of fixty gal lies of five benches of oars, which were
full of foldiers armed with bows, flings, and darts, to
fcour the walls. There were a great number of other
vefleU, laden with all forts of machines, ufed in at-
tacking places.

The Romans carrying on their attacks at two dif-
ferent places, Syracufe was in great confternation,
and apprehended, that nothing could oppofe fo ter-
rible a power, and fuch mighty efforts. And it had
indeed been impoflible to have refitted them, without
the a fliftance of a fingle man, whofe wonderful induf-
try was every thing to the Syracufans : this was
Archimedes. He had taken care to fupply the walls
with all things neceffary to a good defence. As foon
as his machines began to play on the land-fide, they
difcharged upon the infantry all forts of darts, and
ftones of enormous weight, which flew with fo much
noife, force, and rapidity, that nothing could oppofe
their (hock. ^They beat down and daftied to pieces all
'before them, and occafioned a terrible diforder in the
ranks of the befiegers.

Marcel 1 us -fucceeded no better on . the fide of the

. fea. Archimedes had difpofed his machines in fuch

a manner, as to throw darts to any diftance. * Though

the
• The dcfcriptioi of Syfacuft may U £ca in Vol m.

\

the , enemy . lay far from the city, he reached them
with his* larger. and more forcible baliftae. and cata-
pultae. When they overfhqt their mark* be had
fmaller, proportioned to the diftance $ which put the
Romans into fuch cenfufion, as madV them incapable
of attempting any thing.

This was not,. the greatejl dajnjger. Archimedes

had placed lofty and ftrung machines behind the- walls,

which fuddenly letting fall vaft beams* with an jm-

menfe : weight at the. end of them, upon the (hips*

funk them to the bottom. Befides this, he caufed an

iron grapple to be let out by a chain ; the perfQn

who* guided the machine, having catched hold of the

head of a fhip with this hool^ by the means of a

weight let down within the.\yalls, it was lifted up

and fet upon its ftern, and held fo for fome time;

.then by letting go the chain, either by a wheel or

a puUy, it was let fall again, with its whole weight

either on its head or fide, and often entirely funk.

At otlier times the machines dragging the fliip towards

the ihoTQ by cordage and hooks, after, having made

\i whirl about, a jjreat while,; dafhecj it to pieces

again ft the points ofthe rocks, which proje&ed under

.the walls, and thereby defiroyed all within it. Qal-

lies frequently feifed and fufpended in the air t were

whirled about with rapidity, exhibiting a dreadful

$gnt to the fpe&ators, after which they were let fall

into the fea, and funk to the bottom, with all who

were in them.

Mancellnshad prepared at great expence, machines
called Jaml>uc<z, from t their refemblance to a mufical
inftrunaent pf t^t name. He appointed eight gallies
of five benches fpr; tha£ ufe, from which the oars
were removed, from half on the right, and from the
other half oftjhe left ,fide* , *£hek were joined toge-
ther, two and $wo, on the, fides without oars. This .
machine confifled of a ladder of the breadth of four
feet, which when ereft was of equal height with the
walls. It was laid! at length utfdri ; the fide* of two

V

4* *WtTKX&tN>

f allies ; joined toWher, < tfnd .efctdiiHed ^c8frfide*abfy
eyonfl^ their beak* ; upbn the' rfcaAs *of thefe : vdffete
were affixed c&rdi and >pullie«. When it w&s to wwk,
the cord* were made faft *td the extremity of the
machine, and*me» upon the-pabp ;drew k up by the
help of thepullies ; others at thfc'hedd aflifted in raifing
it wttlh Severs. • '3t»e g&Hie* afterwards befog thtuft
forward; fco v 1he>foot' df the walli; ttote Cachings 'Were
applied id '-them; * The brifige of *the Jamhuca was
then ^et down; ('ndtfoitottaftetf the rnannerof a draw*
bridge) -trpen -which the befiegers pafied to the w&lls
of the^lsee beTieg^d.

This 'machW'hadtobt the ex*pefted effefe.' 'Whilft
it was at -a cbnfldexaWe d-ntance from 'the walk, Ar-
ctiirhedes diftfhairgcd a ; vaft r ftbrie' trpdn k that' weighed
ten * quintals,' ttoen i a fecohd, and i*h mediately 1 after
a third ; all of which ftfikkig agaiflft it with dread-
ful fofceand rioife, beat down'rind broke ^ftsfupports;
and ga^e the gaffies Upon whicii it ftood fkch a fiiock
that they pSrted'ftam each otfier.' 1 ' ' 1 ' JJ .'
' MaraelRw, aflmoft : dHcbul s aged, and *t k Wfis- what
16^ do, '*etire<t "-as fell --as. p6ffitte^wfch fcft Rallies, and
Tent orders t67his Iarid^bfees ¥o igo J ifte'- ftfcie. fie
t»aHed -jdfo 1 a i £om*ctf'- > of war, 'Sw • whi£h i; it "wafs re-
To1ve<Jtfie ;: nfekt dayV^fore funWi'fe, 1 t<6 ^fcmifeav^ur to
ipproadh' the waffls. ' Ttiey fwtere'ih Hopes, fcy this
•means, to 'flielter theittfetves from the ma" chines,
Hfchich," for 'wato' df -a tffiftadce '^ptotiotrtrd -to ftrtit
force, would be rendered ineffectual.
/But Archimedes; liaM t ^o^a , ed^ri , l( aH con-
tingencies. J He fiaw'prepared machines !ohg toei'Qre,
*z$ we haye already bbferved, 'that ^carYieVl to all dif-
iamces -a proportionate <juantrty : of 1 dafts. ^nd ends of
beams, which being veVy flidrt, 1 required left 'time fdr
"preparing- them, and *in„confequehte -w r erc more fre-
quently difcharged. ' 'He . naa bfeftdes made final!
• ; ! - * : .: »: ' c ixafni$

■ £ y T : < !'.'')l , ' * : fV*l.> i :. ' '.V \l .' '

fcinds.. The leaft weighed an hundred and twentylfiye' pounds ; the
largfcfiiaore than twelve hundred.

OF SYRACUSE. 43

claims or loop-holes in .the walls -at little drftances,
where he had placed + fcorpions, which not carrying
far, wounded tliofe who approached, without being per*
ceived butiby that effeft. § f

When the Romans according to their defign had
gained the foot of the walls, and thought themfelves
very well covered, they found them ie Ives expofed
either to an infinity of darts,. or overwhelmed with
flones, which fell direQly upon their heads ; there
being no part of the wall which did not continually
pour that mortal hail upon them* This obliged them
to retire. But they were no fooner removed, than a
<new discharge of darts overtook them in their re-
treat ; fo that they loft great numbers of men, and
almoft all their gallies were diiabled or beat to pieces,
without being able to revenge their lofs in the leaft
upon their enemins. For Archimedes had planted
noft of his machines in fccurity behirid the walls ;
and the Romans, {ays Plutarch, repulfed by an in-
famy of wounds, without feeing the place or hand
from which they came, fcemed to fight in reality
with the gods.

Marceilus, though at a lofs what to do, and not
knowing how to oppofe the machines of Archimedes,
could not, however, forbear pleasantries upon them.
*' Shall we perfid," faid he to bis workmen and en-
gineers, ** m making war with this Briaretis of a
** geometrician, who treats *ny gallies and fambucas
♦* fo rudely ? He infinitely exceeds the fabled giants
•' <with their hundred bands, in his perpetual «md
** furprifing ^difcharges upon «tts. v Marceilus had
reaion for. referring to Archimedes only. For the
Syracufans were really rto more than members of the
engines and machines of that great geometrician,
who -was himfelf the foul of a-11 l their "powers and
operations. All other arms wer« unemployed, fot

the

* TJie fcorpions were machines in the nature of crofs-fyuvs', which
the ancients uM in difcfaargi»g4aru a»4 Aoces.

44 THE HISTORY

the city at that time made ufe of none, either defeniive
or offenfive, but thofe of Archimedes.

Marcellus at length perceiving the Romans fo
muclj intimidated, that if they faw upon the walls
.only a fmalL cord, or the leaft piece of wood, they
would immediately fly, crying out, that Archimedes
was, going to difcharge fome dreadful machine upon
them ; he renounced his hopes of being able to
make a breach in the place, gave over his attacks,
•and turned the fiege into a blockade. The Romans
conceived, they had no other refource than to reduce
the great number of people in the city by famine, in
cutting off all provifions that might be brought to.
.them either by iea or land* During the eight months
in which they befieged the city, there were no kind
of ftratagems which they did not invent, nor any
a&ions of valour left untried, almoft to the affault,
which they never dared to attempt more. So much
force, upon fome occafions, have a fingle man and
a fingle fcience, when rightly applied. Deprive
Syracufe of only one old man, the great ftrength of the
Roman arms mull inevitably take the city ; his fole
prefence arrefts and difconcerts all their defigns.

We here fee, which I cannot repeat too often,
how much intereft princes have in protefting arts,
favouring the learned, encouraging academies of
fcience by honourable diftin&ions and a&ual rewards,
which never ruin or impoverifh a ftate. I fay no-
thing in this place of the birth and nobility of
Archimedes ; he was not indebted to them for the
happinefs of his genius, and profound knowledge;
I confider him, only as a learned man, and an excelr
lent geometrician/ What a lofs had Syracufe fuf-
tained, if to have faved a fmall expence and penfion,
fuch a man had been abandoned to inaction and
obfcurity ! Hiero was far from fuch a .conduft. *He
Jcnew all the value of our geometrician ; and it is no
vulgar merit in a prince to underftand that of other
inen. He placed it in hQnour ; he made it ufeful;

and

OF SYRACUSE. 45

and did not" flay, till oecafion or neceflity obliged
him to do fo, which would have been too late. By
a wife forefight, the true chara&er of a great prince
and a great minuter, in the very * arms of peaces he
provided all that was neceffary lor fupportmg a fiege,
and making war with fucceis; though at that time
there was no appearance of any thing to be appre-
hended from the Romans, with whom Syracufe was
allied in the ftri&eft manner. Hence were feen to
arifc in an inftant, as out of the earth, an incredible
number of machines of every kind and fize, the very
fight of which were fufficient to ftrike armies with
terror and confufion.

There is amongft thefe machines, of which we

ran fcarce conceive the effe&s, what might tempt

us to call the reality in queftion, if it were allowable

to doubt the evidence of writers, fuch, for inftance,

as Polybius, in almoft contemporary author, who

treated fafts entirely recent, ana fuch as were well

known to all the world. But how can we refufe our

content to the united authority of Greek and Roman

fci/iorians, in regard to circumftances, of which whole

armies were witnefles, in experiencing the effe&s,

and which had fo great an influence in the events of

war ? What pafled in this fiege of Syracufe, mows

how high the ancients had carried their genius and

art in befieging and fupporting fieges. Our artillery

which fo perfeftly imitates thunder, has not more

effeft than the engines of Archimedes, if they have fo

much*

A burning-glafs is fpoken of, by the means of
which Archimedes is faid to have burnt part of the
Roman fleet. That mull have been an extraordinary
invention ; but as no ancient author mentions it, it
is no doubt a modern tradition without any founda-
tion. Burning-glafies were known to antiquity, but
not of that kind, which indeed feem impracticable.

After

* Inpmce % vtfapienx, aptarit Idone* Ulh> Ho* at*

Aad wtfeinpgKe,ptep*redUHSurosofwar. ' -

4$ THE HISTORY

* After Marcellus had refolded to confine himfeii
to the blockade of Syracufe, he left Appius before rthc
place with two-thirds* of the army, advanced with the
other into the iiland, and brought over feme cities to
the Roman intereft.

. At the fame time Hi mil con, general of the Carthagi-
nians arrived in Sicily with a great army* in hopes of
reconquering: it, and excelling the Romans.
( Hippocrates left Syracufe with ten thoafand foot and
fire hundred horfe to join him* and carry .00 ; the war
v in concert again ft Marcellus; Epicydes remained in the
city* to command there during the blockade.

The fleets of the two ftates appeared at the fame
time on the coaft of «Skily ; but that of the Carthagini-
ans, feeing itfelf weaker than, the other, was afraid to
yenture a battle, and foon failed back for Carthage.

Marcellus had continued eight months before Syracufe
with Appins,' according to P6lybius, when the year
of his conful(hip expired. Livy places the expedition
of Marcellus- in Sicily, and his viftory over Hippocra-
tes, in this year, which mud have been the fecond
year of. the liege. And indeed Livy has given us no
account of this fecond year, becaufe he had afcribed
to the fkft what paffed in the fecond^ For it is highly
improbable, that nothing memorable happened in it.

This is the conjeftuce of Mr. Crevier, profeflbr
of rhetoric in the college of Beauvais who published-
a. new edition of Livy with remarks, and with which
I am convinced the publick were well pleafed. The
firft volume of the faid work contains a long preface,
which is well worth reading.

Marcellus therefore employed a great part of the
fecond year of the* fiege in leveral expeditions into
Sicily. In his return from AgrigentwrrVy upon which
he had made an effectual attempt, he came up with
the* army of Hippocrates, . which he defeated, and
killed above eight thousand men- This advantage kept
thofe' in their duty, who had entertained thoughts

of

t A. M. J?**. Aat. J. C. US*. Uwfai a* S5» **• v

q* SYRACUSE- 4^

of gojng: over to f the . Carthaginians. After the. gaining
of ;this vlftory, he returnedagajtnft £yracufe, and having
djfmifTed Appius, fqr Kome, 'who went thither to de*
nwid the con&lfbip, hf put Crifpinus into his place.

u In -the : beginning .of, the. third, campaign , Mar,,
cejluf, aJmoil ahjblujely, defpaaring of being atye tQ
take Syracufe^ either by force, becaufe Archimedej
continually oppofed him., with invincible obstacles,
or famine, a§ ;t the Carthaginian fleet, which was re,
turned, mQre nuniqrou^ than » before,, eafily fhrew in
convoys, deliberated .whether he Ihoujd poatinue he*
fore Syracufe to puih^he fiege,, or .turn, his; endeavours
aj^ain/i Agrigfntum. But before he came, to a final
determination, he thought it proper, to try whether he
could. not make bimfdff mailer, of: Syracufe by fom,^
ferret intelligence. There were many Syracuians in,
his campu who. .had. taken, refuge there in the begin*
ing of the, troubles. A fla,vd of one of thefe fecretly*
carried. on; an intrigue, in which fourfcore of the
principal: p^rfons of the city .engaged, who caipe in
companies to confult with him in his camp, concealed
in barks under the nets of fiihermen. The confpiracy
was on ,the point of taking effeft, when a-perfon named
Attains, in refentment for not haying ,been admitted
into it, difcovered the, , whole to jfyicydes who put ail,
the confpirafor? to death*

This, enterprife, hav^njj mifcarried in, ^his, manner*.
Marcellus found hi^felf .in new difficulties* Nothing,
employed his thoughts .bat t)he grief and. fliame of raifing.
a fiege, after having confumed io much time and fuftain*
ed the lofc;of fa many men and (hijpa in it. An accident
fupplied him with a refource, and gave* new life to his.
hoppfe Some Roman veflels had taken one Damippusu,
whom Epicydes had.fent to negotiate with Philip king,
of Macgdofil' Th$ Sypacufan? expr.efTedf a great defirei
tos ranfom ^his ; man» a&4 fyforcellus . was not averfe to.
it- A place/ n$air. the. p«rt Trogilu^ was agreed on for.
• - .. • the:

» A. M. 379» Ant. J./C; Mfc.... Litf. U 2Xrdn.Jt£,J,I».flut<ii|,

r?

48 THE HISTORY

the conferences concerningthe ramfom of the prifoncr.
As the deputies went thither feveral times, it ( came in-
to a Roman foldieFs thoughts tb pohfider th$ wall
with attention. Aftfer havihg counted the Hones, and
examined with his eye the Wafure of each 6f th^m,
upon a calculation of the height of the wall, tie found
it to be much lower than it "was believed, and con-
cluded that with ladders' of a moderate fize it might be
eafily fcaled. Without lofs of time he related the
Whole to Marcellus. The general is not always the
Only wife man in an army ; a private* foldier may
fometimes furnifli him with importartt hints. Mar-
cellus did not negleft this advice, and allured himfelf
of its reality with his own eyes. Having caufed lad-
ders to be prepared, he took the-opportunity of a fefti-
val, that the Syracufans celebrated for three days in
honour of Diana, during which the inhabitants gave
themfelves up intirely to rejoicing and good cheer.
At the time of night when he conceived that the
Syracufans, after their debauch began - to grow
drowfy and fall afleep, he made a thoufand chofeft
troops, in profound filence, advance with their ladders
to the wall. When the firft got to the top without
noife or tumult, Ihe others followed, encouraged by
the boldnefs and fuccefs of their leaders. Thefe
thoufand foldiers,. taking the advantage of the enemy's
ftillnefs, who were either drunk or afleep, foon fcaled
the wail. Having thrown down the gate of Hexapy-
lum they took pofleflion of the quarter of the city
called Epipolis.

It was then no longer time to deceive, but terrify
the enemy. The Syracufans, awakened by the noife,
began to roufe, and to prepare for a&ion. Marcellus
made all his trumpets found together, which fo
frightened and Alarmed them, that all the inhabitants
fled, believing every quarter of the city in the pof-
feflion of the enemy. The ftrongeft and beft part,
however, called Achradina,. was not yet taken, be-
caufe feparated by its walls from the reft of the city.

Marcellus

6F SYRACUSE. 49

Marcellus at day break entered # Villanova, or
the new city, by the quarter called Tycha. Epicycles
having immediately drawn up fome troops, which ho
had in the ifland adjoining to Achradina, marched
agamft Marcellus : but finding him ftronger and better
attended than he expefted, after a (light fkirmifh, he
fhut himfelf up in the quarter Achradina.

All the captains and officers with.Jvfarcellus con-
gratulated him upon this extraordinary fuccefs. For
himfelf, when he had confidered from an eminence
the loftinefs, beauty, and extent of that city, he is faid
to have (hed tears, and to have deplored the. unhappy
condition it was upon the point of experiencing. He
called to mind the two powerful Athenian fleets
which had been funk before this city, and the. two-
numerous armies cut in pieces, with. the illuftrious

?;enerals who commanded them.: the many wars
uftained with fo much valour again ft the Carthagi-
nians: the many famous tyrants and potent kings,
Hiero particularly, whofe memory was ftill recent,
wjio had fignalized himfelf by fo many royal virtues,
and ftill more, by the important fer vices he had ren^
dered the Roman people, whofe interefts had always
been as deajr to him as his own, . Moved by that:
reflection, he believed it incumbent upon him, before
he attacked Achradina, to fend to the, befieged to ex-
hort them to furrender voluntarily, and prevent the
ruin of their city. His remonftrances and exhortations
had no effect.

To prevent interruption by his rear, he then attacked
a fort called Eurylaus, which lay at-the bottom- of the:
new town, and commanded the whole country on thte .
land fide. After having carried it, he turned all hi* ^
efforts againft Achradina. %

During thefe tranfa&ions, Hippocrates and Hi-
milcon arrived. The firft with the Sicilians having
placed and fortified his camp near the great gate, and
giving the fignal to thofe who were in pofieflion of ,

Vol. X. D Achradina, r

• The new city, or Neapolis, wa$ called Epipoli*, and ih thelattff '
- times tad beta taken into the city aad furroundtd witk walli.

/

£* . TOE lUSTOTLY

Achwrclvwa, attacked the old camp of tie Rdtnaas, in
which Crifpioirs commanded : Epicydes, at the feme
time made* tally upon the pofts of Martreiius. Neither
of thefc eoderprrfes was fuccefsful. Hippocrates was
▼igoroofly repulfed by Crifpinusy who purfiied him
as. far as bis entrenchments, and Maccctius obliged
Epicydes to (but himfelf up in Achradins. As it was
then* autumn, there happened a plague* vrhrcfii; kitted
grekt numbers in the city, andilill more in the Ro-
man and* Carthaginian camps. The diftemper was
Aotexcefiive at firft, and proceeded only from the bad'
air and feafon : But afterwards the communication
with the ihfefted, and even the care taken of them,
difperfed the contagion ; from whence it happened,
that forne, neglected and abfolutely abandoned, died
of the violence of the malady r and others received help
which became fatal to thofe who brought it. Death,
and the fight of fuch as were buried, coatiirually pre-
tented a mournful objeft to the eyes of the living; No-
thing were heard night and day but groans and lamen-
tations* At length the being accuftomed to the evil had
hardened their hearts to fuch a degree, and fo far ex-
tinguilhed all fenfe of companion in them, that they
not only ceafed to grieve for the dead, but lefc. them
without interment. Nothing was. to bcfeen every where
but dead bodies, expofed to the view .of thofe w>bo
expefted the fame fate. The Carthaginians fuffered
much more from it than the others. As they had no
place to retire to, they almoft all perimed with their

funerals Hippocrates and Him i Icon. Marcdlos,
rom the breaking out of the diieafe, had brought his
foWiers into the city, where the roofs and fhade was
of great relief to them; he* loft no inconfiderable
number of men.*

Bormlcar, notwithftanding, who commanded the
Carthagi mat* fleet, and had made a fecond voyage to
Carthage to bring a new fupply, retwrned with an
hundred and thirty imps- and fcrcen hundred) tranfports.
Hfe was prevented by contrary winds from, doubling j
the; cap? of Pachyraus* Epicydes, . who was afraid ;

tte* i

OF SYRACUSE. 5 1

that if thofe winds continued, this fleet might be
difcouraged and return to Africa, left Achradina to
the care of the generals of the mercenary troops and
went to Bomilcar, whom he perfuaded to try the
event of a naval battle. Marcellus, feeing the troops
of the Sicilians increafe every day, and that if he
ftayed, and fuifered him felt* to be (hut up in Syracufe
he fhould be very much preffed at the fame time both
by fea and land, refoived, though not fo ftrong in (hips,
to oppofe the palfage of the Carthaginian fleet. As'
foon as the high winds abated, Bomilcar flood to
fea in order to double the cape : But when he faw
the Roman fliips advance towards him in good order,
on a fudden, for what reafon- is not faid, he took to
flight,, fent orders to the tranfports to regain Africa, and
mined to Tarentum. Epicydes, who had been difap-
pointed in fuch great hopes, and was apprehenfive of
returning into a city already haVf taken, made fail for
Agrigentutnv rather with clefign to wait the event of
the fiege in that place, than to make any new attempt
from thence.

When it was known in the camp of the Sicilians, that
Epyrides had quitted! Syracufe, and the Carthaginians'
Sicily, they feitt deputies to Marcellus, after having
founded the difpofttion of the befieged to treat upon the
conditions Syracufe fliould furrender. It was agreed*
with unanimity enough on both fides, that what had'
appertained to* the kings fhoaki appertain to the Ro-'
mans; that the Sicilians fbauld retain all the reft with'
their laws and liberty.' After thefe preliminaries they'
demanded' a conference with thofe Epicydes had
chaerged with* the government in his abfenee. They
told them, they had been fent by the army to MarV-
cellus, sm4 the inhabfitants of Syracufe, in- order that 7
all che Sicilians, asx well within; as' Without; the* cky
might hove the fame fate, and that no* .fepaWte^con- '
vemioft might be made. .Having been permitted to
enter the city, ami to confer with tfheir friends and
reiatsoqs; after having 4 irlfortned them of what they liact-
already agreed with Marcellus,-' and giving them aflu-

D 2 rances

V

;5*

THE HISTORY

ranees that their lives -would be fafe they perfuaded
them to begin, by removing the three governors
Epicydes had left in his place, which was immediately
fut in execution.

After which, having aflembled the people, they
reprefented, " That for whatever mifenes they had
fuffered till then, or mould fuffer from thenceforth
they ought not to accufe fortune, as it depended
upon themfelves alone to put an end to them :
that if the Romans had undertaken the fiege of
Syracufe, it was out of affection not enmity to the
Syracufans : that- it was not till after they had
been apprifed of the oppreflions they fuffered from
Hippocrates and Epicydes, thofe ambitious agents
of Hannibal, and afterwards of Hieronymus, that
they had taken arms N and begun the fiege of the city
not to ruin it, but to deftroy its tyrants:* that
as Hippocrates was dead, Epicydes no longer in
Syracuie, his lieutenants (lain, and the Cartha-

;;inians difpoflefled of Sicily, both by fea and
and, what reafon could the Romans now have
for not inclining as much to preferve Syracufe, as
if Hiero, the fole example of faith to them, were
ftill alive ? That neither the city nor the inhabi-
tants had any thing to fear but from themfelves,
if they let flip the occafion of renewing their amity
with the Romans : that they never had fo favour-
able an opportunity as the prefent, when they were
juft delivered from' the violent government of their
tyrants ; and that the firft ufe they ought to make
of their liberty, was to return to tneir duty."
This difcourfe was perfectly well received by every
body. It was however judged proper to create new
magiflrates before the nomination of deputies; the
latter of whom were chofen out of the former. The
deputy who fpoke in their name, and who was in-
ftru&ed folely to ufe his utmoft endeavours that
Syracufe might not. be deftroyed, addreffed himfelf
to Marcellus to this effect : H It was not the people

•• of

ft
it
««
«c
a

OF SYRACUSE. 55

44 of Syracufe who firft broke the alliance, and de-
44 clared war againft you, but Hieronymus, lefs cri.
** minal ftill to Rome than to his country : and
41 afterwards, when the peace was reftored by hi»
" death, it. was not any Syracufan that infringed it,
44 but the tyrant's inftruments, Hippocrates and Epi-
44 cydes. They were the enemies who have made
44 war againft you, after having made us flaves, either
44 by violence or fraud and perfidy ; and it cannot
44 be faid that we have had any times of liberty that
have not alfo been times ot peace with you. At
prefent, as foon as we are become mailers of our-
felves by the death of thofe who held Sicily in
fubjeftion, we come the very inftant to deliver up
to you our arms, our perfons, our walls and our
city, determined not to refufe any conditions you
mall i thing fit to impofe. For the reft," continued
lie, addre fling himfelf always to Marcellus, " your
44 intereft; is as much concerned as ours. The gods
k 44 have granted you the' glory of* having taken the
" fineft and moft illuftrious city poffefled by the
u Greeks. All we have ever atohieved of memorable,
either by fea or land, augments and adorns your
triumph. . Fame is not a fufficiently faithful
44 chronicler to make known the greatnefs and
ftrength of the city you have taken ; pofterity can
only judge of them by its own eyes. It is necef-
lary that we mould (how to all travellers, from
whatever part of the univerfe they come, fome-
times the trophies we have obtained from the
44 Athenians and Carthaginians, and fometimes thofe
you have acquired from us; and that Syracufe,
thus placed for ever under the protection of Mar-
cellus, may be a lading, and eternal monument of
44 the valour and clemency of him, who took and
44 preferved it. It is unjuft that the remembrance
44 of Hieronymus fhould have more weight with yoit
44 than that of. Hiero. The latter was much longer
44 your friend than the former your enemy. Permit
44 me to fay you have experienced the amity of Hiero;

<(

£+ *H* HISTORY

" but the fenfelefs enterprifes of Hierorryraus have
" fallen folely upon his own head."

The difficulty was not to obtain what they de-
manded from Marcellus, but to pueferve tranquillity
and union amongft thofe in tbe cky. The delen&en,
convinced that they fbould he delivered up to the
Romans, infpired the foreign ibAdiefs with the fame
fear. Both the one and the other having therefore
taken arms, whilft the deputies -were frill, in the camp
of Marcellus, they began, by .cutting the throats
of the magistrates newly ekSed; and difperfing
tUemfelves on all fides, they put all* to the (Word ihey
met, and plundered whatever fell in their way. That
they might not be without leaders, they appointed fix
officers, three to command in Acbradina, and three
in the ifle. The tumult being at length appealed,
the foreign troops were informed from all hands, it
was concluded with the Romans, that tbeir caufe
fhould be entirely diftincV from that of the deferters.
At the fame inflant, the deputies fent to Marcellui
arrived, who fully undeceived them.

Amongft thofe who commanded m Syracufe, there
was a Spaniard named Mericus : him means were
found to corrupt. He gave up the gate near the
fountain Arethufa to fbldrers, fent by Marcellus in
the night to take poffeflion of it. At day break the
next morning, Marcellus Wade a falfe attack at
Achradiaa, to draw all the forces of tbe citadel, and
the ifle adjoining to it, to that fide, and to facilitate
the thrown ng feme troops into the ifle, which would
be ttnguardbd^ by fome vcffels be had prepared.
Every thing fucceeded according to his plan. The
fofefiera, whom thofe vefieis had landed m the iOe,
finding ajmoA all the pofts abandoned, and the gates
by which the garrifon of the citadel had marched
out againft Marcellus ftill open, they took poffeflion
Qf them .after a flight encounter. Marcellur having
received advice that he was mailer of. the ifle, and of

part of Achradiaa, and that Mericus, with the body

under

or sy&acvsi, 25

ander has command, had joked his t*oop% ordered
a retreat to be founded, that jibe treafuros ©f (he kivgA
Ktight not be plundered. They did not rile fa 'high
in their amount as was imagined.

Tlie defcriers having escaped, a pafTage being ex-

prefsly left open for them, the Syracttfans opened

all their gates so MarcelUs, and ferH deputies to him

with inftru&ions to demand nothing farther from

\um 9 than fche preservation oi the lives of therofelve*

and cbeir children. Maocelluss having affdrobled hit

council, and ioroe Syracufcns who. were in hi? camp*

gave his anfwer to the deputies in their prcfence:

That Hiero* for fifty years, bad not done the

Roman people more good,, than thofe who bad

" been mafters of Syracufe iome years paft # had in*

'• tended -to do them harm; but that their ill-will

** had fallen upon their own heads, and they had

44 puftifhed themfelves for their violation of treaties

*• *q a more fevere maimer than the Roman* could

44 have detred ; that he tad befieged Syracufe during

M three years, not that the Roman people might re*

" duce ir into flavery, but to prevent the chiefs of

" the revolters from continuing it under oppreilton:

that he had undergone many fatigues and. dangers

in fo long a fiege: but that he thought he ha3

made himfelf ample amends by the glory of hav«

" ing taken that city, and the iatasfsdion of having

" favedit.from the entire ruin it feemed to deferve."

After having placed a guard upon the treafury, and

fafe-guards in the houfes of the Syracufans, who had

withdrawn into his camp* he abandoned the city to

be plundered by the troops, k is reported, thai tha

riches which were pillaged in Syracufe at this 4un£».

exceeded all that could have been engeftod. at, the.

taking of Carthage kfelf.

An unhappy accident interrupted the joy of Mar-
cellus, and gave him a very fenfible afiU&ian. Ar*
c,hiinedes, at a time when all things were in this con-
fuuoaat Syracufe, (hut .yp ia his cWet Jifce. a/.fl&an

of

ifi THE HISTORY '

of another world, who had no regard for what pafled
in this, was intent upon the ftudy of fome geome-
trical figures, and not only his eyes, but the whole
faculties of his foul, were fo engaged in this contem-
plation, that he neither heard the tumult of the
Romans, univerfally bufy in plundering, nor the
report of the city's being taken. A foldier on a fud-
den comes in upon him, and bids him follow him to
Marcel lus. Archimedes defired him to Hay a mo-
ment, till he had folved his problem and finifhed the
demon (hat ion of it. The foldier, who regarded nei-
ther his problem nor demonfiration, enraged at this
delay, drew his fword and killed him. Marcellus
was exceedingly affli&ed when he heard the news of
his death. Not being able to reftore him to life,
of which he would have been very glad, he applied
himfelf to honour his memory to the . utmoft of
his power. He made a diligent fearch after all his
relations, treated them with great diflinftion, and
granted them peculiar privileges. As for Archimedes,
he caufed his funeral to be celebrated in the moil
folemn manner, and erected him a monument amongft
the great perfons who diftinguifhed themfelves moil at
Syracufe.

ARTICLE III.

• Sect. I. Tomb ef Archimedes difcovered by Cxccrs.

ARCHIMEDES, by his will, had defired his
relations and friends to put no Other epitaph on
his tomb, after his death, but a cylinder circum-
scribed by a fphere ; that is to fay, a globe or fpherj-
cal figure; and to fet down at the bottom the. rela-
tion thofe two folids, the containing and the con-
tained, have to each other. He might have filled up
the bafes of the columns of his tomb with relievoe*,
Whereon the -whole hiftory of -the fiege of Syracufe

might

OF SYRACUSE. 57

might have been carved, and himfelf appeared like
another Jupiter thundering upon the Romans. But
he fet an infinitely higher value upon a difcovery, a
geometrical demonftration, than upon all the fo much
celebrated machines of his invention.

Hence he chofe rather to do himfelf honour with
pofterity, by the difcovery he had made of the rela-
tion of a fphere to a cylinder of the iame bafe and
height ; which is as two to three.

The Syracufans, who had been in former times fo>
fond of the fciences, did not long retain the efleen*
and gratitude they owed a man who had done fo
much honour to their city. Lefs than an hundred
and forty years after, Archimedes was fo perfeftly
forgot by his citizens, notwithstanding the great fer-
vices he had done them, that they denied his having
been buried at Syracufe. It is from Cicero we have
this circumftance.

^ * At the time he was quaeilor in Sicily, his cu-
riofity induced him to make a fearch after the tomb of
Archimedes; a curiofity that became a man of Ci-,
cero's genius, and which merits the imitation of alt
who travel. The Syracufans aflured him, that his
fearch would be to no purpofe, and that there was no
fuch monument amongft them. Cicero pitied their
ignorance, which only ferved to increafe his defire-
of making that difcovery. At length, after feveral
fruitlefs attempts-, he perceived without the gate of
the city facing Agrigentum, amongft a great num-
ber of tombs in that place, a pillar almoft intireljr
covered with thorns and brambles, through whicnv
he could difcern the figure of a fphere and cylinder*.
Thofe, who have any tafte for antiquities, may eafil^r
conceive the joy of Cicero upon this occafion. He
cried out, * " that he found what he had looked for. 1 **
The- place was immediately ordered to- be cleared*,
when they few the mfcriprion' ftilt legible, thouglk

D 5- part

* Cic. Tufc; Quaeft. 1. ▼. 11- 64. 66.
• £v?n*» in verhu A re him..

5$ THX HISTORY

part of the lines were obliterated by time. * So that,
fays Cice/o, in concluding his account, the greateft
city of Greece, and the moll fiourifhing of old in the
fludies of fcjence, would not haye known- the trea-
fure it poffeffed, if a roan, born in a country it con-
(iderud almoft as barbarous, had not difcovered for
it the tomb of its citizen, fo highly diltiitgjujCbed by
force and penetration of mind.

We are obliged to Cicero for having left t*s this
curious and etegant account ; but we cannot eafily
pardon him the contemptuous manner in which he
fpeaks at fir A of Archimedes. It is in the beginning,
where intending to compare the unhappy life of
Dionyfiu* the tyrant with the felicity ot one paffed
in fober virtue, and abounding with wifdom, he
fayst " I will not compare the lives of a Plato or
% \ an AKcliitas, perfons of contaminate learning and
M wifdom, with that of Dionyfius, the mod horrid,
" the moft roiferable* and the moft deteftable that
can be imagined. I ihould have recourfe to a
man of his own city, a little ojbsgure psrson*
who lived many years after him. I ihould produce
him from his % duft, and bring him upon the
ftage with his rule and .compares in his hand/'
Not to mention the birth of Archimedes, whofe great-
ngfe was of a different clafs, the greateft geometrician
of antiquity, whofe fuhlime difeoveries have in all
ages been the admiration of the learned, fliould Ci-
cero have treated this man as little and obfeure as a
common artificer employed in making machines? un-
lets it be, perhaps, becaufe the Romans, :with whom
a tafte for geometry and fucbfpeculativefciences never
gained much ground, efteemed nothing great but what
related to government and policy* , .

Orabwtt

* ha nobitijjima Graeci* crvita*, fxcndamitotv ftiam ap&ijfma^fui
civis unius acutijfimi monurnentum ignaraffet^ n\fi 41b bomae ArfiiUtt
diJicrJ/et.

+ Non ergo jam cum bujut vitS y qua tetrius t mi/erius^ deteftabtlius tx-
fgitare nihil pr>jfum y Piatonis out Archil* vitam cvmparabo, doBorum
bominupt 6f plane fapientuvt. Ex eadem urbt humilem homuncionW*
a fuhere & rado excitabo t qui mvltis ann'xs poftfuitj Archimedtm*

% He means the duft ufed by geometricians.

«t
««

««

}

Of" SYRACUSE* W

• • • * ♦

• . • -

"Orabunt caufas melius,. ca&qiu meatus
- Dtfcnhmt radio % &fureentimfidira duxnt :
Tu regsre imperio fofn&s, Romans, memento*

Virgil, Mn. &

Let others better mould the running mafg
Of metal*, and inform the breathing brafs
And foften into flelh a marble face ;
Plead better at the bar, defcribe the fld$s, ,

And when the (Urs defcead and when they rift ;
But, Rome, - 'lis thine alone with awefijl {way ^
To rule mankind, and make the world aboy*; >
Difpofing peace and war, thy own majeftic way. J

» * * •

b This is tlie Abbe Fragujer's refle&ion in, the fliort
differtation he has left us upon this palTage of Cicero.

. Sect. II. Summary of tht hiftory of 'Syraasfe*

THE ifland of Sicily, with the greateft part of ItalyV
. extending bptween the two feas». cpmpoftd whilt
was called Graecia Major, in oppofyion tq Greet* pro*
perly fo called, which had peopled alL tbefp countries
by its colonies.

* Syracufe was the molt confideraWe city ^f. Si-
cily, and one of the moft powerful of all Greece. It
was founded by Achitas the Corinthians in the tbtrdf
year of the feventeemh Olympiad.

The firft two ages of its- hiftory are very oWcuro^
and therefore wre are filent upon them. It does nol
begin to be known till after the reign of Gelotv an4
furnifhes in the fequel many great events, for, the
fpace of more than two hundred years, During^all
that time it exhibits a perpetual alternative of flavery
under the tyrants, and liberty under a popular govern-

■ • ment ;
* Memoin of the AtaUm? rf latcsistbos, Vol.II', « A. M. 324*,

6* THE HISTORY

jncnt ; till Syracufe is at length fubjefted to the Ro-
mans, and makes part of their empire.

I have -treated all thefe events, except the laft, in
the order of time. But as they are cut into different
fe&ions, and difperfed into different books, we thought

Soper to unite them here in one point of view, that
eir feries and connexion might be the more evi-
dent, from their being fhown together and in general,
and the places pointed out, -where they are treated
with due extent.

d Gelon. The Carthaginians; in concert with
Xerxes, having attacked the Greeks who inhabited
Sicily, whilft that prince was employed in making an
irruption into Greace ; Gelon, who had made him-
felf matter of Syracufe, obtained a celebrated viftory
over thje Carthaginians, the very day of the battle
6f Thermopylae Amilcar, their general, was killed
N in* this battle. Hiftorians fpeak differently of his
death, which has occafioned my falling into a con-
tradiftion. For on one fide I fuppofe with # Dio-
dorus Siculus, that he was killed by the Sicilians in
the battle ; and on the other I fay, after Herodotus,
that to avoid the fhame of furviving his defeat, he
threw- himfelf into the pile, in which he had facri-
ficed human vittims.

• -Geldrn upon returning from his viftory, re-
paired to the affembly without arms or guards, to
give the people an account of his conduft. He was
chofen king unanimoufly. He reigned five or fix
years folely employed in the truly royal care of making
his people happy. Vol. I. p. 312, &c. Vol. Ill*
f. 089, &c.

: ■ Hiero h Hiero, the eldeft' fon of Gelon 's

brother, fucceeded him. The beginning of his

-reign was worthy of great praife. Simonides and

Pindar celebrated him in emulation of each other.

The

* A, M. 3520. « A. M. 3$z$. f A. M. 353a,
* In the Jiiftoiy of the Carthaginians.

Of SYRACUSE. fi

The latter part bt it did not anfwer the former. He
reigned eleven years. Vol. III. p. 79, &c.

« Thrasibulus. Thrafibulus his brother fuc-
ceeded him. He rendered hiiiifelf odious to* all his
fubjefis, by his vices and cruelty. They expelled
him the throne and city, after a reign of one year.
Vol. III. p. 402. \

Times of Kb'erty. '\

b After this expulfion, Syracufe and all Sicily en-
joyed their liberty for the fpace of almoil fixty years.

An annual feftival was inftituted to celebrate the day
upon which their liberty was re- eitab lifted.

•

Syraciift attacked by the Athenians.

1 During. this interval, the Athenians^ animated by.
the warn exhortations of Alcibiades, turned their arms
againft Synfcufe; this was in- the fixth year of the
Peioponnefian wfcur. How fatal the event of this war
was tq the Athenians, may he feen, Vol. III. p. 183. •

k DiONYbius the elder* * The 1 reign of this prince is
famous far ks length of thirty -eight years; and ft ill
more for the extraordinary events with which it was.
attended. Vol. I. p. 316, &c. Vol. V. p. 4, &c.

1 Dionyfius the younger* Dionyfius, fon of the
elder Dionyfius, fucceeded him. He contracts a par-
ticular intimacy with Plato, and has frequent con-
ventions with him ;. who comes to his court at the
requeft of Dion, the" near relation of. Dionyfius. He
did not long improve from the wife precepts of that
philofopher, ana foon abandoned hirnfelf to all the
vices and exceffes which attend tyranny.

* Befieged by Dion, he efcaped from Sicily, and
retires into Italy.

Dion's

I A. M. 3543. M. M. 3524. M,M, 35SS, *A. M. 3598.
1 A. M.36J*. » A. M, 3644*"

6* 3H& HISTORY

: • JDuWs efccallent .qualities; He is aflaffinafed'iti
his own houfe hy^CalUppus*,

. * Thirteen months After tke death of ; Dion, Hip-
parihus, brother- of Dtonyfm* the- younger, eXpek
Callippus,. and eftabliflies hirafelf in Syracufe. Dur-
ing the two years, of his reign, Sicily is agitated by
great commotions.

p Dionyfius the younger taking advantage of thofe
troubles, re-afcends the • throne ten years after having
quitted it.

* At iaft, reduced by Timoleon, he retires to- Co-
rinth. Vol. I. p. 3^4, &c. Vol. V. p» 54.

. - * . ... •■,•-•.•-...«•.

ir *

Times of Tiber ty. * * . A

r Timoleon reflores liberty to Syracufe. -^ He pafles
the reft of his life in a glorious retirement, beloved
and honoured by ail the citizens and ftrangers. Vol.
V. p r 11 3, &c* v ' .' ■

This interval of liberty Was of no loftg - duration.

•Agatrocles. Agatfcocles* in a (hort time, makes
himfelf tyrant df Syraeufe, VoL I. p ; 3*8,* &c.

He conimits unparalleled cr&ehies. 1 *

He forms ortoof the bolMt defigas related in hifbdty;
carries the war into -Africa; makes himftlf mafttfir of
the flrongeft pkoes,and ravages, the whole country.

Aftjer various events he perifhes rhiferably. He
reigned about twenty -eight years.

Timisofliherty. ' ' ,

t Sycacufe took hew- life again tor 'fon^e time, and
taflcd wish joy the fweets of liberty. '

But {he iuttered much from the Carthaginians, who/
£flurbed her tranquillity, by continual wars.

She called in Pyrrhus to her aid. The. rapid iuc-
oefiff his arms, at firXl gave him great hopes, which

foon

"A.M. 3646. *A. M. 3647. P4>. M.tftf. 1.iM*»\W^ :
*A.M. 3658. • A.M. 3*85. *A. M. 3713.

of snuauis.. 6j:

fofcm woi&ed. iPyrrhus, by a fbdden retreat, plunged
the -Syracii fam into new misfortunes. Vol I. p. 341, :
&c. Vol. Vr p. a*5, &c. "

Hi&RO II. They were not happy and inf tranquil*
Iky till the reign of Hiero II. which was very long,
and aimoft always pacific.

• Hieronymus. Hefcarce reigned one year. His
death was followed -with great troubles, and the taking!
of Syracuse by Marcellus. '

After that period, what paifed in Sicily to its total
reduction is little remarkable. There were ft: H fomer
remains of war fomented in it by the partifans of
tyranny, and the Carthaginians who fupportcd them :
But thofe wars had no confequence, and Rome was
Toon ah fo lute raiftrefs of all Sicily, Half the ifland
had been a Roman province from the treaty which
put an end to the firft Punic war. By that treaty
Sicily was divided into two parts ; the dne continued
in the pofleffion of the Romans ; and the other under
the government of Hiero ; which laft part, after the
Surrender of Syracufe, fe.ll alfo into their bands.

SeCt. lit. Reflexions upon ike government andcharac
ter of the Syracufans, and upon Architnedes.

TOY the taking of Syracufe all Sicily became a pro-
•*-* vince of the Roman empire ; but it was not
treated as the Spaniards and Carthaginians were after-
wards, upon whom a certain trifcute was inipofed as
the reward of the vi&ory, and punifhments of the
uanqtufted : Quafi vi&oritt premium, ac puma belli*
Sicily, in fubmittmg to the * Roman people,. retained
all her ancient rights and cuftoms, obeyed them upon
the iame conditions (he had obeyed her kings. And
Ihe certainly well defcrved that privilege and diftinc-
? tion.

* S kit la civitatetjic in amichiam rectpimus, ut eodem juri, tffent,' fiat
V>1C«

64 THE -HISTORY

tion* * She was the firft of all the foreign nations
that had entered into alliance and amity with the
Romans ; the firft conqueft their arras had the glory-
to make out of Italy ; and the firft country that had
Sjiven them the grateful experience of commanding a
oreign people. The greateft part of the Sicilian
cities had exprefled an unexampled attachment fide-
lity, and affeftion for the Romans. The id and was
afterwards a kind of pafs for their troops into Africa ;
and Rome would not fd eafily have reduced the for-
midable power of the Carthaginians, if Sicily had
• not ferved it as a magazine, abounding with provi-
ftons, and a fecure retreat for their fleets. Hence
after the taking and ruin of Carthage, Scipio Afri-
canus thought nimfelf obliged to adorn the cities of
Sicily with a great number of excellent paintings and
curious ftatues ; in order that a people who were fo
highly fatisfied with the fuccefs of the Roman arms,
might be fenfible of its efTe&s, and retain illuftrious
monuments of their victories amongft them.

Sicily would have been happy in being governed
by the Romans, if they had always given her fuch
magiftrates as Cicero, knowing like him in the obli-
gations of his fun&ion, and like him intent upon the
due difcharge of it. It is highly pleafing to hear him
explain himlelf upon the fumeft; which he does in
his. defence of Sicily againft Verres.

After having invoked the gods as witnefles of the
fincerity of what he is going to exppfe, he fays :
•' In all + the employments with which the Roman

• * Omnium nationum exterarum princept Sic ilia ft ad amidtiam fidemqae
fopuli R. applicuit g prima omnium, id quod itmamentum imperii eft, pre~
vlncia eftappellata: prima docuit majores noftros, quam praclarum ejjet extern
gentibut imperare — Itaoue majoribtts nofiris in. Aft team ex hac provincial
gradus imperii Jaffus eft. Neque enim tarn facile opes Cartbtiginix tantaf
concidiffent) mfi illud f & rei frumentaria fubfidium* & receptaeulum,
claffibux noftrix patent. Quart P. African us, Cartbagint deletS, Siculo-
rum urbes ftgnis monumentifque pulcberrimis exornavit ; ut, quo* vi&oria
fopuli R. latari arbitralatur y apud eat monumenta vi&oria plumria •
coflocarft, Cic. Verr. 3. n. 2, 3.

t QSi immortaltx —It* mi hi meant vduntatemffemq*t rt/iqtta vits vtjha

9

««

44

OF SYRACUSE. 6$

" people have honoured me to this day. I have ever

" thought myfelf obliged, by the moft facred ties of

44 religion, worthily to difcharge the duties of them.

44 When I was made quaeftor, I looked upon that

44 dignity not as a gratuity conferred upon me for

" my particular ufe, but as a depofit confided to

44 my vigilance and fidelity. When I was afterwards

44 fent to aft in that office, I thought all eyes were *

44 turned. upon me, and that my perfon. and admini-

44 ftration were in a manner exhibited as a fpeftacle

44 to the view of all the world ; and in this thought

" I not only denied myfelf all pleafures of an cxtra-

44 ordinary kind, but even thofe which "are authorifed

44 by nature and neceffity. I am " now intended for

" aedile. I call the gods to witnefs, that how*

*-' honourable foever this dignity feems to me, I

have too juft a fenfe of its weight, not to have

morefolicitude and difquiet, than joy and plea-

44 fure from it ; fo much 1 defire to make it ap-

•' pear, that it was not beftowed on me by chance,

" or the neceffity of being filled up, but confided

" defervedly by thd choice and difcernment of my

" country.' '

All the Roman governors were far from being of
this charafler ; and Sicily, above all other provinces/
experienced, as * Cicero fome lines after reproaches .

Verres,'

pofulique R.exijlimatio comprobet, utego quo* adbuc mibi magiftratuspopulos
R, mandcrvity Jic fos accept, u.t me omnium ojjiciorum obfiringi religion*
^arbitrarer. Jta qudtfior fum fatlus, ut mibi bonorem ilium non tarn datum >
futtm crtditum ac commijfum putarem. Sic obtinui quajluram in provincial
ut omnium oculos-in me unum co'njeclos arbi/rarer t ut me quajluramque meant
quafi in aliquo orbis ten* tbeatro vtrfari extftrmarem ; ut omnia femtier, qua?
jucunda t/identur ejje y non modo bis extraordinariis eupidhatidus, fed
etiam ipfi natura ac necejptati denegarem. Nunc fum de/ignatus Ardilit
—Ita mibi deos omnes propiiiot eJJ'e •velim, ut tametfi mibi jucundijfimut
eft bonoj populi, tamen nequaquam^ tantum capio voluptatis, quantum foU
licitudinis &. labor is, ut hdic ipfa *dilitail non quia nectjfe fuit alicui
candidato data, fed quia Jic oportuerit recle collocata, %8 judicio p6puli
digno in loco po/ita effe videatur . Cic. Verr. 7. n. 35 — 37.

* Nunquam tibi. venit-iu mentem, nontibi idcircofafces & fecures, Gf,
taritam imperii vim, tantamque ornamentorum omnium dignitatem datum ;
ut par urn rerumvi fjsP aucltfitate omnia, repagula Juris ? pudorjs, & officii

$6> MTS HICTORT

Verres, dhat they were dmoft all trf them like fo
many tyrants, who believed &hemfelv?es only attended
by the fafces and axes, and invefbed with the au-
thority of the Roman empire, to exercifie in their
province an opea robbery of the peblic with im-
punity, and to break through all the barriers of
juftice and Amine in fuch a manner, that no man's
eftate, life, ioufe, or evert honour, were faie from
their violence*

Syracufe, from all we have feen of it* ought to
appear like a theatre, on which many different and
furprtfing fcenes have been exhibited; or rather like
a fea, fametimes ca-lm and untroubled* btat oftener
videmly agitated by winds, and &orme, always ready
to overwhelm it iotirely. We have feen in no other
republic fuch fudden, frequent, violent, and va-
rious revolutions : fcmetimes enfiaved by the moft
cruel tyrants, at others under the government of the
wifeft kings ; fometimes abandoned to the capricious
will of a populace, without either government orre-
ftriftion; foanetimes perfectly docile and fubmiffivtf
to the authority of the law, and the empire of reafau
it pafled alternately from the moft infupportable fia-
very to the moft grateful liberty, from a kind of
convulfions and frantic emotions, to a wife, peaceable
and regular conduct. The reader wiJLeafily call to
irund, on the one fide, Dionyfius the father and fon,
Agathocles and Hieronymus, whofe cruelties made
them the objefts of the. public hatred and deteftation ;
on the other, Gelon, Dion* Timoleon,. the two He-
roes, ancient and modern, univerfaliy beloved and
revered by the people.

To what are fuch oppofite extremes and viciflitades
fb contrary to be attributed? Undoubtedly, I think,
the levity and inconftancy of the Syracufans, which
was their drftiaguiflung chara&eriftic, had a great

ftare

prfringerts ; ut omnium hona fradam ivam )dttcem; vutttus res tut*,
nfftlins domin clan/ay nttlius 'vita fipta, nntlim pudpitia tnux/ta 9 Wtr*
l*xm ci'pidKatehi &*udMiltmfpfii$t. Cic. Vcxx. v. 39. "

OF SYRACUSE. 67

lhare in them ; but what I am convinced conduced tbe
soaft to them, was the very form of their government,
coropaiinded of the ariftocratic and democratic,
that is to fay, divided between tiie fenate or eMers
aad the people* As there was no coanterpoifc
in Syracufe to fupport a right balance between
thofe two bodies, when authority inclined either to
the one fide or tbe other, the government prefently
changed either into a violent and cruel tyranny, or
an unbridled liberty, without order or regulation.
The fudden con fu (ion at fuch times of all orders of
the Jiate, made the way to the fovereign power eafy
to the mot ambitious of the citizens : to attract the
affeGion of their country, and foften the yoke to
their fellow- citizens, (bine exercifed that power with
lenity, wifdons, equity, and popular behaviour: and
others, by nature lefs virtuoufly inclined, carried it
to the iaft excefs of the moil aWblute and cruel def-
potiira, under pretext of fupporting themfeives agawift
the attempts of their citizens, who, jealous of their
liberty, thought every means for the recovery of it
legitimate and laudable*

These were befides other reafons that rendered
tbe government of Syracufe difficult, and thereby
made way for the frequent changes it underwent.
That city did not forget the ' fignal victories it had
obtained againtf the formidable power of Africa, and
that it had carried victorious arms and terror even to*
the wails of Carthage : and that not once only, a&
afterwards agaiaA the Athenians, but during fcveral
ages. The high idea its fleets and- numerous troops
fuggeited of its maritime power, at the time of the-
irruption of the Peritam into Greece, occasioned its
pretending to equal Athens in that refped, or at
leaft to divide the empire) of the fea with that'
Hate*

. Befides which, riches the': natural effeft of con**-
raerce, had rendered- the Syracufans proud, haughty*
aad irepcrjous* .a#d at the &m* ticuc .fia4;,fdu^g«d

68 THE HISTORY

them into a floth and luxury, that infpired them with
a difguft for all fatigue and application. They gene-
rally abandoned themfelves blindly to their orators,
who had acquired an abfolute afcendant over them.
In order, to make them obey, it was neceffary either to
flatter or reproach them.

They had naturally a fund of equity, humanity, and
good-nature,; and yet, when influenced by the fedi-
tious difcourfes of the orators, they would propeed to
exceflive .violence and cruelties, which they immedi-
ately after repented. -

When they were left to themfelves, their liberty,
which at that time knew no ttounds, foon degenerated
into caprice, fury, violence, and I might fay, even
phrenzy. On the contrary, when they were fub-
jefted to the yoke, they became bafe, timorous,
fubmiflive, and creeping like flaves. But as thu
condition was violent, and direflly contrary to the
character and difpofition of the Greek nation, born
and nurtured in liberty, the fenfe of which was
not wholly extmguifhed in them and only lulled
afleep ; they waked f*->m time to time from their
lethargy, broke their chains, and made ufe of thero»
if I may be admitted to ufe the expreffion, to beat
down and deilroy the unjuft mailers who had impofed
them.

With a fmall attention to the whole feries of the
hiftory of the Syracufans, it may eafily be. perceived*
(as Galba afterwards faid of the Romaus) that * they
were equally incapable of bearing either entire liberty
or entire fervitude. So that the ability and policy of
thofe who governed them, confifted in keeping the
people to a wife medium between thofe two extremes,
by teeming to leave them an entire freedom in their
refolutions, and referving only to themfelves the care
of explaining the utility, and facilitating the execution
of good meafures. And in this the magiftrates and

kings

• * 1mfer§tiamt ts bt>mimbm % qui m* iotumfintkutm fati'fojtmt, nee
m*mlmrt*tm. Tacit. Hiit. 1. i. c. 16.

OF SYRACUSE. 69

kings we have fpoken of were wonderfully fuccefsful,
under whofe government the Syracufans always en-
joyed peace and tranquillity, were obedient to their
princes, and perfectly fubmiffive to the laws. And
this induces me to conclude, that the revolutions of
Syracufe were lefs the effeft of the people's levity,
than the fault of thofe that governed them, who had
not the art of managing their paflions, and engaging
their affeftion, which is properly the fcience of kings,
and of all who command others.

BOOK

BOOK THE TWENTY-SECOND.

THE

HISTORY

OP

P O N T U S.

CHAP. I.

Sect. I. Mi tkri dates, at twelve years old, afcends
the throne. of Pont us. He feizes Cappadocia and Bi-
thynia, having Jirjl expelled their kings. The Romans
rc-ejtablijli them. He caufes all the Romans in AJia Mi-
nor to be put to the /word in one day. Firjl xoar of
the Remans with Mithridates, who had made him/elf
mafler of Afta Minor and Greece, where he had taken
Athens. Sylla is charged with this war. He befieges
and re-takes Athens. He gains th ree great battles agaxnjl
the generals of Mithridates. He grants that prince
peace in the fourth year of the war. Library of Athens,
in which were the works of Ariftotle, Sylla caufes it to
be carried to Rome.

«

MITHRIDATES, king of Pontus, whofe hiftory
we are now beginning, and who rendered him-
felf fo famous by the war he fupported, during almoft
thirty years, againft the Romans, was furnamed Eu-
pator. He descended from a houfe which had long
given a fucceffion of kings to the kingdom of Pontus.
The firft, according to fome hiftorians, was Artaba/us,
one of the feven princes that flew the Magi, and fet
the crown of Perfia upon the head of Darius Hyflafpes,

who

4

OF POKTUK ft

who rewarded lum with the kingdom of Pontit*. But
be£des that we do* not find the name of Artabafut
anaougft thofe Per&ans, many reafcns induce us to be*
lieve* that the prince, of whom we fpeak, was the fon
of Darius die, fame who is called Artabarzanes, who
was competitor with Xerxes for the throne of Perfia*
and was made king of Pontus either by his father or hit
brother, to confole him for the preference given to
Xerxes. His pofterity enjoyed that kingdom during
Ceverueen generations Muhridatjes Eupator, of whom
we fliali treat in this place, was the fifteenth from
hitm

He was but twelve years of age when he began to
reign. His father, before his death, had appointed
him his fucceflbr, and bad given him his mother few
guardian, who was to govern jointly with him*
* He began his. reign by puteing his mother and
brother to 'death ; and the fequel aniwercd but too
w«il to facfa a beginning of it. y Nothing is faid of
the firft years of his reign, except that one of the Ro*
man generals, whom he had corrupted with.' money,
having furrendered, and put him into poflfeflion of
Phrygia, k was foon after taken from him by the Ro-
mans, which gave birth to his entnity for them.

r Ariarathes king of Cappadocia being dead, Mith-
ridates canfed the two ions he had left behind him
to be put to death, though their mother Laodtce was.
his own filter, and placed one of his own fons, at
that time very young, upon, the throne, giving him
the name of Ariarathes, and appointing Gordius his>
guardian and regent. Nioomedes .king: of Bkhynia^
who apprehended tin's increafe of power would put.
Mafchrida&cs mto a condition to pwffdfs ..htrafdf alfo of
his dominions in time, thdught proper to. fet up at
certain young man (who feetneri Tery fit for fuch a
part) as a third fan a£ Ariarn&hes. He engaged- kaodice*
wibmi he had .e%cnrf«d after the deafth'of. net, firft.
lufifband; to acknowledge bias as face, and.feot .her

to

x A.M~3g*Oi;AAt, J. Ci.oa* Menm»n1n«ccer#tisf PhptHi. c.Mtii.
y Appian. in Mithrid. p< 177, 178. * A. M. 3913. Ant. J. C. 9.1.

J2 THE HISTORY

to Rome, to a {lift and fupport by her prefence the
claim of his pretended fon, whom (he carried thither
along with her. The caufe being brought before!
the fenate, both parties were condemned, and a decree
pafied, by which the Cappadocians were declared
free. But they faid they could not be without
a king. The fenate permitted them to choofe whom
they thought fit. They elected Ariobarzanes, a
nobleman of their nation. Sylla, upon his quitting
the office of praetor, was charged with the com-
million of eftab lifting him upon the throne. That
was the pretext for this expedition ; but the real mo-
tive of it was, to check the enterprifes of Mithridates,
whofe power, daily augmenting, gave umbrage to the
Romans. * Sylla executed his corhmiflion the follow-
ing year; and after having defeated a great number
of Cappadocians, and a much greater of Armenians,
who came to their aid, he expelled Gordius, with the
pretended Ariarathes, and fet Ariobarzanes in his
place.

. Whilft Sylla was encamped upon the banks of the
Euphrates, a Parthian, named Orobafus, arrived at his
camp from king Arfaces*, to demand the alliance
and amity of the Romans. Sylla received him at
his audience, caufed three feats to be placed in his
tent, one for Ariobarzanes, who was prefent, another
for Orobafus, and that in the midft for himfelf. The
Parthian king afterwards, offended at his deputy,
for having acquiefced in this inftance of the Ro-
man pride, caufed him to be put to death. This is
the firft time the Parthians had any commerce with
the Romans.

Mithridates did not dare at that time to oppofe
the eitablifhment of Ariobarzanes; but diffembling
the • mortification that conduct of the Romans gave
him, he refolved to take an opportunity of being re-
venged upon them. In the mean while, he applied
himfelf in cultivating good alliances for the augmenta-
tion
• A. M. 3914. Ant. ]. C 90. • This was Mithridates II.

OF PONTUS. 73

tion of his ftrength, and began' with Tigranes, king
of Armenia, a very powerful' prince. b Armenia
had at firft appertained to the * Perfians ; it came un-
der the Macedonians afterwards; and upon the death
of Alexander, made part of the kingdom of Syria.
Under Antiochus the Great, two of his generals,
Artaxius and Zadriadres with that prince's permiflion,
eftablifhed themfelves in this province, of which it is
probable they were before governors. After the de-
feat of Antiochus they adhered to the Romans, who
acknowledged them as kings. They had divided
Armenia into two parts. Tigranes, of whom we
now fpeak, defrended from Artaxius. He poffefTed
himfelf of all Armenia, fubjefted feveral neighbour-
ing counties by his arms, and thereby formed a
very powerful kingdom. Mithridates gave him. his
daughter Cleopatra in marriage, and engaged him to
enter fo far into his projeft againft the Romans, that
they agreed Mithridates ftiould have the cities and
countries they (hould conquer for his lhare, and
Tigranes the people, with all the effe&s capable of
being carried away.

Their firft enterprife and aft of hoflility was com-
mitted by Tigranes, c who deprived Ariobarzanes of
Cappadocia, of which the Romans had put him into
pofleffion, and re-eftablifhed Ariarathes, the fon of
Mithridates, in it. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia,
happened to die about this time : his eldeft fon, called
alfp Nicomedes, ought naturally to have fucceeded him,
and was accordingly proclaimed king. But Mithridates
fet up his younger brother Socrates againft him, who
deprived him of the throne by force of arms. The two
dethroned kings went to Rome, to implore .aid of the
fenate, who decreed their re-eftablifhment, and fent
Manius Aquilius and M. Altmius to put xhat decree in
execution.

They were both re-inftated. The Romafns advifed
them to make irruptions into the lands of Mithri-'
Vol. X. E dates,

' *St»b. 1. xi. p. 531, SI 7 " • A « M. 39^5- Ant. J..C. 89.

74 TH* HISTORY

dates, promising them their fupport ; but neither the
one nor the other dared to attack fo powerful a
prince fo near home. At length, however, Nico-
medes, at the joint inftances of the arnbaflbdors, to
whom he had promifed great furas for his re-eftablifh-
ment, and of his creditors, Roman citizen* fettled in
Ada* Who had lent him very confuterably for the
fame effe&s, could no longer refift their felicitations*
He made incurfions upon the lands of Mithridates,
ravaged all the flat country as far as the city Araaf-
tris, and returned home laden with booty, which be
applied in difcharging part of his debts.

Mithridates was not ignorant by whofe advice Ni-
comedes had committed this irruption. He might
cafily have repulfed him, having a great number of

food troops on foot ; but he did not take the field*
le was glad to place the wrong on th« fide of the
Romans, and to have a juft caufe for declaring war
againft them. He began by making remonftranccJ
to their generals and ambafiadors. Pelopidas was
at the head of this embafTy. He complained of -the
various contraventions of the Romans to the treaty ot
alliance fubfifting between* them and Mithridates, and
in particular of the protection* granted by them' to
Nicomedes, his declared enemy. The ambafiadors of
the latter replied with complaints on their fide of
Mkhridates. The Romans, who were unwilling t0
declare themfelves openly at prefent, gave them an
anfwer in loofc and general terms ; that the Roman
people had no intentionthat Mithridates and Nicomedes
fhould injure each other.

Mithridates, who was not fatisfied with this anfwer,
made his troops march immediately into Cappadocia,
expelled Ariobarzanes again, and -fet his fon Ari-
iarathes upon the throne, as he had done before. At
the fame time, he fent his ambaflador to- the Ro-
man generals to make his apology, and to complain
of them again. Pelopidas declared to them, that I»»
matter was contented the Roman people fhould judge

in

Of PONTUS. 7J

in the aflair, and added, that he had already fent
his ambaffadors to Rome. He exhorted them not to
'undertake arty thing, till they had received the fenate's
orders ; nor engage ralhty in. a war, that might be
attended with fatal corifequence*. For the reft, he
gave them to underftand, that Mithridates, in cafe
j uft ice were refufed him, was in a condition to right
himfdf. The Romans, highly offended at fo haughty
a declaration, made anfwer, that Mithridates had orders
immediately to withdraw hi* troops from Cappadocia,
and not Continue to difturb Nicodiedes or Ariobar-
zanes. They ordered Pelopidas to quit the camp
that moment, and not return, unlefs bis matter obeyed.
The other ambafiadors were no better received at
Rome.

The rupture was then inevitable, and the Roman
generals did not wait till the orders of the fenate and
people arrived ; Which was what Mithridates had de-
manded* The defign he had long formed of de-
claring war againft the Romans had occafioned his
having made many alliances) and engaged many na-
tions in bis interefts; Twenty -two languages, of as
many different people, were reckoned: amongft his
troops, all which Mithridates himfelf fpoke with fa*
cility. His army confifted of two hundred and fifty
thouland foot, and* forty thoiifand horfe ; without in*
eluding 1 an hundred ana thirty armed char iotsy and a
fleet of four hundred (hips.

f Before he proceeded to aftion* he thought it
neceffary'to prepare his troops for it, and made them
a * long difcourfe to animate them againft the Ro-
hians. He represented to them, ••That there \*as

no room for examining whether war or peace" Were

to be preferred ; that* the Romans, by attack&g
V them' firft, Had 'fpared' them that inquiry : .that
•-•• < E 2 " theif

f Juftift. \. xxxviii. c. 3—7.

* I have abridged this difcourfe extremely, which Juilin repeats at

length, as it ftood in Tragus' Pom peius, of whom he is only the epu

tomifcr- The dtfceurfe is a- fp^cimen of that excellent hiftorian's

tfile, and ought to make us very much regret the 1©& af hi*..Writjog*»

«t
«•
«<
• «•
il
M
«t

«4

«i
««
«t

4i
«(

76 THE HISTORY

their bufinnefs was to fight and conquer : that he
allured himfelf of fuccefs, if the troops perfifted
to aft with the Tame valour they had already fhown
upon fo many occafions, and lately againft the
fame enemies, whom they had put to flight, and
cut to pieces in Bithynia and Cappadocia: that
there could not be a more favourable opportunity
than the prefent, when the Marfi infefted and ra-
vaged the heart itfelf of Italy; when Rome was
torn in pieces .by civil wars, and. an innumerable
army of the Cimbri from Germany overran all
Italy : that the time was come for humbling thole
proud Republicans, who had the lame view with
" regard to the royal dignity, and had fworn to pull
** down all the thrones of the univerfe : that for
" the reft*j the war his foldiers were now entering
" upon was highly different from that they had fuf-
" tamed with (0 much valour in the horrid . defcrts,
" and frozen regions of Scythia: that he fhould
*' lead them into the mod fruitful and temperate
" country of the world, abounding with rich and
*• opulent cities, which feemed Ho oner themfelvesan
•* eafy prey : that Afia, abandoned to be devoured
•• by the infatiable avarice of the proconfuls, the in-
** exorable cruelty of tax-farmers, and the crying
" injustice of corrupt judges, had the name of Ro-
** man in horror, and impatiently expected them as
w her deliverers : that' they followed him not fo
** much to a war as to allured victory and certain

" fpoils."

• Nttpefe Over/am belli conditionem engredi. Nam neque carlo Aft*
iff* temper atiux aliud, uec/olo fertiliut, nee urbium multitttdine am*niux ;
magttpmfue tempoSis partem, non ut militiam.fed ut fefiam diem, affuros,
keUo dmliumfacili mmgit *n uberi—tantumque Je airida expeQat *ifia> **
etidm vocibut voeet ' adco litis odium Romanorutn incufiit rapacitas pro-

confulum* fe&iv public tnorum, calumni* Htium. Juftin HeSio

fublicanorum in this paftsge property fignifies the forcible fale of the
goods of thofe who for<defeult of payment of taxes and imports, had
their eftates and etfe&s feifedjonand fold by the publicans. .Calumni*
litium are the unjuft quirks and chieanery which ferved as pretexts
for depriving the rich of their Aftates, cither upon account of taxes, ox
undertone other colour.

OF PONTUS. fl

•• fpoils." The array anfwered this difcourfe with
univerfal fhouts of joy, and re-iterated proteftation of
fervice and fidelity.

The Romans had formed three armies out of their
troops in the feveral parts of Afia Minor, The firft
was commanded by Caffius, who had the government
of the province ot Pergamus ; the fecond by Manius
Aquilius ; the third by Q. Oppius, proconlul in the
province of Pamphyiia. Each of them had forty
thoufand men, including the cavalry, Befides the*
troops, Nicomedes had fifty thoufand foot and fix
thoufand horfe. They began the war, as I have al-
read obferved, without waiting orders from Rome,
and carried it on with fo much negligence and fo
little condufl, that they were all three defeated on
different occafions, and their armies ruined, Aquilius
and Oppius themfelves were taken prifoners, and
treated with all kinds of infults. Mithridates, con-
lidering Aquilius as the principal author of the war r
treated him with the higheft indignities. He made
him pafs in review before the troops, and prefented
him as a fight to the people mounted on an afs, obli-
ging him to cry out with a loud voice, that he was
Manius Aquilius; At other times he obliged him to-
walk on foot with his hands fattened by a chain to a
horfe, that drew him along. At laft he made him
/Wallow molten lead, and put him to death with the
moft exquifite torments. The people of Mitylene had
treacheroufly delivered him up to Mithriaates at a.
time when he was fick, and had retired to their city for
the recovery of his health.

* Mithriaates, who was defirous of gaining the
people's hearts by his reputation for clemency, fent
home all the Greeks he had taken prifoners, and fup-
plied them with provifions for their journey. That
mftance of his goodnefs and lenity opened the gates
of all the cities to him. The people came out to

meet

C Diodrin Excerpt, Valef. p. 461, Athtn. 1, v, p. 4x3. Cic. Orat.
to Flacco. a, 60, v

7* TH£ HISTORY

meet him every where with acclamations of joy*
They gave him expeiiive^praifes, called him the pre-
ferver, the father of the people, the deliverer of Afia,
with all the other names afcribed to Bacchus, to
which he had a juft title, for he pafled for the prince
of his times, h who could drink mod without being
difordered ; a quality he valued himfelf upon, and
thought much to his honour.

The. fruits of his firft victories were; the conguefi
of all Bithynia, from which Nicomedes wis driven;
of Phrygia and.Myfia, lately made Roman provinces ;
of Lycia, Barriphylia, Paphlagonia, and feveral other
countries.

Having found at Stratonice a young maid of ex-
quifite beauty, named Monima, he took her along
with him in his train.

. ' fylithndates, ( confidering that the Romans,, and
all the Italians in general, who yrere at that time in
Alia Minor upon different affair*, carried on fecret
intrigues, mych to the prejudice of his interefts, he
fent private orders from Ephcfus, where he then was,
to the governors o£ the province*, and magiftrates
of the. I cities of Afia Minor, to roaffacre them all oap-
on ^ day s fitfed**l ?Tb$ *wooien f children, and do-
weftU«, were;/ iftqludpd ? in tjhis ; prpfcriptjon* To
thefe cfrdsrs. was ^nn^xed .a, prohibition to give inter-
ment to ristofe wih^ Should be killed. . Their eftates
and efie&s were «t» be -coirfifcated for the ufe of the
king and the murderers. A ievere fine was laid
upon fuch $& foould conpeal the Hvirjg, or Jfcmry the
dead"; and a reward appointed for whoever discovered
thbfetfat weffc> fyid. ^Iriberty was given to the flayes
who "killed their mailers; and debtors forgiving half
their debts, for filling their creditors. The repeti-
tion only <of ' this horrid order is eooiyrh to make

one

v * Plut. "Sympof. 1* i. p. 614. * A. M. &i6. Ant. J. C. 88. Ap±
pian.p. 185. Cic. in Orat. pro lege Manil. n. 7.

• * >Js.uno JiijJKatAjtayUorixirhji&ttiur 11*9 *J*r//», rtpteturta ttoteW*
fignlficatiotUy cives Romanos nccandos tructdandofyut denoiaviU £i£* • ~i

♦ne-trenrfele with horror. What then tnufl have been
the ^defoliation in all thofe provinces when it was put in
execution ! Fourfcore thoofand Romans and Italians
%vere hatchered in confegnence of it. Some make the
flein amount to almoft twice -rtiat number,

k Being informed that there was a great treafure
at Cos, be fent people thither to ferfe it. Cleopatra,
queen ©f Egypt, had deposited h there, when flie un-
dertook the waT in Phoenicia againft her fonLathyrus*
Be^fides th« treafnre, they found eight hundred talents,
(eight hundred thooffand crowns,) which the Jews in
Afia Minor had depoffted, there, when they faw the
war ready to break out*

4 AH thofe, who had found means to efcape thi*
general (laughter in Afia, had taken refuge 'in Khodes r
which received them with joy, and afforded them -a
Secure retreat. Mithridates laid liege to that city in-
effeftuafty , which he -was foon obliged to raife, after
having been in danger of being taken himfelf in a fea^
§gta, wherein he loft many x>i\hrs fliips.

• When he had made himfelf matter of Afia
Minor, Mtfiridatcs fent Archelaus, one of his gene*
mris, with an army df an hundred and twenty thou*
fend men into ^Greece. That genetal took Athens 4 ,
and chafe it for his refidence* given all orders from
thenoe in regard to the war on that fide* During
his sftay ifherfc, he engaged moft of the cities and
Hates off -Greece in the interdls df his mafter. He
feduced Deios by force., which had revolted from
the Athenians, and reinftated them in the poffeflioa
tf it. He fent them the facred treafure, kept in that
tfland by Ariftion, to whom he gave two fhoufanA
men as a guard for the money. Aritlion was an
Athenian philofopher, of the left of Epicurus. He
employed the two thoufand men under his command
ta fetie ail authority at Athens, where he exercifed a

moffc

k Appian. p. i86.Jofeph. Antiq, 1. xiv. c. ia. lAppian. p. 186—
16%. Diod. in Excerpt, p. 402. »Plut. IB Sy 11a, p. 458 — 461.

A^juan. in Mithrid. g. UIt-^-j* l "

8o THE HISTORY

moft cruel tyranny, putting many of th^ citizens ta
death, and fending many to Mithridates, upon pretence
that they were of the Roman faflion.

n Such was the ftate of affairs when Sylla was
charged with the war againft Mithridates. He fet
out immediately for Greece with five legions, and
fome cohorts and cavalry. Mithridates was at that
time at Pergamus, where he diftributcd riches, govern-
ments, and other rewards to his friends.

Upon Sylla's arrival, all the cities opened their
gates to him, except Athens, which, fubjefted to the
tyrant Ariftion's yoke, was obliged, unwillingly to
oppofe him. The Roman general, having entered
Attica, divided his troops into two bodies, the one
of which he fent to befiege Ariftion in the city of
Athens, and with the v other he marched in perfon to
the port Pyraeus, which was a kind of fecond city,
where Archelaus had {hut himfelf up, relying upon
the llrength of the place, the walls being almoft fixtv
feet high, and entirely of hewn ftone. The work
was indeed very ftrong, and had been raifed by the
order of Pericles in the Peloponnefian war, when the
hopes of viftory depending folely upon this port, he
had fortified it to the utmoft of his power.

The height of the walls did not amaze Sylla. He
employed all fort? of engines , in battering it, and
made continual aflaults. If he would have waited a
Jittle, he might have taken the higher city without
ftrikjng a blow, which was reduced by famine to
the laft extremity^ .?But, being in, hafte to return to
Jlome, and apprehending the changes that might .bap*
pen there in his ab fence, he fpaired neither danger ,
attacks, nor expence/ in order to hafteri the conclu*
fion of that war. Without enumerating the reft of
the warlike ftores and equipage, twenty thoufaud
mules were perpetually employed in working the ma*
chines only. Wooa happening to fall fhort, from
the great confumptiop made of jt in the machines,

which

» A. M. 1917. Ant. J. C. 87.

OF FONTUS* 8l

Which were often either broke and fpoiled by the vaft
weight they carried, or burnt by the enemy, he did
not fpare the facred groves. He cut down the trees
in the walks of the Academy and Lycseura, which were
the fineft and beft planted in the fuburbs, and caufed
the high walls that joined the port to the city to be de-
moliihed, in order to make ufe of the ruins in ere&ing
his works, and carrying on his approaches.

^s he had oQcafion Tor abundance of money in this

war, and defired. to attach the foldie/s to his interefts,

and to animate them by great rewards, he had re-

courfe to the inviolable treafures of the temples, and

caufed the fineft and mod precious gifts, confe-

crated at Epidaurus and Olympia, to be brought? from .

thence. He wrote to the Amphyftions aflembled at

Delphos, " That they would aft wifely in fending

•* him the treafures ot the god, becaufe they would be

" more fecure in his hands ; and that if he (hould be

•* obliged to make ufe of them, he would return the

*• value after the war." At the fame time he fent one

of his friends, named Caphis, a native of Phocis, to

Delphos, to receive all thofe treafures by weight.

When Caphis arrived at Delphos, ne was afraid,
out of reverence for the god, tp meddle with the
gifts con fe crated to him, and wept, in the prcfence
of the Amphyftions, the neceffity impofed upon him*
Upon which, fome perfon there having, faid, that he
heard the found of Apollo's lyre from the infide of
the fad&uaiy, Caphis, whether he really believed it,
or was for taking that occafion to ftrike Sylla with a,
religious awe, wrote him an account of what hap-
pened. Sylla, deriding his fimplicity, replied, "That
he was furprifed he (hould not comprehend, that
finging was a fign of joy, and by no means of
anger and refentment ; and therefore he had nothing
•• to do but to take the treafures boldly, and, be af-
«• fured, that the god faw him do fo with pleafurc,
and gave them to himfelf."

E 5 Plutarch

««
It

8fe THE HISTORY

Plutarch, on this oocafion, obfervss tipon the dif-
ference between the ancient Roman-generals, and thcffe
of the times we now- fpeak of. The foiroer, whom
merit alone had raifed to office, and who had no views
from employments but the public good, knew how to
make the foldiers refpeS and obey them without de-
scending to ufe low and unworthy methods for that
Surpofc. They commanded troops that were wife,
ifciplinet), and well inured to execute the orders of
their generals without reply or delay. Truely kiiags,
fays * Plutarch, in the grandeur and nobility of their
fentiments, hut firaple and modeft private perfons in
their train and equipage, they put die ftate to no other
expence in the difoharge of their offices than what
was reasonable and neceffary, conceiving it morefhame-
ful in a captain to flatter his foldiers than to fear
his enemies. Things were much changed in the times
we now fpeak of. The Roman generals, abandoned
to irffatiable ambition and luxury, were dbliged to make
themfelves (laves to their foldiers, and tohuy their
Services by gifts proportioned to their avidity, and often
by the toleration and impunity of the greateft crimes.

Sylla, in eorifequence, was 'perpetually in extreme
want of money to fatisfy his troops, and then more
than ever for carrying on the fiege he had engaged
in, the fuccefs of which feemed to him of the higbeft
importance, both to his honour and fafety. He was
for depriving Mithridates of the only city he 'had left
in Greece, and which, by preventing the Romans
from paffing into Afia, made all hopes of conquering
that prince vain, and would oblige SyMa to return
fhamefully into Italy, where he wouw foave foufid
more terrible enemies ki-Marius and his faction. He
was befides fenfibly galled -by the offerifive railleYy
Ariftion vented every day agamft bimfelf *nd his wife
Metella.

It

o

It isonoteafy to fay whether -the attack or defence*
were condu6ied with moft vigour ; for both fides be.
Slaved wkh incredible courage and reCblution. The
fa] lies were frequent, and attended with almoft battles >
in form, in which the (laughter was great, and thelofs
general \y not very unequal. The befieged would not
have been in<a condition to have made To vigorous a.
defence,, if they had not received feveral confiderablfe
rcJ-irfforcements by fea.

What hurt theminoft was the fecret treachery of
two Athenian flaves who were in the Piraeus. Thofe
Saves, whether out of affeftion to the Roman party,.
*r. defirous of providing for their own fafety, in cafe
4he place was taken, wrote upon leaden balls all that
pafled within, and threw them with (lings to the Ro-
mans. 5S0 that whatever wife raeafures Afcnelaus
took; who defended the Piraeus, whilft Arifiion com-
manded in rneciry, nothing fucceeded. Hfc refolved
to make a general faHy ; .the traitors flung a leaden
ball with this intelligence upon it : •* To-morrow, at
fuch an honr, the foot will attack your works, and the
horfe your camp." Sylla laid ambufhes, and repulfed
-the befieged with lofs. A convoy of pfovHions -waa
in the night to have been thrown into the city, which *
-was in want of all things. Upon advice of the fame
■kind the convoy was intercepted.

Notwithstanding all thefe difadvantages, the Athe-
nians defended themfelves like jions. They found
means either to burn moft of the machines ere&edi
agatnft the walls, or by undermining them to throw*
them down and break them to pieces-

The Romans, on their fide, behaved with '; no left-
vigour. By the help of mines alfo they made a way/
-to the bottom of the walls, under which they hoU-
low^d the ground'* j- and, having propt the foundation;
with beams of wood, they afterwards fet fire to the :
props with a great quantity of pitch,. fulphur, and
tow. Wfcen thofe beams were burnt, part of the
•wall fell down with a horrible noife, and - a large-

breach .

84 THE HISTORY

breach was opened, through which the Romans ad*
vancedto the aflauit. The battle continued a great
while with equal ardour on both fides, but the Ro-
mans-were at length obliged to retire. The next day
they renewed the attack. The befieg^d had built a
new wall during the night in the form of a crefcent,
in the place where the other had fallen, t and the Ro-
mans found it impoflible to force it.

Sylla, difcouraged by fo obftinate a~ defence, re-
folved to attack the Piraeus no longer, and confined
himfelf to reduce the place by famine. The city, on
the other fide, was at the laft extremity. A bufiiel of
barley had been fold ih it for a thoufand drachmas,
(about five-and-twenty pounds fieri ing.) , The inha-
bitants did not only eat the grafs and roots, which
they found about the citadel, but the flefh of horfes,
and the leather flioes, which they boiled foft. la
tlie midft of the public mifery,the tyrant paffed his
days and nights in debauch. The fenators and priefts
went to throw .themfelves at his feet, conjuring him
to have pity on the city, and to obtain a capitula-
tion from Sylla : He difperfed them with arnnr-
fhot, and in that manner drove them from his pte»
fence.

He did not demand a cefiation of arms, nor feni
deputies to Sylla, till reduced to the laft extremity*
As thofe deputies made no propofals, and afkecL no-
thing of him to the purpofe, but ran on in praifing
and extolling Thefeus, Eumolpus, and the , exploits
of the Athenians againft the .Mectes, Sylla was tired
with their difcourfe,, and interrupted them, by faying
" Gentlemen haranguers,. you may go back again,
" and keep your rhetorical fiousifhes for yourfeTvefc
** For my part, I was not fenfe to Athens to be in-
" formed of your ancient prowefs,.but to chaftife your
" modern revolt."

During this audience* fome fpies, having- entered
the city, overheard |?y chance fome old men talking

of

L

OF *ONTU». $5

of the quarter called * Ceramicus, and blaming the
tyrant exceedingly. for not guarding a certain part of
the wall, that was the only place by which the ene-
my might eafily fcale the walls. At their return into
the camp, they related what they had heard to Sylla.
The parley had been ^ no purpofe. Sylla did not
negleft the intelligence given him. The next night
he went in perfon to take a view of the place, and
finding the wall actually acceflible, he ordered lad-
ders to be raifed again ft it, began the attack there,
and, having made himfelf rnafter of the wall after a
weak refiftance, entered the city. He would not fuffcr
it to be fet on fire, but abandoned it to be plundered
by the foldiers, who in feveral houfes found hu-
man flefli, which had been dreffed to be eaten. A
dreadful {laughter enfued. The next day all the
(laves were fold by auflion, and liberty was granted
to the citizens who had efcaped the fwords of the
foldiers, who were a very fmall number. He be-
fieged the citadel the fame day, where A rift ion, and
thofe who had taken refuge th?re, were foon fo much
reduced by famine, that they were forced to fur-
render themfelves. The tyrant, his guards, and all
who had been in any office under him, were put to
death.

Some few days after, Sylla made himfelf mailer of
the Piraeus, and burnt all its fortifications, efpecially
the arfenal, which had been built by Philo, the cele-
brated architect, and was a wonderful fabric. Ar-
chelaus, by the help of his fleet, had retired to Muni-
chia, another port of Attica.

This year was fatal to the arms of Mtthridates.
Taxylus, one of his generals, arrived in Greece from
Thrace and Macedonia with an army of a hundred
thoufand foot, and ten thoufand horfe, with fourfcore
and ten .chariots armed with fcyihes. Archelaus*.
that general's brother, was at that time* in the port
of Munichia, and would neither remove from tfte

fea,

* The public place at Athens.

& TH2 HISTORY

4ea, nor come to a battle with the Romans ; but Ike;
endeavoured to protrafi the war, and cut off their
|>rovifions. This was very wife condaft, for Sylki
vDegan to be in want of them; fo that famine obliged
Jiira to quit Attica, and to enter the fruitful plains
of Boeotia, where Hortenfi us joined him. Their troops,
being united, they took poueffion of a fertile emi-
nence in the mtdft of the plains of Elatea, at the.
foot of which ran a rivulet. When they had .formed
their camp, the enemies could difcoverat a view then*
fmall. number, which amounted to only fifteen thoufand
foot and fifteen hundred horfe. This induced Ar<*
•chelaus's generals to prefs him in the warmed manner
Xo. proceed to a&ion. They did not obtain his con-
lent, without great difficulty. They immediately began
to move, and covered the whole plain with horfes,
chariots, and their innumerable troops; for when
-the two. brothers were joined, their .army was very
.formidable* The noife and cries of fo many nations,,
and fo many thoufands of men preparing* for battle, the
pomp and magnificence > of their array, were equally
terrible. The brightnefs of their armour, magnifi-
cently adorned with gold and filver, and the .lively
colours, of the Median and Scythian coats of arms,,
mingled with the glitter of brafs and ft eel, reflefied a
-kind of rays, which, whilft it dazzled the fight, filled,
the foul with terror.

The Romans, fcifed with dread, kept cloie with-
in their entrenchments. Sylla not being able by hi*
-difcourfe and Mmonftrances to remove their fear, and
not being willing to force them to fight in their pre-
fcnt uoiverfal discouragement, was obliged to lie ftill;
and fuller, though with great impatience, the brava-
does and infulting derifion of the Barbarians. They
conceived fo great a contempt for him in confequence,
that they neglected to obferve any difcipline. Few of*
tthem kept within tlieir entrenchments; the reft, for
*he fake of plunder, difperfed in great troops, and -*e-.
moved considerably, even feveral days journey, from

the

*r ?enrres,r *9f

the carhp. They plundered <and mined fame ckiet in
the neighbourhood.

Syiia was in the laft defpair when he faw the cities

of the allies deftroyed before his eyes, for. want of

power to make his army fight. He at Jaft .thought

of a ftratagem, which was to give the troops no re- »

pofe, and to keep them, incefiantly at work in turning

the little river Cephifus, which was near the camp* ■

and .-in dogging deep and. large foffes, under pretence

of their better fecunty, but in effeft, that, when they

fhould be tired of. filch great fatigues, they might

prefer the bastard pf a -battle to the continuance of

their labour* His itratagem was fucce&ful. After

having worked without intermifiion three days-, as

Sylla, according to cuftom, was taking a view of their

prngvefr, they 'cried out to htm. with one voice to lead

them againft the enemy* Sylla fuffered himfelf to be

exceedingly intreuted, and did not comply for foirm

time ; but, wheh be faw their ardour increafefrom hie

oppositions, he made them (land to their arms, and

marched sgainft the enemy. •*

The battle was fought near Cbcronaea. Tbe^enemy
had poflefled thcmfeTvcs with a great body of . troop*
of a very advantageous poft, called Thurium: It wafc
the ridge of a fteep mountain, which extended itferf
upon the left flank of the Romans, and was every- proper
xo check their motions. Two men of Cheroniea
.came to Sylla, and promifed him to drive the ene-
my- from this poft, if jhe would give them a ftnall
number of chofen. -troops ; which he did. In the
mean time he drew up in hi* army in battle, divided his
horfe between the -two winga, taking the right himfelf,
and giving the let toMurena. GalbaandH*rtenfius
formed <a fecofid. line. . Hoitenfius, on ihe(lefe of k 9
fupported Murena, whilft Galba on the right did the
fame, for Syiia. The Barbarians had already begun to
•extend thek horfe and tighuarmed .foot in a large
compefs, with defign to furround the fecond line, and
charge it in the Tear. i.

At

8& THE HISTORY

At that in S ant the two men of Cheronaea, having:
gained the top of Thurium with their final 1 troop*.
without being perceived by the enemy, fliewed them-'
felves on a fudden. The Barbarians, furprifed and
terrified, immediately took, to flight. Prefling again ft
each other upon the declivity oi the mountain, they
ran precipitately down before the enemy, who charged
and purfued them down the hill with their fwords at
their backs ; fo that about three thoufand men were
killed upon the mountain. Of thofe who efcaped,
fome fell into the hands of Murena, who had juft
before formed himfelf in battle. Having marched
again ft them, he ' intercepted and made a great
(laughter of them : The reft, who endeavoured to re-
gain their camp, fell in upon the mai(i bocry of their
troops with fo much precipitation, thai tb^ey threw
the whole army into terror anil - confufion, and
made their generals lofe much' time in reftoring
order, which was one of the principal caufes of their
defeat.

Syila, to take advantage of this diforder, marched
againft them with fo much vigour, and paiTed the
fpace between the two armies with; fuch rapidity,
that he. prevented the <effe& of their chariots arm€d
• with fcythes. The force of thefe chariots depended
upon the length of their courfe, which gave impetu*
, ofity and. violence to their motion ; inftead of which,
a Ihort fpace, that did not leave room for their career,
rendered them ufelefs and iheffeftual. This the Bar-
barians experienced at this time. The fir ft chariots
came on fo {lowly, and ^vith fo little effeft, that
the .Romans/ eafily pufliirig them back, with great
noife and loud laughter called for more, as was
cuftomary at Rome in the chariot races of the
Circus.

After thofe chariots were removed, the two armies
came to blcJws. The Barbarians presented their long
pikes, and kept ctofe order with their bucklers joined,
fo that they eould not 4>e broke ; and the Romans

threw

OP PONTUS. 89

threw down their javelins, and with fword in hand
removed the enemy's pikes, in order to join and
charge them with great fury. What increafed their
animofity, was the fight of fifteen thoufand flaves,
whom the king's generals had fpirited from them by
the promife ot their liberty, and polled them amongfl
the heavy-armed foot. Thofe flaves had fo much
refolution and bravery, that they fuftained the (hock
of the Roman foot without giving way. Their battle
was fo deep and fo well clofed, that the Roman$
could neither break nor move them, ti!J the light*
armed foot of the fecond line had put them into dif»
order by the difcharge of their arrows, and a hail
of ftones from their flings, which forced them to give
ground.

Archelaus having made his right wing advance to

furround the Jeft of the Romans, Hortenfius led on

the troops under his command to take him in flank;

which Archelaus feeing, he ordered two thoufand

horfe to wheel about. Hortenfius, upon the point

of being overpowered by that great body of horfe,

retired by degrees towards the mountains, perceiving

himfelf too far. from the main body, and upon the

point of being furrounded by the enemy. Sylla,

with great part of his right wing, which had not yet

engaged, marched to his relief. From the duft railed

by thofe troops, Archelaus judged what they were,

and leaving Hortenfius, he turned about towards

the place Sylla had quitted, in hopes he (hould find

no difficulty in defeating the right wing without its

general.

Taxilus, at the fame time led on his foot, armed
with brazen fliields, again ft * Murena; whilft each
fide raifed great cries, which made the neighbouring
hills re found. Sylla halted on that noife, not know-
ing well to which fide he fhould haften. At length he
thought it moll expedient to return to his former
poft and fupport his right wing. He therefore fent

* Hortenfius

* Chalcufpides*

$• THE WICTOft*

Hortenfius to aflift Murena with four cohort^ wwl
taking the fifth whh him, he flew to his Tight wing,
which he found -engaged in battle with Archekros,
neither fide having the advantage. But, as foon as he
appeared, that wing taking new courage from the pre-
sence of their general, opened their way through the
troops of Archelaus, put them to Sight, and purfued
them vigorou fly for a confiderable time.

After this great fuccefs, without lofing a moment*
he marched to the aid of Murena. Finding him alfo
vi&orious, and that he had defeated Taxiltw* he joined
htm in the purfutt of the vanqutfhed. A great number
of the Barbarians were killed on the plain, and a much
greater cut to pieces, in endeavouring to gain their
camp ; fo that, of many thoufand men, only ten thou^
land efcaped, who fted to the city of Chalcis. Sylla
**rote in his roemoHfc, that only fourteen of his men
wt^re TOi'flkjg, and that two of them returned the fame
evening.

To • cdehnrte Co great a vi&ory, he gave the Mbv
fie -games at Thebes, and caufed judges to come fro»
the neighbouring Grecian cities to diftribute *he

Srizes ; for he had an implacable averfion for the
'hebans. He even deprived -them of half their tern-
tory, which he confecrated to Apollo Fyttriu6 and
Jupiter Oiympius, and decreed, tha^ the money he hot
taken out of the temples of thofe'^ods ftould be re-
paid out of their revenues.

Thefe games were no fooner over, than he received
advice, that L. Valerius Flaccus of the adverfe party
ffor at ,this time the divifions between Marius and
JSylla were at the higheft) had been elefied confu),
and >had already crofled the Ionian fea with an army,
in appearance againft Mithridates, but in reality
againfl himfelf. For this reafon tie began his march
to Theflaly, as with defign to meet him. But being
arrived * at the city of Melitea, news came to him

from
• A.'M. 3919. Ant. J. C. S5. * fo Theflaly.

from all fides, that all the plaices lie had left in his
rear AVpre [plundered by another df the king's armies,
ikonger and more numerous (than the firft. For
Dorylaus was arrived at Chalcis with a great fleet, on
board of which were fourfcore thouftmd men, the beft
equipped, the moil warlike and disciplined of all Mw
thridates's troops, and 'had thrown ihirnfelf into fiasotia*
and ,poffe£fed htmfelf of the whole country, in ordc^
to bring Sylla to a battle. Archelaos would have di-
verted him from that defign, .by giving him an exa£l
account of the battle he had so lately loft ; but .his
counfcl and remonftrances had no effeft. He foon
knew that the advice he had given him was highly
leafcnable and judicious.

He chofe the plain of Orchotnenus for the field of
battle. Sylla c'aufed fdfles to be tdug on each fide
of -the plain* to deprive the -enemy of the advantage
o£ am open country, and to remove them towards the
marQies* ' The Barbarians fell furioufly on the work*,
men, difperfed them, and put to flight the troops
that Supported them. Sylla, feeing his army 'flying m
Ibis manner, quitted hi&'horfe immediately, and, feif*
ing one of his enfigns, he puihed forwards towards the
enemy 1 through thofe that fled, crying to them, •** For
jne, Romans* Hhink it glorious to die here. Rut ,fof
you, when you. (hall b& afked where you abandoned
your general, remember to fay it was at Orchomenus.'*
They could not fuffer thofe reproaches, and returned
to the Charge with fnchifury, that they made Af che*
laus's troops turn their hacks. The Barbarians came
on again in £etter> order >thaa before, and were again
t^pul fed with greater Idfi.

Tdie next day, at fun-rife, Sylla led back his troops
towards the enemy's, camp, to continue his trenches*
and falling upon tnoietwho were detached to fkirmjfii
and drive away the workmen, he charged them fo
rudely, that he ;put them to ifiight. Thpfe threw the
troops, who had continued in the camp, into fuc^
ierrar, that they were afraid to ftay to defend it. Sylla
. ,. . : . r : . . -. , entered

JJft THE HISTORY

entered it pell-mell with thofe who fled, v and made hifn-
felfmafter of it. , The marfhe&, in a moment, were
dyed wiih blood, and the dike filled with dead bodies.
The enemies, in different attacks, loft the great eft part
of their, troops. Archelaus continued a great while hid
311 the marfhes, and efcaped at I a ft to Chalcis.
. The news of all thefe defeats threw Mithndates into
great confternation. • However, as that prince was by
nature fruitful in refources, he did not lofe courage,
and applied himfelf to repair his loffes by making new
levies. But, from the fear that his ill fuccefs might

Sjive birth to fome revolt or confpiracy againft his per-
on, as had already happened, he took the bloody pre-
cautions of putting all he fufpe&ed to death, without
fparing even his beft friends*.

: * He was not more fuccefsfui in Afia himfelf than
his generals had been in Greece. Fimbria, who com-
manded a Roman army there, beat the remainder of
his beft troops. He purfued the vanquifhed as far as
the gates of Pergamus, where Mithridates refided, and
obliged him to quit that place himfelf, and retire to
Pitane, a maritime place of Troas. Fimbria purfued
him thither, and invefted him by land. But, as he
had no fleet to do the fame by fea, he fent to LucuU
lus, who cruifed in the neighbouring feas with the
Roman fleet, and reprefented to him, that he might
acquire immortal glory by feifing the perfon of Mi-
thridates, who could not efcape him, and by putting
an end to fo important a war. Fimbria and Lucullus
were of two different factions. The latter would not
Be concerned in. the affairs of the other ; To that Mi-
thridates efcaped by fea to -Mitylene, and extricated
himfelf out of the hands of the Romans. This fault
coft them very dear, and is not extraordinary in ftates
where mifunder (landings fubfift between the minifters
and generals of the army, which make them neglect
the public good, led they fliould contribute to the
glory of their rivals*

Lucullus

p Pint, in Sylla, p. 466—468. Id. in Lucul. p. 49J. Appua»
p. 204—210.

or pontus. 93

Lucullus afterwards beat Mithridates's fleet twice,
and gained two great victories over him. This happy
fuccefs was the more, furprifing, as it was not Expect-
ed Yrom Lucullus to diftinguifh himfelf by military
exploits. r He had pafied his youth in the ftudies of
the bar ; and, during his being quaeftor in Afia, the pro*
vince had always enjoyed peace. But fo happy a ge-
nius as he did not want to be taught by experience,
which is not to be acquired by leiTons, and is gene*
raUy the growth of many years. He fupplied that de-
feft in tome meafuref, by employing the whole time of
his journies, by land and. fea, partly in a (king quef-
lions of perfons experienced in the art of war, and
partly in inftrufting hirnfelf by the reading of hiftory.
So. that he arrived in Afia a complete general, though
he Jeft Rome with only a moderate knowledge in the art
of war*. Let your young warriors confrder this with
due attention, and obferve in what manner the great
form ihemfelves.

. Whilft Sylla was very Xuccefsful in Greece, the
faction that oppofed him, and at that time engroffed
all power at Rome, had declared him an enemy of the
commonwealth. Cinna and Carbo treated the nobleft
and moil confiderable perfons with every kind of cru-
elty and injuftice. Moil of thefe, to avoid this irv
fupporuble tyranny, had chofen to retire to Sylla's
camp, as to a, port of fafety ; fo that in a fmall time
Sylla had a little fenate about him. His wife Metella,
having efcaped with great difficulty with her children,
brought him an account that his enemies had burnt his
houfe and ruined his lands, and begged him to de-
part immediately to the relief of thole who remained

in

* Ad Mitbridaticum helium miffus a fenatu, non tftodo opintonem vicit
cmnium qua de iiirtute ejus erat, fed etiam gloriam fuperiorum. Idque eo
Juit mirabilius, quod ab eo laus imperatoria non expeclabatur, qui ado-
lefccmtiam in forenji opera , quaftura diuturnum temp us y Murena helium
in Pento gerente^ in Afi* pace conjumpferat. Sed incredibilis quafdam
iugerrii magnitude non defideravit indocilem uf&s difciplinam. Uaque cum
totunt iter tS navigationem confwnpfiffet, fartim in percontando a peritis %
par tint in rebus gefis legend** ; in Afiam fuclus imperator verity cum effet
Roma prcfe&vs re, militant rudis. Ctc. Acad. Quxft. 1. iv, n, a.

94 ?"£ HISTORY

in Rome, and were upon the point- of being made
viftimt of: the feme fury. .

Sylla was. in the: greateft perplexity. On. die one
fide, the miferable condition to which hi* country was
reduced inclined- him to march direftly tb its relief;
<in the other, he could not refolve to leave imperfe&
fo great and important an affair as the war with Mi*
rhridates. Whilft he was under this cruel dilemma,
<a merchant came to him to treat with him in fecret
from General Archelaus, and to make him fame pro-
pofals of an accommodation. He was fo exceedingly
rejoiced when this man had explained his. commiflion,
that he made all poflible hafle to have a conference
with that general*

They had an interview upon the banks of the fea,
near the little city of Delium. Archelaus., who did
not know how important it was to Sylla to liavc it
in his power to repafs. into Italy, pi opoled to him the
uniting his interefls with thoie of Mithridates ; and
added that his mailer would fupply him with money,
troops, and Ihips, for a war againft the faction of
Cinna and Marius.

Sylla, without feeming offended at firft with fuch
proposals, exhorted him on his fide to withdraw him*
felf from the flavery in which he lived, under an in>
perious and cruel prince. He added, that he might
take upon him the title of kihg in his government,
and offered to have him declared the ally and friend
of the Roman people, if he would deliver up to him
Mithridates's. fleet under his command. Archelaus
rejected that propofal with indignation, and even ex-
prefTed to the Roman general, how much he thought
Jrimfelf injured by the fuppofition of his being capable
of fuch a treafon. Upon which Sylla, afTuming the
air of grandeur and dignity fo natural to the Romans,
faid to him : " If, being only a ilave, and at befl but
'* an officer of a Barbarian king; you look upon it as a
" bafenefs to. quit the feryice otyour matter^ how dared
** you propofe the abandoning the interefls of the re*

41 public
6

•■i

** public to fuch a Roman as me ? Do you imagine
our condition and affair* to be equal ? Have you
forgot my viflories ? Do you not remember, that
** you are the fame Archelaus I have defeated in two
" battles, and forced in the laft to hide himfdf in
** the marlhes of Of choraeaus ?"

Archelaus confounded by fo haughty an anfwer,
juftained himfelf no longer in the fequel of the nego.
ciation, Sylla got the afcendant entirely, and die
taxing the law as viftor, propofed the following con-
ditions : " That Mithridates (hould renounce Afia
and Paphlagonia: that he (hould reftore Bithynia
to Nicoraedes, and Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes 1
that (hould pay the Romans two thoufand ta-
lents (about three hundred thoufand pounds fter«
ling) for the expences of the war, and feventy
*' armed gal lies, with their whole equipage ; and that
" SyUa, on his fide, fhoujd fecure to Mithridates the
•• reft of his dominions, and caufe him to be declared
*'. the friend and ally of the Roman people." Ar^
chefaus ieemed to approve thofe conditions, and dif*
patched a courier immediately to communicate them
to Mithridates* Sylla fet out for the Hellefpont, car-
rying Archelaus with him, whom he treated with great
honours.

He received Mithridates's ambafladors at Larifla*
who came to declare to him that their matter accepted
and ratified all the other articles, but that he deft red
he would not deprive him of Paphlagonia; and that
as to the feventy gal lies, he could by no means com-
ply with that article. Sylla, offended at this refufa),
anfwered them in an angry tone : " What fay you ?
** Would Mithridates keep poiTeflion of Paphlagonia*
" and does- he refufe me the gallies I demanded? I
" expected to have feen him return me thanks upon
M his knees, for having only left him the hand with
■• which he butchered an hundred thoufand Romans.
* 4 He will change his note when I go over ro Afia,
*.* though at prefent, in the midft of his court at Per-

•* gamus,

9*> THE HISTORY

•* gamus, he meditates plans for a war he never few."
Such was the lofty ftile of Sylla, who gave Mithri-
dates to underftand at the fame time that he would not
talk fuch language had he been prefent at the pail
battles.

The ambafladors, terrified with this anfwer, made
no reply. Archelaus endeavoured to foften Sylla, and
promifed him that Mithridates ihould confent to all
the articles. He fet out for that purpofe, and Sylla*
after having laid wafie the country, returned into Ma-
cedonia.

q Archelaus upon his return joined him at the city
of Philippi, and informed him that Mithridates would
accept the propofed conditions ; but that he exceed-
ingly defired to have a conference with him. What
made him earned for this interview was the fear of
Fimbria, who, having killed Flaccus, of whom men-
tion is made before, and put himfelf at the head of
that conful's army, advanced by great marches againft
Mithridates ; which determined that prince to mate
peace with Sylla. They had an interview at Dar-
dania, a city of Troas. Mithridates had with him
two hundred gallies, twenty thoufand foot, fix thou-
fand horfe, and a great number of chariots armed
with fcythes : and Sylla had only four cohorts, and
two hundred horfe in his company. When Mithri-
dates advanced to meet him, and offered him his hand,
Sylla afked him, whether he accepted the propofed
conditions? As the king kept filence, Sylla conti-
nued, " Do you not know, Mithridates, that it is for
" fuppliants to fpeak, and for the victorious to hear
41 and be filent ?" Upon this Mithridates began a
long apology, endeavouring to afcribe the caufe of
the war, partly to the gods, and partly to the Ro-
mans. Sylla interrupted him, and after having *nade
a long detail of the violences and, inhumanities he had
committed, he demanded of him a Tecond time, whe-
ther he would ratify the conditions Archelaus had laid

before

% A. M. 3920. Ant. J, C. 84.

OF PONTUS. 97

bjefore him. Mithridates, furprifed at the haughtinefs
and fteady air of the Roman general, having anfwered
in the affirmative, Sylla then received his embraces,
and afterwards prefenting the kings, Ariobarzanes and
Nicomedes, to him, he reconciled them to each other.
Mithridates, after the delivery .of the feventy gal lief
entirely equipped, and five hundred archers, re-em-
barked.

Sylla faw plainly that this treaty of peace was
highly difagreeable to his troops. They could not
bear that a prince, who t of all kings was the moft
mortal enemy to Rome, and who , in one day had
caufed a hundred thoufand Roman citizens difperfed
in Afta to be put to the fword, (hould be treated with
To much favour and even honour, and declared the
friend and ally of the Romans, almoft (till reeking
with their blood. Sylla, to juftify his conduft, gave
them to underftand, that if he had rejefled his pro*
pofaU of peace, Mithridates, on his refufal, would
not have failed to treat with Fimbria; and that, if
thoCe two enemies had joined their forces, they would
have obliged him either to abandon his conquefis, or
liazard a battle againft troops, fuperior in number,
tinder the command of two great captains, who in
one day might deprive him of the fruit of all his vicv
lories*

Thi}s ended the firfc war with Mithridates, which had
Jafted four years v and in which Sylla had deftroyed
more than -a hundred and iixty thoufand of the
enemy; recovered Greece,. Macedonia, Ionia, Afia*
and many other provinces, of which Mithridates had
po (felled himfelf; and, having deprived him of a great
part of hia fleet, obliged him to confine himfelf withia
the bounds of his hereditary dominions *. But what

Vol.X. F is

* Fix f§tidj**m in Sylla? open bus clarius duxerim, quant quod^ turn

per triennium Cinnance Mariana partes Italian objidertnt^ neque ill at u^

\um Jf helium 'tis diffimuJavit, nee quod erat in man i bus •tnijit ; exijii-

mavitque ante frangendum bo/hm, quam uldfcendum ci-vem ; repulfequ*

txurmo mctu, ubi quod alhnum gjfkt victfftt^ Juperaret %uvdtr*t domefiU

cum* Veil. -Paterc.'l. ii. c. *.

98 THE HISTORY

is molt to be admired in Sylla is, that, during three
years, whslft the f aft ions of Marius and Cinna had
enflaved Italy, he did not diflemble his intending to
turn his arms againft them, and yet continued the
war he had begun, convinced that it was neceflary to
conquer the foreign enemy before he reduced and pu.
nifhed thofe at home. He was alfo highly laudable
for his conftancy in not hearkening to any propofals
from Mithridates, who offered him confiderable aid
againft his enemies, till that prince had accepted the
conditions of peace he prefcrtbed him.

Some days after, Sylla began his inarch againft
Fimbria, who was encamped under the walls of Thy-
atria, in Lydia, and, having marked out a camp near
his, he began his entrenchments. Fimbria's /oldiers,
who came out unarmed, ran out to falute and embrace
thofe of Sylla, and a (Tided them with great pleafure
in forming their lines. Fimbria, feeing this change
in his troops, and fearing SyHa as an irreconcilable
enemy from whom he could expeft no mercy, after
having attempted in vain to get him aflaflinated, killed
himfelf.

Sylla condemned Afia in general to pay. twenty
thoufand * talents, and befides that, rifled particulars
exceedingly, by abandoning their houfes to the indo-
lence and rapacioufnefs of his troops, whom he quar-
tered upon them, and who live^l at discretion as in
conquered cities. For he gave orders that every hoft
Jhould pay each foldier quartered . upon him fo ur
drachmas t a day, and entertain at table himfelf, and
as many of his friends as he mould think fit to invite;
that each captain fhould have fifty J drachmas, and
befides that a robe for his houfe, and another when be
went abroad.

* After having pu nifhed Afia, he fet out from Ephc-

fus with all his fliips^ and arrived the third day at

Piraeus.

* Plut. in Syll. p. 4«S. Stiab. I. xiii. p. 609. Atheri. 1 . #•
p. 214. Laert. in Thcoph. *

* About three millions iterling. f Abou t two fluffing*. J About
JiYfi-Aftd- twenty (hilling.

6F FQNTUS. 59

Piraeus. Having been initiated in the great myfte Tr
ries, he took for his' own ufe the library of Apelli-,
con, in which were the works of Ariftotle. That
pbilofopher, at. his death, had left his writings to
Ttieophraftus, one of his molt illuftrious difciples.
Thi latter had transferred them to Neleus of Scepfis,
a city in the neighbourhood of Pergamus in Afia;
after whofe death thofe \vorks fell into the hands o£ *
his heirs, ignorant perforis, who kept them fhut tip
in a cheft. When the kings of Pergamus began to
coUeft induftrioufly all forts' of books for their library,
as the city of ScepGs was in their dependance, thofe
heirs, apprehending thefe works would be taken from
them, thought proper to hide them in a vault un-
der ground, where they remained almoft a -hundred
and thirty year;^; till the. heirs of Neleus* family,!
who after feveral generations were fallen into extrerap
poverty, brought them out, to fell to Apefiicon, a^
xich Athenian,, who fought every where after'the moft,
curious books for his library. As they were very
much damaged by the length of time, and the damp
plaice where they had laid, Apellicon had copies im-
mediately taken of them, in which there were many
chafms; becaufe the originals were either rotted iit
many places, or worm eaten and obliterated. Thefe
blanks, words, and letters^ were filled up as well as
they could be by conjefture, and that in fome place*
with furHcient want of judgement. From hence
arofe the many difficulties in thofe works which have
ever fince divided the learned world. Apellicon being'
dead fome fmall time before Sylla's arrival at Athens;
he feifed upon his library, and with thefe works of
Ariftotle, which he found in it,' enriched his own' at
Rome. A famous grammarian of thofe times, named*
Tyrannion, who lived then at Rome, rwrv-Jrig a great
defire for thefe works of Ariftotle, obtained permiffion
from Sylla's librarian to take a copy of them. That'
copy was communicated to' Andronicus the Rhodian, !
who afterwards imparted it to ; the public. The 1 "

Fa.. world

TftE HISTOItV

worlcl is obliged to him for the works of that great
philofopher.

Sect. II. Second war againft Mithridates, under Mu*

rena, of only three years duration. Mithridates prt-

fares to renew the, war. He concludes .a treaty with

Scrtorius. Third war with Mthridates. Luculius

the conjiil fent againft him* Ht vbkges him to rai/i

. the JUge of Cyztcum, and defeats his troops. Ht

J rains a complete victory over mm, and reduces him to
!y into Pont us. Tragic-ad end gf the ftflers and
wives of Mthridates. Tie endeavours to retire to 7*-
granes 9 his Jbn-in-law. Luadlus regulates the affaits

of Afi£U

• OYL'LA, oil fetting out for Rome, had left the
& government of Afia to Murena, with the two
legions, that had ferved under Fimbria, to keep the
province in obedience. This Murena is the father
of him for whom Cicero made the fine oration
which bears his name. His fon at this time made bis
firft campaigns under him.

After Sylla's departure, Mithridates, being returned
into Pontus, marched his army againft the people 01
Colchis and the Bofphorus, who had revoked againft
him. They firft demanded his fon Mithridates for
their king, and, having obtained him* immediately
returned to their duty. The king, imagining their
conduft to proceed from his fan's intrigues, took
umbrage at it, and having caufed him to come to him*
he ordered him to be bound with chains of gold, ana
foon after put him to death. That fon had done him
great fervices in the war againft Fimbria. We fc fi
here a new inftance of the jeal'oufy which the excef-
five love of power is apt to incite, and to what a
height the prince, who abandons himfelf to it, lS
capable of carrying his fufpicions againft his own
blood ; always ready to proceed to the molt fatal ex-
tremities,

i A, M. 39*1. Ant. J. C. S3. Appian. p. 113—2 16.

OP POWTUfr. *Of

fcrenrkie** ai*d to facrifice whatever is deareft to hint
on the flighted diftruft. As for the inhabitants of the
Sofphorus, he prepared a great fleet and a numerous
army, which gave reafon to believe his defigns were
againft the Romans. He had not indeed reftorcd all
Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, but referved part of it
in his own hands; and he began to fufpe£l Archelaus*
as having engaged him in a peace equally fliameful
and difadvantageous.

When Archelaus perceived it,, well knowing the
mafter he had to deal with,, he took refuge with Mu-
rena, and folicited him warmly to turn his arms
againft Mithridates.. Murena, who paffionately de-
fired to obtain the honour of a triumph, fuffered him*
ielf to be eafrly perfuaded. He made an irruption*
into Cappadocia, and made himfelf mafter of Co-
mana, tjfip moft powerful city of that kingdom. Mi-
thndatea fent ambafladors tp him to complain of hit
violatipg the treaty the Romans bad made with him*
Murena replied that he knew of no treaty made with-
their mafter.. There was, in reality, nothing reduced
to writing on Sylla's part, the whole having pafled by
verbal ajmeroent. la confeauence*, he continued to*
ravage we <:ouAtry, and took un his. winter-quarters'
Vn it. Mithridates fent smbafladors to Rome* to make
&S complaints to Sylla ^nd the fenate*

Thej# * raune a commiflioner from. Rome, but
without a decree of the fenate, who publicly ordered
Murena not to moleft the king of Pont us. But, as,
they, conferred together in private, this was. looked
upon as a mere collufjon, and indeed Murena per-
illed in *avagin.g his country. Mithridates therefore'
took the field, and,, having pafled the river Halys*
gave Murena battle*, defeated him, and obliged him.
%o retire into Phrygia with very great lofs.

u Sylla, who had been appointed diftator, not being;
able to fuffer any longer that Mithridates, contrary
to the treaty he had granted him, fhould be diu

quieted^
*A, M- 39**. Ant. j. G^8a. *-A. M* 39*3* Ant. J. C. 8u

101 TftE HISTORY

quieted, fent Gabinius to Murena to order him in
carneft to defift from making war with that prince,
and to reconcile him with Ariobarzanes. He obeyed.
Mithridates, having put one of his fons, only four

{rears old, into the hands of Ariobarzanes as an
loftage, under that pretext retained the cities in
which he had garrifons, promifmg no doubt to re-
Jftore them in time. He then gave a feaft, in which
he promifed prizes for fuch as fhould excel the reft
in drinking, eating, finging, and rallying : fit objeS*
of emulation! Gabinius was the only one who did
not think proper to enter thefe lifts. Thus ended the
fecond war with Mithridates, which lafted only three
years. Murena, at his return to Rome, received the
honour of a triumph, to which his pretentions were
but indifferent.

* Mithridates at length reftored Cappadocia to Ario-
barzanes, forced by Sylla, who died the fame year.
But he contrived a flratagem to deprive him entirely
of it. Tigranes had lately "built a great city in Ar-
menia, which, from his own name, he called Ti*
granocer^a. Mithridates perfuaded his fon-in-law to
conquer Cappadocia, and to tranfport the inhabitant*
into the new city, and the other part of his domi-
nions, that were not well peopled. He did fo, and
toojc away three hundred thqufand fouls. Trom
thenceforth, wherever he carried his victorious arms,
he afted in the fame manner for the better peopling of
his own dominions.

y The extraordinary reputation of Sertorius, who
had given the Romans terrible employment in Spain,
made Mithridates conceive the thought of fending
an embaffy to him, in order to engage him tb join
forces againft the common enemy. The flatterers,
who compared hini to Pyrrhus, and Sertorius to Han-
nibal, innnuated, that the Romans, attacked at the

fame

, * A. M. 3926. Ant. J. G. 78. y A. M. 3928. Ant. J. C. 7*'
Appian, p, ax6, 217. rlut. in Scrtor. p. 580, 581.

. •>

OF PONTUS, IOJ

lame time on different fides, could never be able to
oppofe two fuch .formidable powers, when the mod
able and experienced of generals fhould aft in con-
cert with the great eft of kings. He therefore fent
arabafTadors to Spain, with letters and inftruftions
for treating with Sertorius ; to whom they offered, in
his name, a fleet and money to carry on the war, upon
condition that he would fuffer that prince to recover
the provinces of Afia, which the neceffity of his affair*
had reduced him to abandon by the treaty hi had
made with Sylla.

As foon as thofe ambafTadors arrived in Spain, and
had opened their commiflion to Sertorius, heaifembled
his counfel, which he called the Jinate. They were
unanimoufly of opinion, to accept that prince's offers
with joy ; and the rather, becaufe fo immediate and
effe&ive an aid, as the offered fleet and money*
would cpft him only a vain confent to an enterprise
which it did not in any manner depend upon him to
prevent. But Sertorius, with a truly Roman great-
nefs of foul, protefted, that he would never confent
to any treaty injurious to the glory or interefls of
his country ; and that he could defire no vittory
from his own enemies, tjhat , was not acquired by
juft and honourable metho/JsU And* having made
Mithridates's arnbaffadors corhe: into- the aflembly, he
declared to them, that he would fuffer his mafter to
leep Bythinia and Cappadocia, which were accuf.
tomed to be governed by kings, and of which the
Romans could pretend to no juft right to difpofe ;
but he would never confent he fhould have any
footing in Afia Minor, which appertained to the
republic, and which he had renounced by a folemn
treaty. > • . .

When this anfwer was related to Mithridates, it
{truck him with amazement ; and he is affirmed to
have faid to his friends, " What order may we not
*» expe£t; from* Sertorius, * when- he fhall fit in the

*• fenate

104 THE HISTORY

.*• fenatc in the midft of Roitae; who* even now, con-
fine4 upon the coaft of the Atlantic ocean, dictates
bounds to our dominions, and declares war again ft
V us-, if we undertake any thing again ft Afia ?'* A
treaty was however concluded, and fworn between
them to this effect: that Mithridates fliould have Bi-
thynia and Cappacfacia ; that Sertorius (hould fend his
troops for that purpofe, and one of his captains to
command. t hem ; and that Mithridates, on his fide,
JhouM pay lSertorius * three tboufand talents down,
and give him forty gal lies.

The captain lent by Sertorius into Afia was a
banifhed fenator of Rome, who had taken refuge with
him, named Marcus Mariu.s, to whom Mithridates
paid great honours. For, when Marius entered
the cities, preceded by the fafces and axes, Mithri-
dates followed him* well fatisfied with the fecond
place, and with only making the figure of a power-
iui, but inferior, ally in this proconful'$ company.
Such was at that time the Roman greatnefs, that the
name alone of that potent republic ob feu red the
fplendour and power of the greateft kings. Mkhri-
dates, however, found his rntereft in this conduft.
Marius, as authorised by the Roman people and
fenate, discharged moft*oi the cities from paying the
exorbitant taxei Sylla had impofed on them ; exprefsly
declaring, that it was from Sertorius they 'received
and to whom they were indebted for that favour. So
moderate and politic a conduft opened the gates of the
cities to him without the help of arms, and the name
of Sertorius alone made more conquefts than all the
forces of Mithridates.

* Nicomedei % king of Bithynia, died this year,
and made the Roman people his heirs. His country
became thereby, as I have obferved elfewhere, a pro*
vince of the Roman empire. Mithridates imme-
diately

* A. M. $929. -Ant. J. C. 75. Appian. defitllo Mithrid. p. T75,
» About four hundred and fifty tteufwid pounds.

lately fbrmeJ a resolution to renew the *war againfi
them upon this occafion, and employed the greatest

?art of the year in malting: the neceflary preparations-
or carrying it on with vigour. He believed, that, after
the death of Sylla, and during the troubles with which>
the republic was agitated, the conjuncture was fa-
vourable for re-entering, upon- die conquefts he had*
4ji*eft up.

* Intruded by his misfortunes and experience,,
lie banished from his army all armour adorned witf*
gold and jewels* which be began to conlider as the
allurement of the vi&or,- and not as the ftrength of
thofe who wore them. He caufed fwords to be forged
after the Roman famion, with folid and weighty
bucklers ; he collected horfes, rather well made ancL
broke than magnificently adbrned;. aflembled an*
hundred and twenty thouJand foot, armed and difci-
plined like the Roman infantry, and fixteen thou*
land horfe well equipped for fervice, befides a hun-
dred chariots armed with long fcythes, and drawa^
by four horfes. He alio fitted out a confiderable-
number of gallies, which glittered no longer, as
before, with gilt pavilions* but were filled with all.
forts of arms offenfive and defenfive, and well pro-
vided with fams of money for the pay and fubfiftence
,o£ the troops*.

A&thridates had begun by Seizing P&phiagonia< and
Bitbynia. The province of Ada, which found itfelfc
exhaufted by the exactions of the Roman tag-farmers-
and ufurerc, tp deliver themfetfves fieom their oppref-
fion, <teclared a fecond time for. him. Suck was the
.cauCe of the third Mtf hridatjcfc wfuy which fubfifted*
almoft twelve years..

* The two confute^ Luoullfcw and Cotta, were fen fc
againft him, each of them with an army under him*.
Eucullus had Afia, Cilkia, and Qappadocia, for hi*
provuice ;. the otfeet, JJkhynia and iProponti*. .

F 5 Whilfti

* Pfcrt, ialcnctot. p.^9, **A* M. j^o. Ant. J. C, 74,..

*<>6 THE HISTORY

Whilft Lucullus was * employed ; in reforming tlie
rapacibufneis and violence ot the farmerfe and ufurers,
and in reconciling the people of the countries through
which he paffed, by giving them good hopes for
the time to come, Cotta, who was already arrived,
thought he had a favourable opportunity, in the ab-
fence of his colleague, to fignalize himfelf by fome
great exploit. He therefore prepared to give Mithri-
dates battle. * The more he was fdld that Lucullus
approached, that he was already " in ~P4irygia, and
would foon arrive, the greater hafte he made to fight,
believing himfelf already affured of a triumph, and
defirous of preventing his colleague from having any
{hare in it. But he was beaten by fea and land. In
the naval battle he loft fixty of his mips, with their
'whole complements ; and in that by land he had four
thoufand of his beft troops killed, and was obliged
to fliut himfelf up in the city of Chalcedon, with no
other hope of any other relief but what his colleague
fhould think fit to give him. All the officers of his
army, enraged at Cotta*s rafh and prefumptuous cojt-
du&, endeavoured to perfuade Lucullus to enter Pofl-
tus, which Mithridates had left without troops, and
where he might aflufef himfelf of finding the peopte
inclined to revolt. He anfwered generoufly, that he
would always efteem it more glorious to preferve a
Roman citizen than to poflefs himfelf of the whole
dominions of an enemy; and, without refentment
again ft his colleague, he marched to aflift him with aM
the fuccefs he could have hoped. This was the firft
a&ion by which he diftinguifhed himfelf, and which
ought to do him more honour than the m6ft fplendid
Tiftoriesr *

* Mithridates, encouraged by the double advan-
tage he had gained, undertook the fiege of Cyzicum,
a city of Propontis, which ftrenuoufly fupported the
Roman party in this war. In making himfelf mailer

of

• A.M. 393X* Ant. J. fi, 73, Ptot, ift tucul. p. 4$>HJ9»<

OF fONTUS. 10/

of this placer he would have opened himfelf a pafTage
from Bithynia into Afia Minor, which would have
been very advantageous, in giving him an opportu-
nity of carrying the war thither with all poflibie eafe
and fecurity. It was for this reafon he defired t*
take it. In order to fucceed, he inverted it by land
with three hundred thoufand men, divided in ten camps r
and by fea with four hundred (hips. Lucullus foon
followed him thither,* and began by feizing a poft upon
an eminence of the laft importance to nim, becaufe
it facilitated his receiving convoys, and gave him the
means of cutting off the enemy's provifions. He had
only thirty thoufand foot, and two thoufand five hun-
dred horfe. The fuperiority of the enemy in num-
ber, far from difmaying, encouraged him, for he was
convinced, that fo innumerable £ multitude would foon
be in want of, provifions r , J^enoe, in haranguing his
troops, he proipifed tjhem in a few days a victory that
would not coil them a fingJe drop pf blood. It was in
that he placed his glory; for the lives, of the foldiers
were dear to him. '

The fiege was long, and carried on with extreme
vigour. Mithridates battered the place on ajl fides
with innumerable machines: The defence was no
lefs vigorous. The befieged did prodigies of valour,
and employed all means* that the moll induftrious
capacity could invent, to repul,fe the enemy's attacks*
either by burning their machines, or .rendering, them
ufelefs by a thoufand obftacles they oppofed.to them*
What infpired them with fo much courage: was their
exceeding confidence in. Lucullus, who had let
them know, that* i£ they continued to defend thern*
felves with the fame valour, the place would' not be-
taken.

Lucullus was indeed fo well polled* th at r without
coming to a general aftion, which he always care*
fully avoided, he made Mithridates's army fuffer in-
finitely, by intercepting, his convoys, charging his?
foraging parties with advantage* and beating the de r

tachxnents

Hefc THE HIStORT

tachments he fent out, from time to time. In a word,
te knew fo well how to improve on all occafions that
offered, he weakened the army of the beftegers fo
much, and ufed fuch-addrefs in cutting off their pro-
Vifiqns, having (hut up all avenues by which they
might be fupplied, that he reduced them to extreme
famine. . The foldiers could find no other food but
the herbage, and fome went fb far as to fupport
themfelves upon human flefli. * MithrnJates*, who
pafled for the' molt artful captain of his times, in
defpair that a general, who could not have had much
experience, fhould fo often put the change upon him
by falfe marches and feigned movements, and had
defeated him without drawing his fword, was at
length obliged to raife the fiege fhamefully, after
haying fpent almoft two years before the place. He
fled by fea, and his lieutenants retired^ with his army
by land to Nicbmedia. Lticutius purfued. them, and,
having come up M^ith' them near the Grannicus, he
killed twenty thoufand of them upon the fpot, and
took an infinite number of prifoners. It was faid,
that in this war there perifted almoft three hundred
thoufand men, foldiers and fervants, with other fol-
lowers of the army.

After ,this new tuccefs, Lucullus returned to Cyzi-
<?um, entered the city, and, after having enjoyed for
fome days the pleafurc of having preferved it, and the
honours cohfequentia! of that fuccefs, he made a fwift
tour upon the coafts.of the Hellefpont, to colleft fliips
and form a fleet.

Mithridates, after having raifed the fiege of Cyzt*
cum, repaired to Nicomedia, from whence be pafled

«* A. M. 3933. Ant. J. C. 71.

* Cum tot tmx Impetus bifli ad CyMCtnwum m*nia eonflitijtt, ttmfut
wrfomfibi Mrtbrutattt 4/i*JMMU*mfore futwvigti % ptm fjra&a fif rroulfa
toia f>*t*r<t preuincia : ferjefa ab LucuMe hgec funt ornrnim, mt urk/4*
ifgmorumfie'witm defotderttur y *t omnes tafia regis iCiutttrnhate obfidm*
goffumertntMr. Cic. in Oraf . pro Mur. n. 33.

of *<*tmrt. toa>

By fca into Pcjntus. He* left part <rf Int fleet, and tea
tfaoufand men of his beft troops* in the Hellefpoat,
under three of his raoft aWe generals. • Lucol-
lus, with the Roman fleet 4 , beat them twice;,
tie firft time at Tenedos, and the other at Lem~
dos, when the enemy thought of nothing- left than-.
making fail for Italy, and of alarming and plunder-
ing the coafts of Rome ttfelf. He lulled atmbft alt
their men in thefe two engagements ; and in the
laft took M. Marios, the Koman fenator, whom
Sertorius had fent from Spain to the aid of Mi-
Aridates. Luculla* ordered him to be put to death,,
becaufe it was not confident with the Roman dignity
that a fenator of Rome fiiould be led in triumphs
One of the two others poiforied himfeif, and the
third was referved for the triumph.. After having
cleared the coafts by thefe two viftories r Lucullu*
twncdhis arms towards the continent; reduced Bi-
thynia firft, then Paphlagonia ;> marched afterwards
into Pontus, and carried the war into the heart of
Afirnridates's dominions.

He fuffered at firft fo great a want of provisions in
this expedition, that he was obliged to mm hm -thirty
thoufand Galatians follow the army, each with a
quantity of wheat upon his ihotilders. But, upon his
advancing into the country, and fabjec^ing the cities
and provinces, he found fuch abtmdance or all things,
that an ox fold for + only one drachma** and a flare fox
no more than four,

Mithridates had fuffered almoft as much by die
tempeft, in his paffage on the Euxine fea, as in the
campaign wherein he had been treated fo roughly.

* Ab^odem imferttotx clajgtm magmam fif ornat*m y fit* duett** &r~
imanit *d ludiam ftvdi* inJUmmMio faperetttr, /uperatum ejjk *tfue den
fnffam. Cxc. pro lege Manil. n. ai.

\uid t Mam pugnam nivalent ad Tenedum, cum tanto eonetafu t attrrf-
mt ducibuty hojtium cUjffu Jtoliamfpeatfueanimk inflate fitter*, mrdtect*
ttrtoMtm & parva dim'uationc cotnmtjjam arbitraris? Id. pro Munsna.

t Ten-pence,

11# TOT-HISTORY

He loft in~.it fclmoft all the remainder of his fleet
and the troops he had brought thither for the defence
of his ancient dominions. When Lucullus arrived,
he was making new levies with the utmoft expedi-
tion, to defend himfelf againft that invafion which he
had forefeen.

Lucullus, upon arriving in Pontus, without lofs of
time befieged Amifus and Eupatoria, two of the prin-
cipal cities in the country, very near each other. The
latter, which had been very lately built, was called
Eupatoria, from the furname of Eupator, given to
Mithridates ; this place was his ufual refidence, and he
had defigned to make it the capital of his dominions.
Not contented with thefe two fieges at once, he fent
a detachment of his army to form that of Themifcyra,
upon the river Thermoden, which place was not lefs
confiderable than the two others.

The officers of Lucullus's army complained, that
their general amufed himfelf too long in fieges, which
were not worth. his trouble, and that in the mean
time he gave Mithridates opportunity to augment hi*
army and gather flrength. To whi^h he anfwered
in hi* ijaftffication : " That is diretllyl what I want - r
44 I aft in this mariner for no other purpofe, in order
44 that our enemy may take ^.new courage, and at
44 femhle fo numerous an army, as may embolden
44 him to expeft us in the field, and fly no longer
4 * before us* Do you not obferve, that he has be-
44 hind him immenfe folitudes and infinite deferts, in
** which it will be impoifible for us, either to come

V up with or purfue him ? Armenia is but a few
41 days march from thefe defects. There Tigranes
44 keeps his court, that king oi kings, whofe power
44 is id great, that he fubdues the Rurthians, tranf-
" ports whole cities of Greeks into the heart of

* Media, has made himfelf mafter of Syria and

V Paleftine, exterminated the kings defcenaed from

* SeUuiQUS, and carried their wives, and daughters

*ijtf*

u
It

•c

OF PONTUS. lit

18 into ' captivity. This powerful prince is the illy
" and fon-in-law of Mithridates. Do you think,
" when he has him in his palace as a fuppliant,
,M that Jie will abandon him, and not make war
• l againft us ? Hence, in haftening to drive away
" Mithridates, we fhall be in great danger of draw-
•* ing Tigranes upon our hands, who has long fought
" pretexts for declaring againft us, and who can
" never find one more fpecious, legitimate, and
honourable, than that of affiiling his father-in-law,
and a king reduced to the laft extremity. Why
" therefore ftiould we ferve Mithridates againft our*
M felves, or fliow him to whom he fhould have re-
•• courfe for the means of fupporting the war with
" us, by pufhing him, againft his wilt, and at a time
" perhaps when he looks upon fuch a ftep as un-
worthy hfs valour and greatnefs, into the arms and
protection of Tigranes ? Is it not infinitely better
** by giving him time to take courage, and ftrengthen
"iunfelf with his own forces, to have only upon?
"our hands the troops of Colchis, the Tibarenians*
" and Cappadocians, whom we have fo often defeat-
M ed, than to expofe ourfelves to have the addi-
" tionat force of the Armenians and Medes to contend
" with ?"

Whilft the Romans attacked the three places we
have mentioned, Mithridates, who had already formed
a new army, took the field very early in the rpring.
Lucullus left the command of the fieges bf Amifus
and Eupatoria to Murena, the fon of him we have
fooken of before, whom Cicero represents in a very
favourable light. . * " He went into Afia,. a province
" abounding with riches and pleafures, where he left
" behind no traces cither of avarice or luxury. He

" behaved

* Afiam tfiam refertam ft? tandem Jt ft cm tarn, Jie obiit, mi i» em ntfut
*varita, neyue luxurla vtjtigium rtliquerit. Maximo in btUofic e& ver-
fatus, utbie multat ret ftf magnqsfrti imftrmtort &Jfcih nuMa+jfht b—
frptratir* Cic. pr» Afttraoa. *. 30.

" behaved in fuch at manner m this important war,,
^ that he did many great aftions without the gene-
" ral, the general none without him." Lucullus
marched again ft Mithridates, who laid encamped in
the plains of Cabirae. The latter, had the advantage
in two a&ioro* but was entirely defeated in the third,
and obliged to fly without either Servant or equerry
to attend him, or a (ingle horfe of his (table. It was
not till very late, that one of his eunuchs, feeing hnp
on foot in the midft of the flying croud, got from hi*
horfe and gave it him. The Romans were fo near hinv
that they almoft had him in their hands, and it was
owing entirely to therafelves that they did not take
him. The avarice only of the fotdiers loft them fc
prey which they had purfued fo long, through to many
toils* dangers* and battles* and deprived Lucullus
of the fole reward of all his victories* Mkhridates,
(ays * Cicero* artfully imitated the manner in which
Medea efcaped the purfuit of her father, in the fame
kingdom of Pontus* That princefs is laid to have
cut the body of Abfyrtus, her brother* in pieces, and
to have Scattered his limbs in the places through
which her father purfued her r in order that his V&
in taking up thofe difperfed members, and the gri<*
fo fad a fpefiacle would give him* might flop the
rapidity of his purfuit.. Mithridates in like manner,
as he fled, left upon the way a great quantity of gold*
filver, and precious effe&s, which had either descended
to him from his anceftors, or had been amafled ty
himfelf iu the preceding wars; and whilft the fol-

<Jieifr

♦ JSxJuo i*p»fe Afitbridatetprofogit, ut at goJem Pmo Medea iUajff^
Sam prof tiff fi dtcitur .• quant predicant, in f»ga, fratrit fui membra i* »*
4tftf , qua ft parent pftjequatttttr^d^j'tpa^ife^ ut erum vU&tffa'ijpcTJa, meervf*
jtatnut cekritatau perfequendi retardaret. Sic Mithridates figiens maxim**
vim aurt atqut > argenti, puicberrimarumque rerunvomnium, qua* & a mej^u r
sceeperat f .& -ipfi At/fo jupericre** tota A/tad/rtp$at utfimm rtgnum&*i'fi rat
iu Fontc, amnem rthquk. if arc dum nofirijolltgunt omnia JiJ'{ge/nitM,.r*x jflM
manibus effugit. ha ilium iu ferjequeidi Jbdut mmm\ bak jtatif rHuvJ^*

Cifrdcleg. Manil. n. %%. , .

•r KJNTUS* 1 1$

diets employed tfaemfelves in gathering thofe treafures
too attentively* the king efcaped their nands.. So that*
the father of Medea was flopped in his purfutt by for-*
tow, hut the Romans by joy.

After this defeat of the enemy, Lucullus. took the

city of-Cabirae, with feverat other places and caftles,.

in which he found great riches. He found alfo the

prifons full of Greeks, and princes nearly related to*

the king, who were confined m them. As thole un*

happy perfons had long given thes&felves over for

dead,, the liberty, they received from Lu cull us fecmed

lefs a deliverance than new life to them. In one of

thefe caflles, a fifter of the king's* named Nyfla, was

alio taken, which was a great in fiance of her good

fortune. For the other fifter s of that prince, with his.

wives, who had been Cent farther from the danger, and

who believed themfelves infafety-and repofe, all died*

miferably, Mithridates on hu Sight having font them

orders to die by Bacchidas the eunuch.

Among the other fillers of the king wet* Roxaira
and Statira, both unmarried, and about forty years rf
age, with two of his wives; Berenice and Momma*
both of Ionia. All Greece fpoke much of the latter,,
whom they admired more for her wifdom than beauty,
though exquifite* The king, having fallen defperatefy
in love with her, and forgot nothing that might in*
clrne her to favour his paflion, he fent her at once
fifteen thoufand pieces of gold. She was always averfe
to him, and refufed his prefents, till he gave her the
quality of wife and queen, and fent her the royal tiara,
or diadem, an effential ceremony in the marriage of
the kings of thofe nations. Nor did (he then com-
ply without extreme regret, and in compliance with
her family, dazzled with the fplendour of a crown
arcid the power of Mithridates, who was at that time
vi&orious, and at the height of his glory. • From her
marriage to the inftant of which we are now fpeaking^
that unfortunate princefs had paffed tier life in, con*

tinuak

vlllf THE HISTORY

tinual fadhefs and affii&ion, lamenting fcer fatal
beauty, which inftead of a huiband had given her a
mailer, and of procuring her an honourable abode
and tfye endearments' of conjugal fociety, had con*
fined her in a clofe prifon, under a guard of Barba-
rians ; where, far removed from the delightful regions
of Greece, (he had only'enjoyed a dream of the happi-
nefs with Which (he had been flattered, and had really
Joft that folid and effential good (he poflefled in her
•own beloved country;

When Bacchidas arrived, and had fignified to the
princeflcs the order of Mithridares, which favoured
•them no further than to leave them at liberty to choofe
the kind of death they (tiould think moil gentle and
immediate, Monima, taking the diadem from her
head* tiedit round her neck, and hung herfelf up bjr
it. But that wreath not being ftrong enough, and
breaking, (he cried out, " Ah, fatal trifle, you might
at lead do me this mournful office !" Then, throwing
it away with indignation, £he prefented her neck to
Bacchidas.

As for Berenice, (he took a cup of poifon, and ar
fhe was going to drink it, her mother, who was pre-
fent, defired to (hare it with her. They accordingly
drank both together. The half of that cup "if-
ficed to carry off the mother, Worn out and feeble with
age ; but was not enough to furraount the ftrength and
youth of Berenice. That princefs ftruggled long with
death in the moft violent agonies, till Bacchidas, tired
with waiting, the effefts of the poifon, order her to
be ftrangled. k n~

Of the two filters, Ro^ana is faid to' have fal-
lowed poifon, venting a thoufand reproaches and im-
precations againft.Mithridates. Statira, on the con-
trary, was pleafed with her brother, and thanked hiifli
that, being in fo great danger for his own perfon, he had
npt forgot them, -and had taken care to fupply the©
with the means of dying free, . and of withdrawing

from

or pontus. ' 115

from the indignities their enemies might elfe have
made them fuffer.

Their deaths extremely afflifled Lucullus, who
was of a gentle and humane difpofition. He conti-
nued his march in purfuit of Mithridates ; but, having
received advice that he was four days journey before
him, and had taken the route of Armenia, to retire to
his fon-in-law,he returned directly; and, after having
fubjefted fome countries, and taken fome cities in
the neighbourhood, he fent Appius Clodiiis to Tigra-
nes, to demand Mithridates of him ; and in the mean
time returned again ft Atnifus, which place was not
yet taken. * Callimachus, who commanded in it,
and was the moll able engineer of his times, had alone
prolonged the liege. When he faw that he could
hold out no longer, he fet fire to the city, and ef-
caped in a (hip that waited for himV Lucullus did
his utmoft to extinguifh the flames, but in vain; and,
to increafe his concern, faw himfelf obliged to abani.

don the city to be plundered by the foldiers, froni

whom the place had as much to fear as from the

flames themfelves. His troops were infatiable for

booty, and he riot capable of reftraining them. A

rain that happened to fall preferved a great number

of' buildings, and Lucullus, before his departure,

caufed thole which had been burnt to be rebuilti

This city was an ancient colony of the Athenians.

Such of the Athenians, during Ariftion's being mailer

of Athens, as delired to fly from his tyranny, had

retired thither, and enjoyed there the fame rights and

privileges with the natives.

■ Lucullus, when he left Amifus, directed his march
towards the cities of Alia, whom the avarice and
cruelty of the ufurers and tax-farmers held under the
maft dreadful oppreflion ; infomuch that thofe poor
people were obliged to fell their children s of bothfexes,
and even fet up to auction the paintings and ftatoes
confecrated to the gods. And, when thefe would, not

;.'..'• 4 • ' '* fuffice

• A. M. J934. A»t.- J; C. 70.

tl£ IKE m$WBY

fuf&ce to pajrtlje duties, taxes, aad bereft, unpaixj,
they were given up without mercy to their credkors*
and often expo fed to fusb barbarous tortures, that
flavery, in companion with ttair miferies* feemed a
kind of redrefs and tranquillity to them.

Thefe immenfe debts of ,the province arofe from
the fine of twenty thoufand * talents which Sylla
bad impofed on it. They had already paid the fura-
twice over; hut tUoXe iniatiahle uiurexs* by heaping
intereft upon interefi, bad run k up to. a hundj^i
and twenty tbaufand t talents ; fo that tlvey ftili owed
tripple the funis they Jhad already paid.

Tacitus \ had reafon to fay, that ufury was one of
the moft ancient evils of the Roman common- wealth,,
and the moft frequent caufe of fedkion ; but, at the
time we now fpeak of*. it was carried to an e^cefs not
cafy to comprehend*

The intercft of money among! the Rojpans wa*
paid every mpnth, and was one per cenL hence k wa?
called ufura tentemifa, or unriarumjf<$ws.; -becaufe m
reckoning the twelve month*, twelve per 4*nt+ w#
f aid ; Undo, is the twelfth part of a whole.

T The \ Jaw of thq twelve tables prohibited tfc
railing intereft to above twelve pzr sxnt* Thi? l* w
was revived by the two tribanss of the frejjgxfc, ia tte
396th year ot Rome. . .

8 Ten years after, intereft was reduced to half that
fum, in the 406th year of Rome 1 ftmiuncxar Um fonus*

h At length, in the 411th vear or Rome, all intereft
Was prohibited by decree : Ntfancr&ri liurti.

All thefe decrees were ineffectual. || Avarice waf
always too flrong for the laws : and whatever reguk-

. tion$

T'Tacit. Annal. 1. rl c. *6. Liv. I. vii, n/ 1*. V fcUf. 1. vii.
B, 27, k. Ibid. n. 42,

" • About three millions fterlang. + About eighteen millions fterlmfr
t fane -uttus urbi feentbrt, mulum, & feditio*UM dtfcirdiiWf 1 *

frtierrima cau/a. Tacit. Anna!. 1. vi. c. 16.
§ Nequh unciariofetnore ampiiut exerce/o,
j| MuttUplebifcitu obviem itamfrauMus: qua Miff refrefl* mt**>

fgr a*t<t rurfum mb&bur % T*W- W&

tions were made to fupprefs it, either in the time of
the republic or under the emperors* it always Found
means to elude them. Nor has it paid more regard
to the laws of the church* which has never entered
into any compofitkm in this point, and feverely con-
tJemns all ufury, even the moll moderate ; becaufe,
God, having forbade any, (he never believed ftie had
aright to permit it in the leaft. It is remarkable, that
ufury has always occafioned the ruin of the. dates
where it has. been tolerated;, and it was this di (order
which contributed very much to fubvert the conftku*
tion of the Roman commonwealth, and gave birth to
the greateft calamities in all the provinces of that em*
pire.

Lu cull us, at this time, applied himferf in giving
the provinces of Afia fome relaxation ; which he could
only effeft by putting a Hop to the injuftice and cru-
elty of the ufurers and tax- farmers. The Matter, find-
ing therafehres deprived by Lucullus of the immenfe
gain they made, raifed a great outcry, as if they had
been exceflively injured, arid by the force of money
animated many orators again ft him ; particularly con-
fiding in having moil of thofe who governed the re*
public in. their debt, which gave thetn a very exten.
five and ahnoft unbounded influence* But Lucullus
<iefpifed their clamours with a conftancy the more ad*
nirable from its being very uncommon*

Stctv

1 18 THE HISTORY

Sect. III. Lucullus caufes war to be declared, with
Tigranesi and marches againft kirn. Canity and ridi-
culous felffufficiency of that prince. Re lofes a great
battle. Lucullus takes Tigranocerta^ capital of Armenia.
He gains a fecond victory over the joint forces of
Tigranes ana Mitkridatcs. Mutiny and revolt in tfu
army of Lucullus.

T

iIGRANES, to whom Lucullus had fent an
ambaflador, though of no great power in
the beginning of his reign, had enlarged it fo much
by a feries of fuccefles, of which there are few ex-
amples, that he was commonly furnamed the king of
kings. After having overthrown, and almoft ruined
the family, of the kings, fucceflbrs of Seleucus the.
Great ; after having very often humbled the pride of
the Parthians, transported whole cities of .preeks inte
Media, conquered all Syria and Paleftine, and given
laws to the Arabians, called Scscnites ; he reigned
with an authority refpe&ed by all the princes of Afia.
The people paid him honours, after the manner 01
the Eaft, even to adoration. His pride was inflamed
and fupported by the immenfe riches he poflefled, by
the exceflive and continual praifes of his flatterers,
and by a profperity that had never known any inter-.
ruption/

Appius Clodius was introduced to an audience of
this prince, who appeared with all the fplendour he
could difplay, in order to give the ambaflador a higher
idea of the royal dignity ; who, on his fide, uniting
the haughtinefs of his difpofition with that which par-
ticularly chara&erifed his republic, perfectly fupported
the dignity of a Roman ambaflador.

After having explained, in a few words, the n^ -

je&s of complaint which the Romans had againft Mi-

thridates,

* A. M. 394J. Ant. J. C. 70. Plut. in Lucul. p. 504— $!*•
Mcmn. c. zlviii, — lvii. Appian. in Mithrid. p. a*8— » 232.

o* pontus. 119

thridates, and that prince's breach of faith in breaking
the peace, without fo*much as attempting to give any
reafon or colour for 'it; he told Tigranes, that he came
to demand his being- delivered up to him, as due by
every fort of title to Lucullus's triumph; that he did
not believe, as a friend to the Romans, which he had
been till then, that he would make any difficulty in
giving up Mithridates ; and that, in cafe of his re-
iufal, he was inftrufted to declare war againft him.

That prince, who had never been contradicted, and'
*who knew no other law nor rule but his own will and
pleafure, was extremely offended at this Roman free-
dom. But he was much more fo' with Lucullus's let*
ter, when it was delivered to him. The title of king
only, which it gave him, did not fatisfy- him. He
had afTumed that of king of kings > of which he was
very fond, and had carried his pride in that refpe^fo
far, as to caufe himfelf to be-ferved by crowned-
heads* He never appeared in public without having
four kings attending him ; two on foot on each fide
of his horfe, when he* went abroad: at table, in his •
chamber 9 in fhort, every where, he had always fome
of them to do the loweft offices for him ; but efpe-
cially when he gave audience to amtoafladors. For, at
that time, to give Grangers a greater idea of his glory
and power, he made them all ftand in two rdnks, one
* on each fide of his throne, where they appeared in the
habit and pofture of common flaves. A pride fo full
of abfurdity offends all the world. One more refined
fhocks lefs, though much the fame at bottom.

It is not furprifing that a prince of this character. .
mould bear the manner in which Clodius fpoke to him
with impatience. It was the firft free and fincere
fpeech he had heard during the five and twenty years
he had governed his fubjefts, or rather tyrannized
over them with exceflive infolence. He anfwered,-
that Mithridates was the father of Cleopatra, his wife ;
that the union between them was of too ftn£l a nature

to

\tO THE HISTORY

<o admit his delivering him up for the triumph of Liu
*cullus ; and that, if the Romans were uniuft enough
to make war aeainft him, he knew how to defend him-
felf, and to make them repent it. To exprefs his re*
fentment by his anfwer, he directed it only to Lucullus,
without adding the ufual title of Imperator, or any
Withers commonly given to the Roman generals*

Lucullus, when Clodius repotted his commiflipn,
and that war had been declared again ft Tigranes* re*
turned with the utmoft diligence into Pontus to begin
it. The enterprife feemed rafli, and the terrible power
X)f the king aftoni(hed all thole who relied lefs upon
the valour of the troops and the condutt of the gene-
sal than upon a multitude of foldiers. After having
made him/elf mailer of Sinope, he gave that place
its liberty, as he did alfo to Amifus, and made them
l}oth free and independent cities. k Cotta did not
treat Heraclia, which he took after a long fiege by
treachery, in the fame manner. He enriched himfelf
but of its fppils, treated the inhabitants with exceffive
cruelty, and burnt almoft the whole city. On his
return to Rome, he was, at,firft well received by the
fenate, and honoured with the .furname of Ponticus,
upon account of taking that place* But) foon after,
\vhen the Heraclia as had laid their complaints before
the fenate, and represented, in a manner capable of
moving the hardeft hearts* the miferies Cotta's ava-
rice and cruelty had made them fuffer, the fenate con*
tented themfelves with depriving him of the lotus cid-
vus y which was the robe worn by the fenators, a
punifhment in no wife proportioned to the crying ^x*
cetfes proved upon him*

Lucullus leu Sornatiu*, one of his generals,, in
Pontus with fix thousand men, and marched with the
reft, which amounted only to twelve thoufarsd foot
and three thou fa od horfe, through Cappadocia to tlie
Euphrates. He pafled that river in the raidft of win-
ter^

k Memn. c. li— Ixi. "~

<5r pontus. lti

ter, and afterwards the Tigris, and came before Ti-
granocerta, which was at lome fmall diftance, to at-
tack Tigranes in his capital, where he had lately ar-
rived from Syria. Nobody dared fpeak to that prince
of Lucullus and his march, after his cruel treatment
of the perfon who brought him the fir ft news of it,
whom he put to death in reward for fo important a
fervice. He liftened to nothing but the difcourfes of
flatterers, who told him Lucullus mud be a great cap-
tain if he only dared wait for him at Ephefus, and
did not betake himfelf to flight and abandon Afia,
when he faw the many thoufands of which his army
was compofed. So true it is,. fays Plutarch, that as
all conftitutions are not capable of bearing much wine,
all minds are not fuited to bearing great fortunes with-
out lofs of reafon and infatuation.

Tigranes, at firft, had not, deigned fo much as to
fee or fpeak to Mithridates, though his father-in-law,
but treated him with the utmc$ douterapt and arro-
gance, kept him at a diftance, afrd placed > [guard over
him as a prifoner of ftate, in^inarfhy unwholefome
places. k But after Clodius's embafly, he had ordered
him to be brought to court With all poflible honours
and marks of refpeft. In a private converfation
which they had together without witnefles, ihky cured
themfelves of their mutual fufpicions, to the great
misfortune of their friends, upon whom they caft all
the blame.

In the number of thofe unfortunates was Metro*
dorus, of the city of Scepfis, a man of extraordinary
merit, who had fo much credit with the king, that
he was called the king's father* That prince had
fent him on an embafly to Tigranes, to defire aid
againft the Romans, When he had explained the'
occafion of his journey, Tigranes afked him : " And
for you, Metrodorus, what would you advife me to
do, in regard to your matter's demands ?'* Upon which

Vol, X. G Metrodorus

s

k A. M. 393$. Ant. J. C. 69.

122 THE HISTORY

Metrodorus replied, out of an excefs of ill-timed fin-
cerity, " As ari ambaflador, I advife you to do what
Miitiridates demands of 'you; but as your counfel not
to do it." This was a criminal prevarication', and a
kind of treafon. It coft him his life, when Mithri-
dates had been apprized of it by Tigranes. "*

Lucujlus continually advanced againft that prince,
and was already in a manner at the gates of his palace,
without his either knowing or believing any thing of
the matter, fo much was he blinded by his prefumption.
Mithrobarzanes, one of his favourites^ ventured to
carry him that news. The reward he had for it, was
to be charged with a commiflion, to go immediately
with fome troops and bring -Lucullus prlfoner; as if
the queftion had been only to arreft one of the king's
fubjecls. The favourite, with the greateft part of the
troops given him* loft their lives, in endeavouring to
execute that dangerous commiflion.

This ill fuccefs opened the eyes of Tigranes, and
made him recover from his infatuation. Mithridates
had been fent back into Pontus with ten thoufand
horfe, to raife troops there, and to return and join
Tigranes, in cafe Lucullus entered Armenia. For
himfelf, he had chofen to continue at Tigranocerta, in
order to give the neceflary orders for raifing troops
throughout his whole dominions. After this check he
began to be afraid of Lucullus, quitted Tigranocerta,
retired to mount Taurus, and gave orders to all his
troops to repair thither to him.

Lucullus marched direftly to Tigranocerta, took up
his quarters around the place, and formed the fiege
of it. This city was full of all forts of riches; the
inhabitants of all orders and conditions having emu-
lated each other in contributing to its embellifhment
and magnificence, in order to make their court to
the king: for this reafon Lucullus preffed the fiege
with the utmoft vigour; believing that Tigranes
would never fuffer it to be taken, and that he would

come

OF PONTUS. 123

come on in a tranfport of fury to offer him battle, and
oblige him to raife the fiege. And he was not mif-
taken in his conjecture. Mithridates fent every day
couriers to Tigranes, and wrote him letters, to adU
vife him, in the ftrongeft terms, not to hazard a bat*
tie, and only to make ufe of his cavalry in cutting off
Lucullus's provifions. Taxilus himfelf was fent by
hirn with the fame inftru&ions, who, ftaying with him
in his camp, made earneft instances to him, every
day, not to attack the Roman armies, as they were
excellently disciplined, veteran foldiers, and almoft
invincible.

At firft he hearkened to this advice with patience
enough. But when his troops, confifting ot a great
number of different nations^ were aflembled, not only
the king's feafts, but his councils refounded with no-
thing but* vain bravadoes, full of irrfolence, pride,
and barbarian menaces, Taxilus was in danger of
being killed, for having ventured to oppofe the advice
of thofe who were for a battle; and Mithridates him-
felf was openly accufed of oppofing it, only out of
envy, to deprive his fon-in-law of the glory ot fo great
a fuccefs.

In this conceit Tigranes determined to wait no
longer, left Mithridates fliould arrive, and {hare with
him in the honour of the viftory. He therefore
marched with all his forces, telling his friends, that
he was only forry on one account, and that was, his
having to do with Liicullus alone, and not with all the
Roman generals together. He meafured his hopes of
fuccefs by the number of his troops. He had about
twenty thoufand archers and (lingers, fifty-five thou-
fand horfe, feventeen thoufand of which were heavy-
armed cavalry, an hundred and fifty thoufand foot,
divided into companies and battalions, befides workmen
to clear the roaas, build bridges, cleanfe and turn the
courfe of rivers, with other labourers neceffary in
armies, to the number of thirty-five thoufand, who,

G 2 drawn

124 THE HISTORY

drawn up in battle behind the combatants, made the
army appear flill more numerous, and augmented its
force and his confidence.

When he had patted mount Taurus, and all his
troops appeared together in the plains, the fight alone
of his army was fufficient to ftrike terror into the
mod daring enemy. Lucullus, always intrepid, di-
vided his troops. He left Murena with fix thoufand
foot before the place, and with all the reft of his in-
fantry, confifting of twenty- four cohorts, whicli to-
gether did not amount to more than ten or twelve
thoufand men, all his horfe, and about a thoufand
archers and (lingers, marched again ft Tigranes, and
encamped in the plain, with a large river in his front.

This handful of men made Tigranes laugh, and
fupplied his flatterers with great matter for pleafantry.
Some openly jetted upon them ; others, by-way of di-
verfion, drew lots for their fpoils ; and of all Tigra-
nes's generals, and the kings in his army, there was
not one who did not intreat him to give the charge of
that affair to him alone, and content himfelf with be-
ing only a fpeftator of the action. Tigranes himfelf,
to appear agreeable, and a fine rallier, ufed an ex-
prefiion, which has been much admired ; •* If ihey
come as ambaffadors, they are a great many ; but if as
enemies, very few." Thus the firfl day pafled in jetting
and raillery.

The next morning, at fun-rife, Lucullus made his
army march out of their entrenchments. That of the
Barbarians was on the other fide of the river towards
the Eaft, and the river ran in fuch a manner, that a
little below it turned off to the left towards the Weft,
where it was eafily fordable. Lucullus, in leading his
army to this ford, inclined alfo to the left, towards the
lower part of the river, haftening his march. Tigranes,
who faw him, believed he fled ; and calling for Tax-

ilus, told him with a contemptuous laugh " Do

you fee thofe invincible Roman legions ? You fee they

can

OP PONTUS. 125

can run away." Taxilus replied, *• I wifli your ma-
jelly's good fortune may this day do a miracle in your
favour ; but the arms and march of thofe legions do
not argue people running away."

* Taxilus was ftill fpeaking, when he faw the eagle

of the firft Tegions move on a fudden to the right

about, by the command of Lucullus, followed by all

the cohorts, in order to pafs the river. Tigranes,

recovering then with difficulty, like one that Jiad

been long drunk, cried out two or three times,

" How ! Are thofe people coming to us ?" They came

on fo fall, that his numerous troops did not poft them-

felves, nor draw up in battle without abundance of

diforder and con fu lion. Tigranes placed himfelf in

the center ; gave the left wing to the king of the Adia-

benians, and the right to the king of the Medcs. The

greateft part of the heavy-armed horfe covered the .

front of the right wing.

As 'Lucullus was preparing to pafs the river, fome
of his general-officers advifed him not to engage upon
that day, becaufe one of thofe unfortunate days which
the Romans called black days. For it was the fame
upon which the army of * Cepio had been defeated in
the battle with the Cimbri. Lucullus made them this
anfwer, which afterwards became fo famous : " And
for me, I will make this a happy day for the Romans.'*
It was the fixth day of O&ober, (the day before the
nones of Oftober.)

After having made that reply, and exhorted them
not to be difcouraged, he pa fled the river, and marched
foremoft againft the enemy. He was armed with a
fteel cuirals, made in the form of fcales, which glit-
tered furprifingly, under which was his coat of arms,
bordered all around with a fringe. He carried his
naked fword mining in his hand, to intimate to his
troops, that it was necefTary to join an enemy imrae-

• diately,

* The Greek text fays, the army of'Scipfo, which Monfieur de
Thou has juftly corrected in the margin of his Plutarch, the army of

126 TJIE HISTORY

diately, accuftomed to fight only at a diftance with
their arrows; and to deprive them, by the fwiftnefi
and impetuofity of the attack, of the fpace required
for the ufe of them.

Perceiving that the heavy-armed cavalry, upon
whom the enemy very much relied, were drawn up
at the foot of a little hill, of which the fummit was
flat and level, and the declivity of not above five
hundred paces, neither much broken, nor very diffi-
cult, he faw at^ firft what ufe he had. to make of it.
He commanded his Thracian and Galatian horfe to
charge that body of the enemies' cavalry in flank, with
orders only to turn afide their lances with their fwords.
For the principal, or rather whole force of thofe
heavy armed horfe, confided in their lances, which
when they had not room to ufe, they could do nothing
either againft the enemy, or for themfelves ; their
arms being fo heavy, ftiff, and cumberfome, that they
could not turn themfelves, and were almoft immove-
able.

Whilft his cavalry marched to execute his orders
he took two cohorts of foot, and went to gain the
eminence. The infantry followed courageously, ex*
cited by the example of their general, whom they faw
inarching foremqft on foot, and afcending the hill.
When he was at the top, he fliowed himfelf from the
higheft part of it, and feeing from thence the whole
order of the enemy's battle, he cried out, " The vic-
tory is ours, fellow- foldiers, the viftory is ours !" At
the fame time, with his two cohorts he advanced
againft that heavy armed cavalry, and ordered his troops
not to make ule of their pikes, but join thofe horfe
fword in hand, and ft r ike upon their legs and thighs,
which were the only unarmed parts about them.
But his foldiers had not fo much trouble with them.
That cavalry did not ftay their coming on, but fhame-
fully took to flight; and howling as they fled, fell
with their heavy unwieldy horfes into the ranks of

their

OF PONTUS. • 127

their foot, without joining battle at all* or fd much as
making a (ingle thru ft with their lances* The {laugh-
ter did not begin until they began to fly, or rather to
endeavour it; for they could not do fo 4 being pre*
vented by their own battalions, whofe ranks were fo
clofe and deep, that they could not break their way .
through them. Tigranes, that king fo lofty and brave
in words, had taken to flight from the beginning with
a few followers; and feeing his fon, the companion pi
his fortune, he took off his diadem, weeping, and
giving it him, exhorted him to fave himfelf as well as
He could by another route. That young prince was
afraid to put the diadem upon his head, which would
have been a dangerous ornament at fuch a time, and
gave it into the hands of one of the mod faithful of hi9
fervants, "who was taken a moment after, and carried
to Lucullus,

It is fa id, that in this defeat more than a hundred
thoufand of the enemy's foot perifhdd, and that very
few of their horfe efcaped : on the fide of the Romans
only five were killed, and a hundred wounded*
They had never engaged in a pitched battle fo great
a n imber of enemies with fo few troops; for the vie-
to . did not amount to the twentieth part of the van—
quiihed. The-greateft and moll able Roman generals*-
who had feen moil wars and battles, gave Lucullus
particular praifes for having defeated two?of the greateft
and raoft powerful kings in the world, by two entirely
different methods, delay and expedition. For by pro-
traction and fpinning out the war, he exhaufted Mi-»-
thridates when he was ftrongeft and moft formidable j
and ruined Tigranes by making hafte, and not giving,
him time to look about him. It has been remarked,
that few captains have known how, like him, to make
flownefs a&ive, an:! hafte fure.

It was this laft conduft that prevented Mithridates
from being prefent in the battle. He imagined Lu-
cullus would ufe the fame precaution and protraftion

againft

k

I«8 THE HISTORY

again ft Tigranes, as he had done againft himfelf. So
that he marched but (lowly and by fmall days' journies
to join Tigranes. But having met fome Armenians
upon the way, who fled with the utmoft terror and
confternation, he fufpe&ed what had happened ; and
afterwards meeting a much greater number, was fully
informed of the defeat, and went in fearch of Ti-
granes. He found him at length, abandoned by all
the world, and in a very deplorable condition. Far
from returning his ungenerous treatment, and infult-
ing Tigranes in his misfortunes, as he had done him,
he quilted his horfe, lamented their common dif-
graces, gave him the guard which attended, and the
officers who ferved him, confoled, encouraged him,
and revived his hopes : fo that Mithridates, upon this
occafion, (ho wed himfelf not entirely void ot hu ma-
inly. Both together applied to raifing new troops on
all fides.

In the mean time a furious fedition arofe in Tigra-
itocerta; the Greeks having mutinied againft the
Barbarians, and determined at all events to deliver the
city to Lucullus. That fedition was at the higheft
when he arrived there. He took advantage of the
occafion, ordered the aflault to be ? given, took the
city, and after having feifed all the king's treafures,
abandoned it to be plundered by the foldiers; who,
betides other riches, found in it eight thoufand talents
of coined filver (about one million two hundred thou-
fand pounds fterling.) Befides this plunder, he gave
each foldier eight * hundred drachmas, which, with
a*l the booty they had taken, did not fuffice to fatisfy
their infatiable avidity.

m As this city had been peopled by colonies, which
Had been carried away by force % from Cappadocia,
CTkcia, and other places, Lucullus permitted them all
to ;r%turn into their native countries* They received
thdu j>ermiflk>n with extreme jcy, and quitted it in fo

» Strab. 1. xi. p. 53a. & 1. xii. p. 539* t - ^\

,y' ♦ About twenty pounds. * t»V

OF PONTUS. 129

great a number, that from one of the greateft cities
in the world Tigranocerta became in an inftam almoft
a defert.

n If Lucullus had purfued Tigranes after his
viftory, without giving him time to raife new troops,
he would either have taken or driven him out of the
country, and the war had been at an end. His hav-
ing failed to do fo, was very ill taken both in the
army and at Rome, and he was accufed, not of neg-
ligence, but of having intended by fuch conduct
to make himfelf neceflary, and to retain the com-
mand longer in his own hands. This was one of the
reafons that prejudiced the generality againft him, and
induced them to think of giving him a fucceflbr, as
we lhall fee in the fequel.

After the great viclory he had gained over Tigra*
nes, feveral nations came to make their fubmiflions
to him. He received alfo an embaffy from the king
of the Parthians, who demanded the amity and alli-
ance of the Romans. * Lucullus received this propo-
fal favourably, and fent alfo ambafTadors to him, who*
being arrived at the Parthian court, difcovered that
the king, uncertain which fide to take, wavered be-
tween the Romans and Tigranes, and had fecretly
demanded Mefopotamia of the latter, as the price of
the aid he offered him. Lucullus, informed of this
fecret intrigue, refolved to leave Mithridates and Ti-
granes, and turn his arms againft the king of the
Parthians ; flattered with the grateful thought, that
nothing could be more glorious for him, than to*
have entirely reduced, in one expedition,, the three:
moft powerful princes under the fun. But the oppo-
fition this propofal met with from the troops obliged
him to renounce his enterprife againft the Parthians,
and to confine himfelf to purfuing Tigranes.

During this delay, Mithridates and Tigranes had
been indefatigable in raifing new troops. They had

G 5 fent

' * Dion. Caf. L xxxv. i~

13°'* THE HISTORY

fent to implore aid of the neighbouring nations, and
especially of the Parthians, who were the neareft,
and at the fame time in the beft condition to a (lift them
in the prefent emergency of their affairs* Mithri-
dates wrote a- letter to their king, which Salluft has

J refer ved, and is to be found amongft his fragments,
fhall infert a part of it in this place.

Letter of Mithridates to * Arfam King oftfu Parthians.

•• A LL thofe + who, in a ftate of profperity, are
44 -^- invited to enter as confederates into a war,
ought firft to confider whether peace be at their
own option ; and next, whether what is demanded
of them, is confident with juftice, their intereft,
fafety, and glory. You might enjoy perpetual
peace and tranquillity, were not the enemy always
intent upon feifing occafions of war, and entirely
void of faith. In reducing the Romans, you can-
not but acquire exalted glory. It may feem incon-
fiftent in me, to propofe to you either an alliance
with Tigranes, or, powerful as you are, that you
fliould join a prince in my unfortunate condition.
But I dare advance, that thofe two motives, your
refentment again ft Tigranes upon account of his
late war with you, and the! no advantageous fitiu
*• ation of my affairs, to judge rightly of them, far
•• from oppofing my demand, ought to fupport it.

For

• Arfacec was a common name to all the kings «f Parthia.

+ Omnesy quifecundis rebus fuis ad Mii Jocietatem oratilur, confider**
if bent y liceatm turn pactm agere: dgin quod q^aritur, fatifne pium, tutum^
gloria/urn, an indecorum Jit, Tibi perpetud pace frui liceret, n]fi bojlcs,
cpportuni & fcelepjftmi. Egregia fama Ji Romanos oppteJferis t futura eft.
Jvefue petet e audeam jocietatem, & Jrujka mala mea cum tuis b*nis mi/af
Jperem. Atqui ea 9 qua te morari poffe videntur, ire in Tigranem r*ct*tis
It/liy 6? nte/t res parum pro/per*, Ji vera afiumare vo/es t maxime borta*
huntur. Me enipt obnoxius y qualem tu voles Jocietatem accipiet : mihi
fortuna y mult is rebus ereptis y u/Um ded'tt bene ftiudend\ y & quodjforentibus
bptabile eft, ego non •validijjimus prabeo exemp/um, quo retlius tua com-
ponas. Namque Roman is cum nationrbus, popu/is y regtbus cun&is, una Of
ta vetus cauja bellandi ejl y cupido profunda imperii <§ divitiarum.

6

«c

4<
<•

tc

«

4C
«(
«•
«C

tc
tc

«(

««
M
•<
(«

ft

««

" For as to Tigranes, as he knows he haft given you

*' juft caufe of complaint, he will accept, without

difficulty, whatever conditions you {hall think fit

to impofe upon him ; and for me, I can fay, that

fortune, by having deprived me of almoft all I

poffefled, has enabled me to give others good coun-

fels, and, which is much to be de fired in per Tons

of profperity, I can, even from my own misfor.

turres, fupply you- with examples, and induce you

* to take better meafures than I have done. For, do

•* not deceive yourfelf, it is with all the nations,

•• ftates and kingdoms of the earth, the Romans are

44 at war ; and two motives, as ancient as powerful',

•* put their arms into their hands : the unbounded

" ambition of extending their Conquefts, and the

** infatiable thirft of riches." Mithridates afterwards

enumerates at large the princes and kings they had*

Seduced one after another, and often by one another.

He repeats alfo his firft fueceffes again ft the Romans,

and his late misfortunes. He. goes on to this effeft :

** Examine * now, I beg you, when we are finally

" ruined

* Nunc ftuefo, confidera, nobis opprtflis, utrum Jirntiorem tt ad rem
Jkftendum y an Jintm belli futurum pules f Sci» equidtm tibi magnas
opes virorum, armerum, & auri ejfe : fef ea re nobis adfocietatem, ab illit
id pradttm peteris. ' Cotter urn cffnjilium eft Ti'granis, regn* Integra t melt
militibus belli prudentibus, ptocul ab\ domo, parvo labor* % per nojha
corpora bellum confcere: quando neque sincere neque vinci Jine perim
£uU tuo pojjumus. An ignoras s\omanos y poftquam ad ocdden/em perm,
gentibus Jinem oceanus fecit ', arma hue convert ij/e ? Neque quicquam a\
frincipio niji raptum habere ; domttm^ conjugesj agras y imperium ? Con»
ttenas, dim Jine pair id f Jine parent ib us, pejle conditas orbis terror um ?'
qui bus non bumana ulla neque divina objiant, quirt focios, amicos, procul^
juMtaque ftos y in»pes y potemefque trahant, excidantque ; omniaque non
Jerva y & maxim* regna, boftilia ducant. Namque pauci libertatem
pars ntagna jujhs dominos volunt. Nets JufpcEli fumus <semuli\ Sf in*
tempore vindices ajfuturi. Tu •uero cut Seleucia maxima urbium, rrg»,
manque Perfdis inclitis divitiis eft, quid ab Hits, nift dolunt in prrtft>is 9
ft? pojlea bellum expe&as f Romani ire omntt arma baberit, accerrima in
cos quibus fpolia maxima funt. Audendo fef fallendo, et bell a ex belli r
firendo, magni fabli '. Per bunc morem extihguent omnia aut accident ?
quod difficile non eft y Ji tu Me/opotamid y nos Armenia circam^reaimur
Cfcsrcitum jine frumtnto, Jine auxiHis. Fortuna autem ndjfris wtiif adbu'c*
incolumis. Teque ilia fama fequetur y auxilio profeSlrm magnis regibui
laifnes gentium oppre^fijfe. Quod uti facias moneo bortorque y mu malit
fernicit rtofira unum imperium probare, quam foeietare viQarferi.

<<
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£3* THE HISTORY

V ruined, whether you will be in a condition to refift
the Romans, or can believe, that they will con-
fine their conquefts to my country ? I know you
are powerful in men, in arms, and treafure ; it is
therefore we defire to ftrengthen ourfelves by your
alliance ; they, to grow rich by your fpoils. For
the reft, it is the intent of Tigranes to avoid draw-
ing the war into his own country, that we (hall
go with all my troops, which are certainly well
disciplined, to carry our arms far from home, and
41 attack the enemy in perfon in their own country.
*• We cannot therefore either conquer or be con-
" quered, without your being in danger. Do _you
«* not know, that the Romans, when they found
u themfelves flopped by the ocean in the Weft,
•• turned their arms this way ? That to look back to
4i their foundation and origin, whatever they have,
•* they have from violence, home, wives, lands, and
•• dominions. A vile herd of every kind of vaga-
•*. bonds,, without country, without forefathers, they
" eftablifhed themfelves for the misfortune of the human
•* race. Neither divine nor human laws reflrain
•• them from betraying and deftroying their allies and
** friends, remote nations or ' neighbours, the weak
or the powerful. They reckon all enemies that
are not their (laves; and efpecially whatever
•' bears the name of king. For few nations affefl a
«• free and independent government ; the generality
prefer juft and equitable matters. They fufpea
us, becaufe we are faid to emulate their power,
" and may in time avenge their oppreffions. But for
•' you, who have Seleucia, the greateft of cities, and
** Perfia, the richeft and moft powerful of kingdoms,
•• what can you expeft from them but deceit at pre-
*' fent, and war hereafter ? The Romans are at war
** with all nations; but efpecially with thofe from
** whom the richeft fpoils are to be expeQed. They
•' are become great by enterprifing, betraying, and

U b y

tfC
4«

•4

«4
««

««

OF PONTUS. 1J3

tf * by making one war bring forth another. By this

** means, they will either deftroy all others, or be

*' deftroyed thernfelves. It wrll not be difficult to

** ruin them, if you, on the fide of Mefopotamia,

and we on that of Armenia, furround their army,

without provifions or auxiliaries. The profperity

of their arms has fubfifted hitherto folely by our

fault, who have net been fo prudent to underftanci

this common enemy, and to ally ourfelves againft

him. It will be for your immortal glory to have

** f up ported two great icings, and to have conquered

" and deftroyed thofe robbers of the world. This is

*• what I earneflly advife and exhort you to do : that

•* you may choofe rather to (hare with us by a falu-

*' tary alliance, in conquering the common enemy, than

'•* to fufFer the Roman empire to extend itfelf univer-

•* fally by our ruin."

It does not appear that this letter had the effect
upon Phraates, Mithridates might have hoped from
it. So that the two king* contented thernfelves with
their own troops..

* One- of the means made ufe of by Tigranes to
aflTemble a new army was to recall Megadates from
Syria, who had governed it fourteen years in his
name : to him he fent orders to join him with a ] l the
troops in that country. p Syria being thereby en-
tirely ungarrifoned, Antiochus Afiaticus, fon of An-
tiochus Eupator, to whom it of right appertained,
as lawful heir of the houfe of Seleucus, took poffef-
fion of fome part of the country, and reigned there
peaceably during four years.

q The army of Tigranes and Mithridates was at
laft formed. It confifted of feventy thousand chofen
men, whom Mithridates had exercifed well in the
Roman difcipline. It was about midfummer before
it took the field. The two kings took particular
care, in all the motions they made, to choofe an ad-
vantageous

• Appian. in Syr. p. it8, T19. f Juftin. I. xl. c. 2.

t A. M. 3936. Ant. J. Ci 6*. Plut, in Lucul. p. 513— 5 1 *'

134 THK HISTORY

vantageous ground for their camp, and to fortify tt
well* to prevent Lucullus*s attacking thera in it;
nor could all the ftratdgems .he ufed engage them to
come to a battle. Their defign was to reduce him
gradually; to haiafs his troops on their marches, in
order to weaken them ; to intercept his convoys, and
oblige him to quit the country for want ot provi-
fions. : Lucullus not being able, by all the arts he
could ufe, to bring them into the open field, em-
ployed a new means, which fucceedecL Tigranes
had left at Artaxata, the capital of Armenia before
the foundation of Tigranocerta, 'his wives and chiU
dren ; as he had almoft aU his treafures. j-ruculluf
marched that way with all his troops, rightly forefee-
ing that Tigranes would not remain quiet, when he
law the danger to which his capital was expofed.
That prince accordingly decamped immediately, fol*
lowed Lucullus to difconcert his defign j and by four
great marches having got before him, potted himfelf
behind the river * Arfamia, which Lucullus was
obliged to pafs in his way to Artaxata, and refolved
to difpute the paffage with him. The Romans paffed
the river without being prevented by the prefence or
efforts of the enemy, a great battle enfued, in which
the Romans again obtained a complete viftory. There
were three kings in the Armenian army, of whom
.Mithridates behaved the worft. For not being able
to look the Roman legions in the face, as foon as
they charged, he was one of the firft who fled ; which
threw the whole army into fuch a confter nation, that
it entirely loft courage ; and this was the principal
caufe of the lofs of the battle.

* Lucullus, after this viclory, determined to con-
tinue his march to Artaxata, which was the certain
means to put an end to the war. Rut as that city
was ftill feveral days' journey from thence towards the

north, and winter approached with its train o£ fnow*

and

t Dioo. Caf. 1. xxxvii. p. 3—7,^
* Qn Arfajiift.

---1

OS PONTUS. tJ5

and ftorras, the * foldiers, already fatigued by a fuf-
ficiently rude campaign, refufed to follow him into
that country, where the cold was too fevere for them.
He was obliged to lead them into a warmer climate,
by returning the way he came. He therefore repaired
mount Taurus, and entered Mesopotamia, where he
took the city Nifibis, a place ot confiderable ftrength,
and put his troops into winter-quaiters.

It was there the fpirit of mutiny began to (how it.
felf openly in the army of Lucullus. That general's
feverity, and the infolent liberty of the Roman fol-
diers, and ftill more, malignant pra&ices of Clo-
dius, had given occafion for this re voir. Clodius, fa
well known for the invectives of Cicero his enemy,
is hardjy better treated by, hiftocians. They repre-
fent him as a man abandoned to all kind 6f vices,
and infamous for his debauches, which he carried fo
far as to commit inceft with his own filler, the wife
of Lucullus ; to thefe he added unbounded audacity*
and uncommon cunning in the contrivance of fedi-
tions: in a word, he was one of thofe dangerous per-
fons, bom to difturb and ruin every thing, by the
unhappy union in himfelf of the moil wicked incli-
nations with the talents neceflary for putting them
in execution. He gave a proof of this upon the oc-»
catfion we are now fpeaking. Difcontented with Lu»
cullus, be fecretly fpread reports againfl him, highly
proper to render him odious. He affefled to lament
extremely the fatigues of the foldiers, and to enter
into their interefts. He told them .every day, that
they were very unfortunate, in being obliged to ferve
f© long under a fevere and avaricious general, in' a
remote climate, without lands or rewards, whilft
their fellow-foldiers, whofe conquefls were very mo,
derate in compaFifon with theirs, had enriched them*
felves under Pompey. Difcourfes of this kind, at*

tended

* NoJUk «r#K*fa«, *#' urbemtx Ttgrams regno ajxraf, & fr*lih tifiet
tr at fecundity tamen nlmiA UnginquitaU locofwtty qf fyMeri+fuoum «*r-»
movebttur. Cic. pro leg. Mar. n. 23.

I$6 THE HISTORY

tended with obliging and popular behaviour* whicfc
he knew how to aflunie occafionaily without the ap-
pearance of affectation, made fuch an impreflion upon
the foldiers, that it was no longer in the power of Lu-
cullus to govern them.

Mithridates, in the mean time, had re-entered
Pdntus with four thou fan d of his own, and four
thoufand troops given him by Tigranes. * Several
inhabitants of the country joined him again, as well
out of hatred to the Romans, who had treated them
with great rigour, as the remains of affection for
their king, reduced to the mournful condition in
which they faw him from the moft fplendid fortune
and exalted greatnefs. For the misfortunes of princes
naturally excite companion, and there is generally
a profound refpeft in the hearts of the people' for the
name and perion of kings. Mithridates, encouraged
and Strengthened by thefe new aids, and the troops
which feveral neighbouring ftates and princes fent
him, refumed courage, and faw himfelf, more than
ever, in a condition to make head again ft the Romans.
+ So that not contented with being re-eftablifhed in
his dominions, which a moment before he did not fo
much as hope ever to fee again, he had the boldnefs
to attack the Roman troops fo often victorious, beat
a body of them, commanded by Fabius, and after hav-
ing put them to the route, pjefled Friarius and Sorna-
tiitf, two other of Lucullus's lieutenancy in that
country, with great vigour*

Lucullus

• Mithridates & fuam manuam jam confirmArat\ Sf eorum qui ft ex
ejus regno colleger ant y &? ptagnis adventitiis tnulfrum regum & nationum
copiis jwvabatur. Hoc jam fere Jic fieri folere accepimus ; ut regum
ajflicl* jortuna facile multorum opes alliciant ad mi/ericordiam, maxime-
fue eorum qui aut regesfunt, aut viuant in regno .♦ quod regale iis nomen
magnum & fanclum ejfe videatur. Cic. pro leg- Manil. n. 24.

+ Itaque tantum vitlus ejjicere fatuity quantum incolumis nunquam.
eft aufus optare. Nam cum fe in regnum recepijfet fuum, non fuit eo.
contentus, quod ex prater f pern ac cider at ^ ut earn, poftea quam pulfus erat,
terram unquam attingeret »• fed in exercitum i/eftrum c/arum atqu'e viSirtm*
impctumfecit.~Cic. pro leg. Manil. n. *5«

OF PONTUS. 107

'Lucullus at length engaged his foldfers to quit
their winter quarters, and to go to their aid. But
they arrived too late. Friarius had imprudently ven-
tured a battle, in which Mithridates had defeated
him, and killed him feven thoufand men; amongft
whom were reckoned a hundred and fifty centurions
and twenty-four tribunes*, which made this one of
the greateft loffes the Romans had fuftained a great
while. The army had been entirely defeated, but
ior a wound Mithridates received, which exceedingly
alarmed his troops, and gave the enemy time to
eicape. Lucullus, upon his arrival, found the dead
bodies upon the field of battle, and did not give or-
ders for their interment : which ftill more exaip'erated
his foldiers againft him. The fpirit of revolt rofe fo
high, that, without any regard for his charafter as
genera], they treated him no longer but with in-
faience and contempt; and though he went from
tent to tent, and almoft from man to man, to con-
jure them to march againft Mithridates and Tigra-
aes, he could never prevail upon them to quit -the
place where they were. They anfwered him brutally,
that as he had no thoughts but of enriching himfelf
alone out of the fpoils of the enemy, he might march
alone, and fight them if he thought fit,

• A. M. 2937. Ant. J. C. 67.

* Qu* calami fas tantafuit, ut tarn ad attrtt L. Luculli, mn ex prmli*
mntius, fid exfermont rumor aferet. Cic. pro. leg. Manil. n. a$.

Sect.

i^fr THfc m$TO*T

Sect. IV. Mithridates, taking advantage of the dif-
cord which had arifen in the Roman army, recovers ail
his dominions. Pompey is chofen to fucceed Lucullus '.
He overthrows Mitnndates in feveral battles. The
latter Jlies in vain to Tigranes his fofi-in-law for
refuge, who is engaged in a war with his own Jbn.
Pompey marches into Armenia again/1 Tigranes, who
comes to him and fur renders himfef. Weary of pur -
fidng Mithridates to no purpofe, he returns into Syria,
makes himfelf mafer of that kingdom* and puis an end
. to the empire of the Seleucides. He marches hack to
Pont us. Pharnaces makes the army revolt again ft his
father Mithridates, who kills him/elf. That Prince's
charaSler. Pompefs expeditions into Arabia and
Jfudaa, where he takes ferufal^m. After having re-
duced all the cities of Pontus, he returns to Rome, and
receives the honour of a triumph.

TUf ANIUS Acilius Glabrio and C. Pifd had been
■*■***• ele&ed confute at Rome. The firft had Bithy-
nia and Pontus for his* province, where Lucullus
commanded. The fenate, at the fame time, di (banded
Fimbria's legions, which were part of his army. All
thib news augmented the difobedience and infolence of
the troops in regard to Lucullus.

* It is true, his rough, auftere, arid frequently
haughty difpofition gave fome room for fuch ufage.
He cannot be denied the glory of having been one
of the greateft captains of hjs age ; and of having
had almoft a(l the qualities that form a complete
general. But the want of one diminifhed the merit
of all the reft ; I mean addrefs in winning the heart,
and making himfelf beloved by the foldiers. He was
difficult of accefs; rough in commanding; carried
exactitude, in point of duty, to an excefs that made
it odious ; was inexorable in punifliing offences ; and
did not know how to conciliate efteem by praifes and

rewards

t Dion. Caff. 1. xxxy. p. 7.

G? PONTUS. 199

rewards bellowed opportunely, an air of kindnefs and
favour, and insinuating manners, flill more efficacious
than either gifts or praifes. And what proves that
the fedition of the troops was in a great meafure his
own fault, was their being very docile and obedient
under Pompey.

In confequence of the letters Lucullus wrote to
the fenate, in which he acquainted them, that Mithri-
dates was entirely defeated, and utterly incapable of
retrieving himfelf, commiflioners had been nominated
to regulate the affairs of Pontus, as of a kingdom
totally reduced. They were much furprifed to find,
upon their arrival, that far from being mafler of
Pontus, he was not fo much as mafler of his army,
and that his own foldiers treated him with the utmoft
contempt.

The arrival of the conful Acilius Glabrio "ft 111 added

to their licentioufnefs. * He informed them, that

Lucullus had been accufed at Rome of protracting

the war for the fake of continuing his command ;

that the fenate had di (banded part of his troops, and

Forbad them paying him any further obedience. So

that he foon found himfelf aim oft entirely abandoned

by the foldiers ; Mithridates, taking advantage, of this dif- .

order, had time to recover his whole kingdom, and to

make ravages in Cappadocia.

Whilll the affairs of the army were in this condi-
tion, great noife was made at Rome again ft Lucullus,
B Pompey was returned from putting an end to the
war with the pirates, in which an extraordinary power
had been granted. Upon this occafion, one of
the tribunes of the people, named Manilius, pa fled a

decree

» A. M. 3938. Ant. J. C. 66. Plut. m Pomp. p. 634. App.
p. 238. Dion. Caff. 1. xxxvi. p. 70.

* In iffo illo mslo gravtjjimaqut btlli offenfioney L. Lucullus qui tamem
aliqua ex parte lis incomnudit mederi fortafle potuiffet % vefiro jujfu coa£lux %
quod imperil diuturnituti modum ftatuendum, veteri excmf>lo y putavr/lis %
partem miUyum^Mt jam ftipendiis confetti* eranf, dimjit^ partem 4Ha&ri<vtJ
t'tdidit. Cjc. pro leg. ManiJ. n. 26.

*40 THE HISTORY"

decree to this effeft : " That Pompey, taking upon
** him the command of all the troops and provinces
•• which were under Lucullus, and adding to them
" Bithynia, where Acilius commanded, fliould be
•• charged with making war upon the kings Mithri-
•• dates and Tigranes, retaining under him all the
" naval forces, and continuing to command at fea
11 with the fame conditions and prerogatives as had
" been granted him in the war againft the pirates:
" That is to fay, that he mould have abfolute power
" on all the coafts of the Mediterranean, to thirty
" leagues diftance from the fea." This was, in
effeft, fubjetling the whole Roman empire to one
man.' For all the provinces which had not been
granted him by the tirft decree, Phrygia, Lycaoni,
Galatia, Cappadocia, Ciliciathe Higher, Colchis, and
Armenia, were conferred upon him by this fecond,
which included alfo all the armies* and forces, with
which Lucullus had defeated the two kings, Mithn*
dates and Tigranes.

Confideration for Lucullus, who was deprived oi
the glory of his great exploits, and in the place or
whom a general was appointed to fucceed more to
the honours of his triumph than the command of
his armies, was not, however, what gave the nobility
and fenate moil concern. They were well convince*)
that great wrong was done him, and that his fervices
were nor treated with the gratitude they deferved:
But what gave them mofl pain, and they could not
fupport, was that high degree of power to which Pom-
pey was raifed, which they confidered as a tyranny
already formed. It is for this reafon they exhorted
each other in a particular manner to oppofe this decree,
and not abandon their expiring liberty.

Ca?far and Cicero, who were very powerful at Rome,
fupported Manilius, or rather Pompey, with all their
credit. It was upon this occafion, the latter pro-
nonced that fine oration before the people, entitled,
•• Jboi the lawof Manilius." After having demonfirated,

in

or pontus. 141

"In the firft two parts of his difcourfe, the neceflity
and importance of the war in queftion, he proves, in
the third, that Pompey is the only perfon capable
of terminating it fuccefsfully. For this purpofe, he
enumerates the qualities neceflary to form a general
of an army, and (hows that Pompey poiTefles them
all in a (upreme degree. He infills principally up-
on his probity, humanity, innocence of manners, in-
tegrity, difintereftednefs, love of the public good :
'* Virtues, by fo much the more neceflary (fays he)
" as the * Roman name is become infamous and
44 hateful amongft foreign nations, and our allies, in
" effeQ: of the debauches, avarice, and unheard-of
" oppreffions of the generals and magiftrates wc fend
" amongft them, t Inftead of which, the wife, mo-
" derate, and irreproachable conduct of Pompey
<c will make him be regarded, not as fent from
'* Rome, but defcended from heaven, for the hap-
14 pinefs of the people. We begin to believe, that
" all which is related of the noble difintereftednefs of
" thofe ancient Romans is real and true ; and that it
" was not without reafon, under fuch magiftrates, that
4 * nations chofe rather to obey the Roman people than
•* to command others."

Pompey was at that time the idol ot the people,
wherefore the fear of difpleafing the multitude kept
thofe grave fenators filent, who had appeared fo well
inclined, and full of courage. The decree was au-
thor i fed by the fuffrages of all the tribes, and Pompey,
though abfent, declared abfolute mailer of almoft all

Sylla

• Difficile eft eb'&u, Quirites, qvanto in odio Jim us apud cameras na-
tiones, propter eorum, quos ad eas hoc anno cum imperio mijjitnus, injuria*
ae lib idi ties. Cic. pro leg. Man. n. 61.

+ Itaqve omner quidem nunc in bis locis Cn. Pompeium., Jtcut aliquem non
ax bac urbe miff urn, fed de carlo delapfum inluentur* Nunc denique inci-
fiunt credere fuijfe homines Romano* bac quondam abftinentid, quod jam
nat'ionibus carter b incredibile acfalfo memorise prod/ turn videbatur. Nunc
imperii nofiri fplendor ill is gentibus lucet : nunc in/etfigunt, non fine eaufa
majoresfuos turn, cum bac temperantid magijhatus habebamus fervire fo»
fulo Romano, quam imperare aliU mafaijfe. Ibid. n. 41.

14* THE HISTORY

SylU had ufurpcd by arms, and by making a •ruel
war upon his country.

x We muft not imagine, fays a very judicious
hiftorian, that either Caefar or Cicero, who took fo
much pains to have this law pafled, afted from views
of the public good. Caefar, full of ambition and
great projefts, endeavoured to make his court to* the
people, whofe authority he knew was at that time
much greater than the fenate's : he thereby opened
himfelf a way to the fame power, and farniiiarifed the
Romans to extraordinary and unlimited commiflions :
in heaping upon the head of Pompey fo many favours
and glaring diftinflions, he flattered himfelf that he
fhould at length render him odious to the people, who
would foon take offence at them. So that in lifting
hirn up, he had no other defign than to prepare a
precipice for him. Cicero alfo intended only his own
greatnefs. It was his weaknefs to defire to lord it
in the commonwealth, not indeed by guilt and vio-
lence, but by the method of perfuafion. Befides his
having the fupport of Pompey 's credit in view, he
■was very well pi eafed with mowing the nobility and
people^who formed two parties, and, in a manner, two
republics . in, the ftate, that he was capable of making
the balance incline to the fide he efpoufed. In confe-
quence, it was always, his policy to conciliate equally
both parties, in declaring fbmetimes for the one, and
fometimes for the other.

* Pompey, who had lately terminated the war
with the pirates, was ftill in Cilicia, when he re-
ceived letters to inform him of all the people had
decreed in his favour* When his friedd^ whe were
prefent, congratulated him, and expreffed their joy,
it is faid, that he knit his brows, ftruck bis thigh,
and cried out as if oppreffed by, and forry for, that new
command; " Gods ! what endjefs labours am I devoted

to?

x Dion. Caff. 1. xxxvi. p.. ao, %\. jf A. M, 3<#8. Ant. J- C„

66. Plut. in Pomp. 634 — 636. Dion. Caff. 1. axxvi. p. xz — 25.
Appian. p. 238.

OF PQWTUS. I43

to ? Had I not beetf more h^ppy as a man unknown
and inglorious ? Shall I never ceafe to make war, ngr
ever havje my arms off my back? Shall I .never
efcape the envy that perfecutes me, nor live at peace
in the country with my wife and children !"

This is ufually enough the language of the ambi-
tious, even of thofe who are moll exceflively a£tu-
ated by th^t pafiion. Bi^t, howeyer fuccefeful they
may be in impofing upon themfelves, it feldom hap-
pens that they deceive others ; and the public is fyr
from miftaking them. The friends of Pompey, and
even thofe who were moil intimate with him, could
not fupport his diflimulation at this time. For there
was not one of them who did not know, that his -
natural ambition and paflion for command, {till more
inflamed by his difference with Lucullus, made him
find a more exalted and fenfible fatisfaftion in the
new charge conferred upon him ; ' and his actions
loon took off the mafk, and explained his real fenti-
ments.

The firft ftep which he took upon arriving in the
provinces of his government was to forbid any obe-
dience whatfoever to the orders of Lucullus. In his
march he altered every thing, his predeceffor ha<J de-
creed. He discharged fome from the penalties Lu-
cullus had laid upon them ; deprived others of the
reward* he had given them ; in Ihort, his fole view
in every thing was to let the partifans of Lucullus
fee that they adhered to a man who had neither au-
thority nor power. * Strabo's uncle, by the mother's
fide, highly difcontented with Mithridates for hav-
ing put to death feveral of his relations, to avenge
himtelf for th^t cruelty, had gQne over to Lucullus,
and had given up fifteen places in Cappadocia to hitn.
Lucullus , loaded him with honours, and promifed
to reward him as fuch confiderable fervices deferved.
Pompey, far from having any regard for fuch juft ao4
reafonable engagements, which his predeceffor h«*d

entered

* ,

144 THE HISTORY

entered into folely from the view of the public good,
affe&ed an univerfal oppofitron to them, and looked
upon ail thofe as his enemies who had contracted any
friendftip with Lucullus.

It is not uncommon for a fucceffor to endeavour to
leflen the value of his predeceflbr's a&ions, in order
•to arrogate all honour to himfelf; but certainly none
ever carried that conduft to fuch monftrous excefs as
-Pompey did at this time, f His great qualities and in-
numerable con quefts are exceedingly extolled; but
fo bafe and odious a jealoufy ought to fully, or rather
'totally eclipfe the gl<*ry of them. Such was the man-
ner in which Pompey thought fit to begin.

Lucullus made bitter complaints of him. Their
common friends, in order to a reconciliation, con-
certed an interview between them. It pafled at GrA
with all poffible politenefs, and with reciprocal marks
of efteem and amity. But thefe were only compVi-
ments, and a language that extended no farther than
the lips, which cofts the great nothing. The heart
foon explained itfelf. The converfation growing warm
by degrees, they proceeded to injurious terms ; Pompey
reproaching Lucullus with his avarice, and Lucullus
Pompey with his ambition, in. which they fpoke the
truth of each other. They parted more incerifed, and
greater enemies than before.

Lucullus fet out for Rome, whither he carried a
great quantity of books, which he had collecled in his
conquefts. He put them into a library, which was
open to all the learned and curious, of whom it drew
about him in great numbers. They were received at
his houfe with all poffible politenefs and generality.
The honour of a triumph was granted to Lucullus, but
not without being long contefted.

* It was he who firft brought cherries la Rome,
which, till then, had been unknown in Europe. They
were called Cerafus, from a city of that name in Cap-
padocia,

Pompey
* PUn. U xv. c. 25.

OF PONTUS. I43

Pompey began, by engaging Pliraates king of the
Parthians in the Roman intereft. He has been fpoken
of already, and is the fame who was fur named the
God. He concluded an offenfive and defenfive alliance
with him. He offered peace alfo to Mithridates ; but
that prince, believing himfelf fure of the amity and
aid of Phraates, would not fo.much as hear it men-
tioned. When he was informed that Pompey had
prevented him, he fent to treat with him. But Pom*
pey having demanded by way of preliminary, that he
Ihould lay down his arms, and give up all deferters,
thofe propofals were very near occafiqping a mutiny
in Mithridates's army. As there were abundance of
deferters in it, ,they could / not fuffer any thing to be
faid upon delivering them up to Pompey ; nor would
the reft of the army confent to fee themfelves weak-
ened by the lofs ot their comrades. Mithridates Was
obliged -to tell them, that he had fent his ambafTadors
only to infpeft into the condition of the Roman army ;
and tolwear that he would not make peace with the
Romans either on thofe or on any other conditions.

Pompey, having diftributed his fleet in different
ftations, to guard the whole fea between Phoenicia
and the Bofphorus, marched by land again ft Mithri-
dates, who had flilt thirty thoufand foot, and two or
three thoufand horfe ; but did not dare however to
come to a battle. That prince was encamped very.
ftrongly upon a mountain, where he could not b$ r
forced ; but he abandoned it on Pojnpey's approach,
for want of water. Pompey immediately took pofV
feilion of it, and conjecturing, from the nature of
the plants and other figns, that there was anaburyjance
of iprings within it, he ordered wells to be dug, and
in an inftant the camp had water in aburidance #
Pompey. could not fufficiently- wonder how Iy^*thr\- ;
dates, for want of attention ai^ curipfitVj hSd bfjfliju
fo long ignorant of fo important; and n^fc/Iary ft re„
fource. . , ,■•.'.».. - rnow

Vol. X. H 0001%

I46 THE HISTORY

Soon after he followed him, encamped near him,
and (hut him up within good walls, which he carried
quite round his camp. They were a 1 mo ft eight * leagues
in circumference, and were fortified with good towers;
lit proper diftances from each other. Mithridates,
either through fear or negligence, fuffered him to finifh
his works. He reduced him in confequence to fiich
a want of provifions, that his troops were obliged to
fubfift upon the carriage-beafts in their camp. The
horfes only were fpared. After having fullained this
kind of fiege for almoft fifty days, Mithridates efcaped
by night, with all the beft troops of his army, having
firft ordered all the ufelefs and fick perfons to be killed.

Pompey immediately purfued him, came up with
him near the : Euphrates, encamped near him ; and ap-
prehending, that, in order to efcape, he would make
hafte to pafs the river, he quitted his entrenchments,
and advanced againft him by night in order of battle.
His defign was only to furround the enemy, to prevent
flieir flying, and to attack them at day-break the next
morning. But all his old officers made fuch intreaties
and remonftrances to him, that they determined hirn to
fight without waiting till day ; for the night was not
very dark, the moon giving light enough for diftin-
guifhing objefts, and knowing one another. Pompey
could not refufe himfelf to the ardour of his troops,
and led them on againft the enemy. The Barbarians
were afraid to ftand the attack, and fled immediately
in the utmoll confirmation. The Romans made a
great fteughter of them, killed them above ten thou-
land men', and took their whole camp.
• MiWfridates, with eight hundred horfe, in the be*
ginning tif the battle, opened himfelf a way fword in
harid through the Roman army, and went off. But
thbfe Wght hundred horfe foon quitted their ranks and
^n^erfed, and 'left hitn with only- three followers, of
whtcR nurnbeV'w'asHypiicratia, one of his wives, a
woman of mafculine courage and warlike boldnefs ;

4 which

* 150 ftadia.

which occasioned her being called HypGcraies *, bf
changing the termination of her name from the femu
nine to the mafculine. She was mounted that day up-
on a Perfian horfe, and wore the habit of a foldier of
that nation. She continued to attend the king, with*
out giving way to the fatignes of his long journies, or
being weary of ferving him, though fhe took care of
his horfe herfelf, till they arrived at a fortrefs, wherd
the king's treafures and mod precious cffefts laid.
There, after having diftributed the moft magnificent
of his robes to Rich as were aflembled about him, hit
made a prefent to each of hrs friends of a mortal poi-
fon, that none of them might fall alive into the hands
of their enemies, but by their own con fen t.

y That unhappy fugitive faw no other hopes for
him, but from his fon-in-law Tigranes. He fent am-
bafladors to demand his permiflion to take refuge in his
dominions, and aid for the re-eftablifhment ot his en-
tirely ruined affairs. Tigranes was at that time at war
<with his fon. He caufed thofe ambaffadors to beTeifed,
and thrown into prifon, and fet a price upon his fa*
ther-in-law's head, promifing a hundred * talents to-
whomfoever Ihould feizeor kill him; under pretence,
that it was Mithfidates wjio had made his fon take up
arms again It him ; but in reality to make his court to
the Romans, as we fhall foon fee.

Pompey, after the viftory he had gained, marched
fnto Armenia Major againft Tigranes. He found him
at war with the fon of his own name. We have ob»
fervedthat the king of Armenia had efpoufcd Cleo-
patra, the daughter of Mithridates. He had three
fens- by her, two of whom he had put to death without
reafon. The third, to efcape the cruelty of fo unna.
tural a fathet, had fled to Phraates, king of Parthia>
whofe daughter he had married* His father-in-law
carried him back to Armenia at the head of an army,
where they befieged Artaxata. But finding the place

H a very

* Ultra fcemijiam fe.rox. Tacit. y Plut. in Pom, p. Gjfj
*37« Appiatt. 242; ; Dion. Cait. 1. xzxvi. p. 25, a&

* A hundred thouiand crown*.

14& THE HISTORY

very ftrong, and provided with every, thing necefiary
for a good defence, Phraates left him part of the army
to carry on the fiege, and returned with the reft into
his own dominions. Tigranes the father foori after
fell upon the fon with all his troops, beat his army,
and drove them out of the country. That young
prince, after this misfortune, had defigned to with-
draw to his grandfather Mithridates. But on the way
. was informed of his defeat, and, having loft all hope
of obtaining aid from him, he refolved to throw him-
felf into the arms of the Romans. Accordingly, he
entered their camp, and went to Pompey to implore
his prote&ion. Pompey gave him a very good recep-
tlon, and was glad ot his coming ; for, being to carry,
the war into Armenia, he had occafion for fuch a guide
as him. He therefore caufed that prince to conduct
him dire£rly to Artaxata.

Tigranes, terrified at this news, and fenfible that he
was not in a condition to oppofe fo powerful an array,
refolved to have recourfe to the generofity and clemen*
cy of the Roman general. He put the ambafladors
fent to him by Mithridates into his hands, and fol-
lowed them dire&ly himfelf. Without taking any
precaution, he entered the Roman camp, and went to
fubmit his perfon and crown to the difcretion of Pom-
, pey and the Romans. * He faid, that of all the Ro-
mans, and of all mankind, Pompey was the only per-
fon in whofe faith he could confide ; that, in whatfo-
ever manner he mould decide, his .fate, he mould be
fatisfied ; that he was not aftiamed to be conquered by
a man whom none could conquer ; and that it was no
di (honour to fubmit to him, whom fortune had made
fuperior to all others.

When he arrived on horfeback near the entrench-

menu

* Mox ipfe fupplex & prafens fe regnumqut ditfonl ejus permifoi

prafatust neminem alium nequt Komanum utfue ulllus gentis virum
futurum fuij/e, cujus fe fidei comrniffitrus foret fumm €*. Pompeium.

Pyinde omnem fit' vtl adi/erfam vel fecundam, cujut au&or ille eflet,
fortunam % flerabilcmfuturam. No* ejj'e turpt ab eo vi*ci y quern sincere

tfftt nefats neyue ei inbonefe mfiquem fummitti, quern fir tuna fupet

emnex extulijptt. Vil. Patuc. 1. ii. c. 37.

OF PON TITS. 149

ments of the camp, two of Pompey's lienors came
out to meet him, and ordered him to difmount and
enter on foot ; telling him that no ft ranger had ever
been known to enter a Roman camp on horfeback*
Tigranes obeyed, tmgirt his fword, and gave it to the
iiSors; and after, when he approached Pompey,
taking off his diadem, he would have laid it at his
feet, and proftrated himfelf to the earth to embrace
his knees. But Pompey ran to prevent him, and
taking him by the hand, carried him into his tent*
made him fit on the right, and his fon, the young.
Tigranes, on the left fide of him. He after deferred
hearing what he had to fay to the next day, and in-
vited the father and fon to fup with him that evening*
The fon refufed to be therewith his father ; and as
he had not mown him the lead mark of refpecr. du-
ling the interview* and had treated him with the fame
indifference as if he had been a ftranger, Pompey
was very much offended at that behaviour. He did
not, however, entirely neglect his interefts in deter-
mining upon the affair of Tigranes. After having,
condemned Tigranes to pay the Romans * fix thou-
fand talents for the charges of the war he had made
againft them without caule, and to relinquish to then*
all his conquefts on that fide of the Euphrates, he
decreed, that he fhould reign in his ancient kingdom-
Armenia Major, and that his fon (hould have Gordi-
ana and Sophena, two provinces upon the borders of
Armenia, during his father's life, and all the reft of
his dominions after his death ; referving, however, to*
the father the treafures he had in Sophena, without:
which it had been impoflible for him to have paid the
Romans the fum Pompey required of him,.

The father was well iatisned with thefe conditions,
which ftill left him a crown. But the fon, who had
entertained chimerical hopes, could not relifh a decree:
which deprived him of what had been promifed him-
He was even fo much difcontented with it, that he

wanted^

* About 900,000!. fterling.

k

ISO THE HISTORY

wanted to efcape, in order to have excited new trou*
.bles. Pompey, who fufpefted his defign, ordered
him to be always kept in view ; and, upon his abfo.
lutely refufing to confent that his father fliould with-
draw his tieafures from Sophena, he caufed him to be
put into prifon. Afterwards, having difcovered that
tie folicited the Armenian nobility to take up arms,
and endeavoured to engage the Parthians to do the
fame, he put him amongft thofe he referved for his
triumph.

Some time after, Phraates, king of the Parthians,
fent to Pompey, to claim that young prince as hi*
fon-in-law ; and to reprefent to him, that he ought
to make the Euphrates the boundary of his conquefts.
Pompey made anfwer, that the younger Tigranes was
jnore related to his father than his father-in-law ; and
that as to his conquefts, he fliould give them fuA
founds as reafon and juflice required; but without
freJQg prefcribed them by any one..
. When Tigranes had been differed to poflefs him-
fclf of his trcafures in- Sophena, he paid the fix thou-
land talents, and befides that, gave every private fol-
dier fifty * drachmas, a + thoufand to a centurion,
and ten thoufand to each % tribune ; and by that libe-
rality obtained the title of friend and ally of the
Roman people. This had been pardonable,, had he
not added to it abjeft behaviour and fubmiflions un*
worthy of a king.

Pompey gave all Gappadocia to Ariobarzanes, and
added to it Sophena and Gordiana, which he had de-
figned for young Tigranes.

d After having regulated every thing in Armenia

Pompey marched northwards in purfuit of Mithri-

dates. Upon the banks of the |{ Cyrus he found the

' Albanians and Iberians, two powerful nations, fituatc

between the CafpianandEuxine feas, who endeavour-

^ , ed

' '" * Plut. in Pomp. p. 637. Dion. Caff. 1. x*xvi. p. tl—lh
Appian. p. 24, 25.

* About aas. + About 25I. fterling. % About 25c!. flerli&J.
I Called Cyruut alio by fome aufhori.

•r pontus. 151

*d to Hop him ; but he beat them, and obliged thf
Albanians to demand peace. He granted it, ana paffed
the winter in their country.

e The next year he took the field very early againft

the Iberians. This was a very warlike nation, and

had never been conquered. It had always retained it*

liberty, during the time that the Medes, Peruana*

and Macedonians, had alternately pofleffed the era*

pire of, AGa. Pompey found means to fubdue this

people, though not without very confiderable difficult

ties, and obliged them to demand peace. The king of

the Iberians Tent him a bed, a table, and a throne, all

of many gold ; de firing him to accept thofe prefentf

as earneils of his amity. Pompey put theiri into thf

hands of the quaeftors for the public treafury. He alfa

fubje&ed the people of Colchis, and made their king

Olthaces prifoner, whom he afterwards led in triumph,

¥rom thence he returned into Albania, to chaftife thai

nation for having taken up arms again, whilft lie wat

engaged with the Iberians and people of Colchis a

The army of the Albanians was commander by
Cofis, the brother of king Orodes. That prince, n%
foon as the two armies came to blows, confined him-
felf to Pompey, and fpurring furioufly up to him
darted his javelin at him. But Pompey received him
fo vigoroufly with his fpear, that it went through hia
body, and laid him dead at his horfe's feet. The.
Albanians were overthrown, and a great (laughter wat
made of them. This viftory obliged king Orodes to
buy a fecond peace upon the fame terms with that ha
had made with the Romans the year before* at the*
price of great prefents, and by giving one of his fona
a» an hoftage for his obferving it better than he had
done the former.

Mithridates, in the mean time, had pafled the win-
ter at Diofcurias, in the nortb-eaft of the Euxine fea«
Early in the fpring he marched to the Cimmerian
Bofphorus, through feveral nations of tho Scythians*

fome

• A. M. 3$39« 4»t. y C. 6$.

Ijl THE HISTORY

fome of which fuffered him to pafs voluntarily, and
other? were obliged to it by force. The kingdom of
the Cimmerian Bofphorus is the fame now called Crim-
Tartary, and was at that time a province of Mkhri-
dates's empire. He had given it as an appennage to
one of his Ions, named Machares. But that young
prince had- been fo vigoroufly handled hy the Romans,
whilft they befieged Sinope, and their fleet was in pof-
feflion of the Euxine fea, which laid between that city
and his kingdom, that he had been obliged to make a
peace with them, and had inviolably obferved it till
then. He well knew that his father was extremely
difpleafed with fuch conduct, and therefore very much
apprehended his prefence. In order to a reconcilia-
tion, he fent ambafladors to him upon his route, who
represented to him, that he had been reduced to a#
in that manner, contrary to his inclination, by the
neceffity of his affairs. But finding that his father
would not hearken to his reafons, he endeavoured to
fav^imfeJf by fea, and was taken byveffels fent ex-
pretsiy by Mithridates to cruife in his way. He chofe
rather to die than fall into his father's hands.

Pompey, having terminated the war in the North,
and feeing it impoffible to follow Mithridates in the
remote country into which he Jiad retired, led back
his army to the fouth, and on his march fubjefted
Dariu5,< king of the Medes, and Antiochus, king of
Comagena. He went on to Syria, and made himfelf
mailer of the whole empire. Scaurus reduced Coelo-
f/ria and Damafcus, and Gabinius all the reft of the
country, as far as the Tygris ; they were his lieute-
nant-generals. f Antiochus Afiaticus, fon of An-
tiochus Eufebes, heir of the houfe of the Seleucides,
who, by Lucullus's permiffion, had reigned four years
in part of that country, of which he had taken poffef-
fion when Tigranes abandoned it, came to folicit him
to re-eftablifh him upon the throne of his anceftors.
'But Pompey refufed to give him audience, and de-
prived
f Appian. in Syr. p. 2J3. Juilin. 1. xl. c. 2,

OF PONTUS. I££

S rived him of all his dominions, which he made *
Loman province. Thus, whilft Tigranes was left in-
pofieflion of Armenia, who bad done the Romans
great hurt, during the courfe of a long war, Anti-
ochus was dethroned, who had never committed the
leaft hoftility, and by no means deferved fuch treat-
ment. The reafon given for it was, that the Romans
had conquered Syria under Tigranes ; that it was not
juft that they fhould lofe the fruit of their viflory ;-
that Antiochus was a prince who had neither the-
courage nor capacity neceflary for the defence of the
country ; and that to put it into his hands, would be
to expofe it to the perpetual ravages and incurfions o£
the Jews, which Pompey took care not to do. In
confequence of this way of reafoning, Antiochus loft'
his crown, and was reduced tO'the neceffity of pa fling,
his life as a private perfon. * In him ended the empire
of the Seleucides, after a duration of almo(l< two hun-
dred and fifty years.

During theie* expeditions of the Romans in ^/ia^
great revolutions happened in Egypt. The Alexan-
drians, weary of their king Alexander, took up arms,.,
and, after having expelled him, called in Ptolomadus;
Auletes to fuppiy his place. That, hiflory will- bet
treated at large m the onfutng article.

h Pompev afterwards went to Daraafcus, where he.

regulated feverai affairs relating to Egypt and Judaea*.

During his refidence there, twelve crowned heads went..

thither to make their, court to him,. and were .all in the:

city at the fame time.

1 A fine contention between- the love * ofa fathers
and the duty of a fon was feen at this<time,xa very-
extraordinary conteft ia thofe <hy#> when the. moft:
horrid murders and parricides frequently opened the •
way to thrones. Ariobarzanes^kingot Gappadocia,.,
voluntarily refigned the crown in favour of his fon,,
and put the diadem on his heatLin. the.prcfence of

H 5 Pompey. .

CsA. M. ?9$9. Ant. J, €. 6$. * Plut. itiPdipp. p. 638, $$9*.

i ValyMax. I. ?, c. ^

*54 THB KlSTOltT

Pompey. The mofl fincere tears flowed in abundance
from the eyes of the truly afflifted fon for what others
would have highly rejoiced at. It was the fo!e*occafion
in which he thought dilbbedience allowable 5 and he
would have*perfifted in refnfing the fceptre, if Pom-
pey *s order J had not interfered, and obfiged him- at
length to ftibmit to paternal authority*. This is the
fecond example Cappadocia has inftanced of fo gene-
rous a drfpute. We have fpoken in its place of the
like conteft between the two Ariarathes.

As Mithridates was in poffeffibn of feveral flrong
places in Pontes and Cappadocia, Pompey judged it
neceffary to return thither in order to reduce them.
He made himfelf rflafter of almoft all of them m
confequence upon his arrival, and afterwards win-
tered at Afpis, a city of Ponttis. •

Stratonice, one of Mithridates's wives, furrehderei
a caftle of the Bofphorus, whith fte had in her keep,
ing, to Pompey, with the treafures concealed in k,
demanding only for recompence, if her fon Xiphares
fhould fall into his hands, that he fliould be reftored
to her. Pompey accepted only fuchof thofe prefents
as would ferve for the ornaments of temples. When
Mithridates knew what Stratonice had done, to re-
venge, her facility in furrendering that fortrcfs, which
he confidered as a treafon, he killed Xiphares in his
mother's fight, who beheld that fad fpe&acle from the
other fide of the ftrait.

Caina, or the new city, was the ftrongeft place in
Pontus, and therefore Mithridates kept- the greateft
part of his treafures, and whatever he had of greateft
value, rn that place, which he conceived impregnable.
Pompey took it, and with it all that Mithridates had
left in it. Amongft other things were found fecret
memoirs, written by himfelf, which gave a very good
light into his' character. In one part he had noted
down the perfons he had poifoned, amongft whom
were his own fon Ariarathes, and Alcaeus of Sardis ;
the latter, becaufe he had carried the pi-iee m the cha*

riot

» Nee ullumfinem tarn egreglum certamen habu'Jfet niji patrla vdunUti
muRontas Pompeii mdfuijjit. Val- Max. '

€SF PONTUS. 1$§

riot-race againft him. What fanttftical records were
thefe! Was he afraid that the public and pofterky
fhould not be informed of his monftroras crimes, and
his motives for committing them ?

k His memoirs of phytic were alfo found there,
^hich Pompey caufed to be translated in Latin by
JLenaeus, *a good grammarian, one of his freedmen ; ■
and they were afterwards made public in that lan-
guage. For, amengft the other extraordinary qualities
of Mithridates, he was very fkilful in medicines. It
was he who invented the excellent antidote which
ft ill bears his name* and from which Bhyficians have
experienced fuch effe&s, that they continue to. wfe it
fiiccefsfully to this day.

1 Pompey, during his flay at Afpis, made fuch.
regulations in the amiirs of the country, as the ftate
of them would admit. A^foon as the faring returns
ed, he marched back' into Syria for the lame purpofe*
He did not think -jit advifeable to purfup Mithridates-
in the kingdom of fiofphorus, whither he was return*
ed. To do ttett, he muft have marched round thd
Euxine fea with an arihy, and pa fled through many
countries, either inhabited by barbarous nations, or
entirely defert ; a vetfy dangerous enterprise, in which
he Would hav* run< great rifcjue of pertfhing;* So thad
all Pompey could do was to poft the Roman fleet. iw
fuch a mariner* as to intercept any convoys that mighft
be fent to Mithridates. He believed,* by that means,
he fhould be able to reduce him to the laft extremity ;
and faid, on fetting out* that he left Mithridates more'
formidable enemies than the Romans,, which were
hunger and necteffity.

What carried him with fo much ardour into Syria 1
was* his exceflive alnd vain-glorious ambition to pufi*>
his cohquefts as for as* the Red- fea-. In Spain, and*
before that in Africa, be had carried the Roman arms 5

as

k Plirf. 1. xxy. c. sou I A. M. 3^40. Ant. J. C.64. Tofeph.

Antiq. 1. xiv. 5, 6. Plut. in Pomp.' p. 639 — 641.' Dion. Caf. U
XXtfvii. p. 34— 36. Appian p.246 — Z51.

1£6 THE HISTORY

as far as the weltern ocean on both fides of the ftraita
of the Mediterranean. In the war again ft the Alba-
nians, be had extended his conquefts to the Cafpian
fea, and believed there was nothing wanting to his
glory, but to pufh them on as far a,s the Red- fea.
Upon his arrival in Syria, he declared Antioch and
Seleucia, upon the Orontes, free cities, and continued
his inarch towards Damafcus; from whence he de-
signed to have gone on againft the Arabians, and af-
terward to have conquered all the countries to the
Red- fea. , But an accident happened which obliged
him to fufpend all his projects, and to return into
Pontus.

Some time before, an embafly came to him from
Mithridates, king of Pontus, who demanded peace.
He propofed, that he mould be fuffered to retain his
hereditary dominions, as • Tigranes had been, upon
condition of paying a tribute to the Romans, and re-
figning all other provinces, Pompey .replied, that
then he mould a If© come in perfon, as Tigranes had
done.' Mithridates could not; confent to fuch a meari-
nefs, but propofed fending his children, and fome of
his principal friends. Pompey would not agree to
that. The negociation broke up, and Mithridates
applied -him felt to: making preparations for war with
as much vigour as ever. Pojnpey, who received ad-
vice of this aftivity, judged it neceiTary to be upon
t{ie fpot, in order to have an eye.to x every thing. For
that purpofe, he went to pafs fome time at Amifus,
the ancient capital of the country. There, through
the jufl punifhment of the gods, fays Plutarch, his
ambition made him commit faults, which drew upon
him he .blame of all the world* He had publicly
charged and reproached Lucullu$, that, fubfifting the
war, he had difpoied of provinces, given rewards, de-
creed honours, and afted.ia all dungs as vi&ors are not
accuftomed to aft, till a war be finally terminated ; and
now fell into the fame inconfiftency himfelf. For he
difpofed of governments, and divided the dominions

of

OF PONTUS. tiff

of Mithridates into provinces, as if the war had been-
at an end. But Mithridates ftill lived, and every tiling,
•was to be apprehended from a prince inexhauftible in
refources, whom the greateft defeats could not difcon*
cert, and whom loffes themfelves feemed to infpire
with new courage and to fupply with new forces. At
that very time, when he was believed to be entirely
ruined, he a&ually meditated a terrible invafion into
the very heart of the Roman empire with the troops he
had lately raifed.

Pompey, in the distribution of rewards, gave Arme*
nia Minor' to Dejotarus, prince of Galatia, who had
always continued firmly attached to the Roman inte-
refts during this war, to which he added the title of
king. It was this Dejotarus who, by always perfifting,.
out of gratitude, in his adherence to Pompey, incurred
the refentment of Caefar, and had occafion for the
eloquence of Cicero to defend him.

He made Archelaus alfo high-pried of the Moon,
who was the fupreme goddefs of the Comanians, and
gave him the fovereignty, of the place, which con-
tained at leaft fix thou fa nd perfons, all devoted to the
worfhip of that deity. I have already obferved, that
this Archelaus was the fon of him who had com-
manded m chief the troops fent by Mithridates into
Greece in his firft war with the Romans, and who,
being difgraced by that prince, had, with his fon,
taken refuge amongft them. They had always, from
that time, continued their firm adherents, and had
been of great ufe to them in the wars of Afia. The
father being dead, the high-priefthood of Cornana.
was given to the fon, in recompence for the fervices of
both.

During Pompey's flay in Pontus, Aretas, king of
Arabia Petraea, took the advantage of his abfence to
make incurfions into Syria, which very much diftreffed
the inhabitants. Pompey returned thither. Upon
his way he carrie to the place where laid the dead bodies
of the Romans killed in the -defeat of Triarius. He

caufcd

1g% THK HISTORY

caufed them to be interred with great folemmty, which
gained him the hearts of his foidiers. From thence
he continued his march towards Syria, with the view
of executing the projefts he had formed for the war of
Arabia : but important advices- interrupted thofe de-
figns. *

Though Mithridates had loft all hopes of peace,
after Pompey had rejefted the overtures he had caufed
to be made to him ; and though he faw many of his
fubjeQs abandon his party, far from lofing courage, he
had formed the defign of crofting Pannonia, and pair-
ing the Alps to attack the Romans in Italy itfelf, as
Hannibal had done before him : a project more bold
than prudent, with which his inveterate hatred and
blind defpair had infpired him. A great number of
neighbouring Scythians had entered themfelves in bfl
fervice, and confiderably augmented his* army. He
had fent deputies into Gaul to folic it that people to
join him, when he fhould approach the Alps. As
great paffions afre always credulous, and men eafily
flatter themfelves in what they ardently defire, he was
in hopes that the flame of the revolt among the flaves
in Italy and Sicily, perhaps ill extinguished, might
fuddenly rekindle upon his prefence : that the pirates
would (bow repofTeis themfelves of the empire of the
fea, and involve the Romans in new difficulties ; and
that the pnovinces, opprefled "by the avarice and cru-
elty of the magiftrates and generals, would be fond of
throwing off the yoke by his aid under which they
bad fo long groaned. Such were the thoughts that he
had revolved in his mind.

But) as to excute this pfojeft, it was neceflary to
march five hundred leagues, and traverfe the coun-
tries now called Little lartary, Moldavia, Wallachia,
Tranfylvania, Hungary, Stiria, Carinthia, Tirol-, and
Lombardy, and pafe three great rivers* the BoFyfthenes,
Danube, and ro, the idea alone of fo rude and
dangerous a march threw his army into fuch a ter-
ror, that* to prevent the execution of - his defign-,

they

OP PONTU3. 1$$

they confpired againft him, and chofe Pharnaces, his*
fon, king, who had been aftive in exciting the foldiers
to this revolt. Mithridates then, feeing himfelf aban-
doned by all the world, and that even his fon would
not fuffer him to efcape where he could, retired to his
apartment, and, after having given poifon to fuch of
hi* wives and daughters as were with him at that time,
he took the fame himfelf ; but, when he perceived that
it had not its effccr. upon him, he had recourfe to his
fword; The wound he gave himfelf not fufficing,
he was obliged to defire a Gaulifh foldier to put an
end to his hie. Dion fays, he wa3 killed by his own
fon.

m Mithridates had reigned fixty years, and lived
feventy-two. His greateft fear was to fall into the.
hands of the Romans, and to be led in triumph. To
prevent that misfortune, he always carried poifon about
rrim,_ in order to efcape that way if other means
Ihould fail. The apprehenfion . he was in, left his
fon mould deliver him up to Pompey, occasioned
his taking the fatal refolution he executed fo fud-
denjy. It was. generally faid, the.reafon that the
poifon did not kill him was his having taken an-
tidotes fo much, that his conftitutron was proof
againft it. But this 5s believed an error, and
that it is impoffible any remedy mould be an
univerfai antidote againft all the different fpecies of
poifon.

' Pompey was at Jericho in Pateftine, whither the
differences between Hyrcanus and Ariftobulus, of
which we have fpoken elfewhere, had carried him,
when he received the firft news of Mithridates 's
death. It was brought him by exprefles dtfpatched
on purpofe from Pontus with letters from his lieute-
nants. Thofe expreffes arriving with their lances
crowned with laurels, which was cuftomary only
when they brought advice of fome Vi&ory, or news
of great importance and advantage, the army was

very .

•A M. 3941. Ant. J. C. 63.

t6o THE HISTORY

very eager and folicitous to know what it was* A*,
they had only began to form their camp, and had
not erecled the tribunal from which the general,
harangued the troops, without flaying to raife one.
of turf, as was ufual, becaufe that would take up too
much time, they made one of the packs of their carriage,
horfes, upon which Pompey mounted without cere-
mony. He acquainted them with the death of
Mithridates and the manner of his killing himfelf,
that his fon Pharnaces fubmitted himfelf and domi-
nions to the Romans, and thereby that tedious war,.
which had endured fo long, was at length terminated. .
This gave bath the army and general great fubjeft to-
rejoice.

Such was the end of Mithridates ; a prince, fays *-
an hiilorian, of whom it is difficult either to fpeaJt
or be file {it : full of activity in war, of diftinguifhed
courage ; fometimes very great hy fortune, and
always of invincible refolution; truly a general in.
his prudence and counfel, and a foldier in a&ion
and danger; a fecond Hannibal in his hatred of the
Romans.,

Cicero fays of Mithridates, that after Alexander
he was the greateft of kings : B lilt rex pqft Altxan--
drum maximus* It is certain, that the Romans never
had fuch a king in arms againft them. Nor can we
deny that he had his great qualities, a vail extent
of mind, that afpired at every thing ; a fiiperiority
of genius, capable of the greateft undertakings ; a
conitancy of foul, that the ievereft misfortunes could-,
not deprefs; an induflry and bravery, inexhauftible
in refources, and which, after the greateft lofles^
brought him again on the ftage, on a fudden, more
powerful and formidable than ever. I cannot, how-
ever, believe, that he was a contaminate general ; „

that.

> Acadenu Qneft. 1. iv. n. 8.

* Vir tttque filenius ntque dheendux fine cttra i hello acerrlmus; vrrfut* •
eximlut ; a/iquattdo jar tuna femper animo maximus; confihit dux, «&* .
manus odio ii Rvmanes AnnttaL Vel. Paterc. 1. ii. 3. 18.

OF PONTUS. *6l

that idea does not feem to refult from his aftions*
He obtained great advantages at firit ; but againft
generals without either merit or experience. When*
Sylla, Lucullus, and Pompey, oppofed him, it does.
not appear he acquired any great honour, either by
his addrefs in polling himfelf to: advantage, by his
prefence of mind in unexpected emergency, or in-
trepidity in the heat of a 61 ion. But, ihould we admit
him to have all the qualities of a great captain, he
could not but be confidered with horror, when wo
refieft upon the innumerable murdeis and parricides
of his reign, and that inhuman cruelty which re-
garded neither mother, wives, children, nor friends*
and which facrificed every thing to his infatiable
ambition.

° Pompey being arrived in Syria, went direfily
to Damafcus, with defign to fet out from thence ta
begin at length the war with Arabia. When Aretas*
the king of that country, faw him upon the point of
entering his dominions, he fent an embafly to make
his fu bmiilions.

The troubles of Judaea employed Pompey fome
time. He returned afterwards into Syria, from
whence he fet out for Pontus. Upon his arrival at
Amifus, he found the body of Mithridates there,
which Pharnaces his fon had fent to him ; no doubt*
to convince Pompey by his own eyes of the death of an
enemy who had occasioned him fo many difficulties'
and fatigues. He had added great pre fent s v in order
to incline him in his favour. Pompey accepted the
prefents ; but for the body of Mithridates, looking*
upon their enmity to be extinguished in death, he did
it all the honours due to the remains of a king, fent it
to the city of Si nope to be interred there with the
kings of Pontus, his anceftocs,. who had long been bu-
ried in that place, and ordered the fums that were-
neceffary for the folemnity of a royal funeral.

la

• Jofepli. Antiq. 1. xiv. c. 4, 8, St de Bell. Jucf. 1, 5. Plut. ia
Pomp. p. 641. Appian. p. 250. Dion. Caff. 1. xxxvi. p. 35

*6* THE BISTORT

In this laft journey he. took pofleflion of all the

E laces in the hands of thofe to whom Mithridates
ad confided them* He found immenfe riches in
{bras of them; efpecially at Telaurus., where part of
Mithridates's moft valuable effects and precious
jewels were kept: his principal, arfenal was alfo
in the famfe place. Amongft thofe rich things
were two thoufand cups of onyx, fet and adorned
with gold ; with fo prodigious a quantity of all kinds
of plate, fine moveables,' and furniture of war foi
man and horfe, that i^ coft the quaeflor or treafure*
of the army thirty days entire in taking the inventory
of them. %

Pompey granted Pharnaces the kingdom of Bof-
phorus, in reward of his parricide, declared hirh th«
• friend and ally of the Roman people, and marched
into the province of Afia, in order to winter at Ephe-
fus. He gave each of his foldiers 'fifteen hundred
drachmas (about 37I. fierlins] and to the officers
according to their feveral pofls. The total fum to
which his liberalities amounted, all raifed out of tho
fpoils of the enemy, was fixteen thoufand talents; that
is to fay, about two million four hundred thoufand
pounds ; befides which, he had twenty thoufand more
(three millions), to put into the treafury at Rome, upon
the day of his entry.

p His triumph continued two days, and was celebrated
with extraordinary magnificence. Pompey caufed
three hundred and twenty-four captives of the higheft
diftin&ion to march before ' his chariot ; amongft
whom were Ariftobulus, king of Judaea, with his fon
Antigonus ; Olthaces, king of Colchus ; Tigranes, the
fon of Tigranes, king of Armenia ; the filler, five fons,
and two daughters, of Mithridates. For want of that
king's perfon, his throne, fceptre, and gold bufto of
eigla cubits, or twelve feet, in height, were carried in-

triumph.

BOOK

P A-. M. 3943. Ant. J, C. 61.

BOOK THE TWENTY-THIRD.

j i 'i i m tm

«

THE

HISTORY

« OF

EG Y V T-

SfiCT. I. Ptolemaus AuleUs had been placed upon tkq
thrxmt of Evypt in the room of Alexander ; lie is de*
dared tke friend and ally of the Roman people by th$
credit ofCa/ar and Pompey, which he purchafes at of
very great price* Irt-con/equence, he loads his [ubjeSs
with impo/ts. He is expelled the throne. The Alex*
andrians make his daughter Berenice queen. H&

foes, to Rome, and, by money, obtains tke voices of tke
eads of the commonwealth for his re-eftablifh/nent*
He is oppofed by an oracle of tke Sibyl's: notwithjtand-
ing which, Gabinius Jets him upon the throne by
force of arms \ where he remains till his death. The*
famous Cleopatra, and her brother, very young, fuc-
ceedkim.

* "V\7^ k ave f een * n wna * manner Ptolomaens
* * Auletes afcended throne of Egypt. Alex-
ander, his predeceflbr, upon his being expelled by
his fubjefts, withdrew to Tyre, where he died forae
time after. As he left no iffue, nor any other le-

gitimate prince of the blood-royal, he made the
Loman people his heirs. The fenate, for the reafons
I have repeated el fe where, did not judge it proper,

at

* A. M. 3939. Ant. J. C. 65. Vol. IX.

1&| T HE HISTORY

at that time to take pofleflion of the doirujiions
left them by Alexander's will ; but, to fhow that they
did not renounce their right, they refolved to call
in part of the inheritance, and fent deputies to Tyre to
demand a fum of money left there by that king at his
death.

The pretenfions of the Roman people were under
no reftriftions ; and it had been, a very insecure efta-
blifhment to pofTefs a ftate to which they believed they
had fo juft a claim, unlefs feme means were, found to
make tnera renounce it. All the kings of Egypt
had been friends and allies of Rome. To get him-
fclf declared an ally by the Romans was a certain,
means to his being authentically acknowledged king
of Egypt by them. But, by now much the more
important that qualification was to him, fo much
ihe more difficult was it for him to obtain it. Hii
predeceftbr's will was ftill freih in the memory oi
«very body ; and, as princes are feldom pardoned for
defects, which do not fuit their condition, though
they are often fpared for thofe that are much more
hurtful, the furname of Player on the Flute, which he
had drawn upon himfelf,. had ranked him as low in
ihe efteera ot the Romans as before in that of the
Egyptians. . ^

b He did not,, however, defpair of fuccefs in his
undertakings. AH the methods, which he took for
the attainment of his end,, were along time ineffec-
tual ; and it is likely. they would always have been
fo, if Caefar had never been conful. Thaj ambitions
fpirit, who believed all means and expedients juft
that conduced to his ends, being immenfely in debt,
and finding that king difpofed to merit by money
what he could not obtain by right, fold him the al~
liance of Rome, at as dear a price as he was willing
to buy it; and received for the purchafe, as well for
himfelf as for Pompey, whofe credit was neceflary to

* him

' * Sueton. in Jul. C«sf. c. liv. Dion. Caff. I. xxxix p. 97. Strab.
1. xvii. p. 796,

OF ECYpf. 16$

him for obtaining the people's content, almoft fix
thou fa nd talents, that is to fay, almoft nine hundred '
thoufand pounds. At this price he was declared the
friend and ally of the Roman people.

e Though that prince's yearly revenues were twice
the amount of this furn, he could not immediately
raife the money without exceedingly overtaxing his
fubjefts. They were already highly difcontented by
his not claiming the Hie of Cyprus as an ancient ap-
pennage of Egypt, and, in cafe of rcfufal, declaring
war again ft the Romans. In this difpofition, the ex*
traordinary impofts he was obliged to ex aft having
finally exafperated them, they rofe with fo much^vio-
lence, that he was forced to fly for the fecurity of his
fife- He concealed his route fo well, that the Egyp-
tians either believed, or feigned to believe, that he
had perifhed. They declared Berenice, the eldeft
of his three daughters, queen, though he had two
tons, becaufe they were both much younger than
her.

d Ptolemy, however, having landed at the ifle
of Rhodes, which was in his way to Rofhe, was in-
formed that Cato, who, after his death was called
Cato of Utica, was alfo arrived there fome time be-
fore. That prince, being glad of the opportunity to
confer with him upon his own affairs, fent immedi-
ately to let him know his arrival, expecting that he
would come direftly to vifit him. We may here fee
an inftance of Roman grandeur, or rather haughtinefs.
Cato ordered him to be told, that, if he had any
thing to fay to him, he might come to him if he
thought fit. Cato did not vouchfafe fo much as to
rife when Ptolemy entered his chamber, and, faluting
h»m only as a common man, bacle him fit down.
The king, though in fome confufion upon this recep-
tion, could not but admire how fo much haughtinefs
and Hate could unite in the fame perfon with the fimpli-
city and modefty that appeared in his habit and all his

equipage.

• A. M. 3946. Ant. J. C. 58. 4 Plut. in Cato Utic. p. 776.

l66 THE HISTOUT

equipage. But he was very much furprifed, when,
upon explaining himfelf, Cato blamed him, in dired
terms, for quitting the fin eft kingdom in the world ; to
cxpofe himfelf to the pride and infatiable avarice of the
Roman grandees; and to fuflfer a thoufand indignities.
He did not fcruple'to tell him, that, though he fhould
fell all Egypt, he would not have fufficient to fatisfy
their avidity. He advifed him, therefore, to return to
Egypt, and reconcile himfelf with hisfubjefts ; adding,
that he was ready to accompany him thither, and offer-
ing him his mediation and good offices.

Ptolemy, upon this difcourfe, recovered as out of
a dream, and having maturely confidered what the
wife Roman had told him, perceived the error he had
committed in quitting his kingdom, and entertained
thoughts of returning to it. But the friends he had
with him, being gained by Pompey to make him go to
Rome (one mayeafilyguefs with what views) diffuaded
him from following Cato's good council. He had
time enough to .repent it, when he found himfelf in
that proud city reduced to folicit his bufinefs from gate
to gate like a private perfon.

e Caefar, upon whom his principal hopes were
founded, was not at Rome : he was at that time
snaking war in Gaul. But Pompey, who was there,
gave him an apartment in His houfe, and omitted no-
thing to ferve him. Befides the money he had re-
ceived from that prince, in conjundion with Caefar,
Ptolemy had formerly cultivated his friendship by
various fervices which he had rendered him during
the war with Mithridates, a-nd had maintained eight
thoufand horfe for him in that of Judaea. Having,
therefore, made his Complaint to the fenate of the re-
bellion of his fubje&s, he demanded that they (hould
oblige them to return to their obedience, as the Ro«
mans were engaged to do by the alliance granted
him. Pompey 's ia&ion obtained him their compli-
ance.

* « Dion. Caff. 1. xxxix. p. 97, 98. Plin. 1. xxxiii. c. 10. Cic. a4
Famil. 14. in Piib. a. 4S— 30. Id. pn>€«l. *». »3, 24.

&f EOYFT. 167

&nce« The conful Lentulus, to whom Cilicia, fepa-
rated from Egypt only by the coaft of Syria, had fallen
-by lot, was charged with the re-eitabiifliment of
I*totemy upon the throne.

f But, before his confulfhip expired, the Egyptians
having been informed that their king was not dead, as
they believed, and that he was gone to Rome, fent
thither a folemn embaffy, to juftify the revolt before
the fenate. That embafly confifted of more than a
hundred perfons, of whom the chief was .a celebrated
pbilofopher, named Dion, who had confiderable friends
at Rome. Ptolemy, having received advice of this,
found means to deftroy mod of thofe ambafTadors,
either by ppifon or the fword, and intimidated thofe fo
much whom he could neither corrupt nor kill, that
they were afraid either to acquit themfelves of their
coram iflion, or to demand juftice for fo many mur-
ders. But, as all the world knew this cruelty ,' it
made him as highly odious as he was before con-
temptible : and his immenfe profufions, in gaining
the pooreft and moft felf-interefted fenators, became fo
public, that nothing elfe was talked of throughout the
city.

So notorious a contempt of the laws, and fuch an
excefs of audacity, excited the indignation of all the
perfons of integrity in the fenate. M. Favonius, the
ftoic philofopher, was the firft in it who declared
himfelf againft Ptolemy. Upon his requeft it was
refclved, that Dion ftiould be ordered to attend, in
order to their knowing the truth from his own
mouth. Bui the king's party, com po fed of that of
Po«ipey and Lentulus, of fuoh as he had corrupted
-with money, and of thofe who had lent him fums td
corrupt others, afted fo openly in his favour, that Dion
did not dare to appear ; and Ptolemy, having caufed
him alfo to be killed fome fmall time after, though he
who did the murder was accufed juridically, the king

was

f A. M. 3947. Ant J. C 57.

4G& THE HISTORY

Was difcharged of it, upon maintaining, that he had juft
caufe for the aft ion.

Whether that prince thought that nothing further
at Rome demanded his prefence, or apprehended re-
ceiving fome affront, hated as he was, if he continued
there any longer, he fet out from thence fome few
.days after, and retired to Ephefus, into the temple
of the goddefa, to wait there the decifion of his
deftiny.

His affair, in effeft, made more noife than ever at
Rome, One of the tribunes of the people, named
C Cato, an aQive, enterprifing young man, who did
not want^eloquence, declared himfelf> in frequent ha-
rangues, againft Ptolemy and Lentulus, and was heark*
ened to by the people with fingular pleafure and extra*
ordinary applaufe,

g In order to put a new fcherae in motion, he waited
till the new confuls were elected, and as foon as Len-
tulus had quitted that office, he propofedto the people
an oracle of the Sibyl's, which imported, " If a king
of Egypt, having occafion for aid, applies to you, you
(hall not refufe him your amity : but, however, you
ihall not give him any troops ; for if you do, you will
fuffer and hazard much."

The ufual form was to communicate this kind of
oracles fivft to. the fenate, in order that it might be
examined, .whether they were, proper to be divulged.
But Cato, apprehending* that the king's faction might
occafion the pa fling a refolution there to fupprefs this
which Was* fo oppoGte to that prince, immediately
prefented the prieits, with whom the facred books were
depofitcd, to the people, and obliged them, by the au-
thority which his office of tribune gave him, to expofe
what they had found in them to the public, without
demanding the fenate's opinion.

This was a new ftroke of thundtr to Ptolemy and
Lentulus. The words of the Sybil weie too expreis
not,.to make all the impreilion upon the vulgar, which

their

I A. M. 3948. Ant. J. c. 56.

6

OF EGYPT. l6g

tfceir enemies, defined. So that Lentulus, whofe qonful-
JDiip was expired, nqt being willing to receive the affront
to his face, of having the fenate s decree revoked, by
which he was appointed to re-inflate Ptolemy, fet out
immediately for his province, in quality of proconful.

He was not deceived. Some days after, one of the
new confuls, named Marcellinus, the declared enemy
of Pompey, having propofed the oracle to the fenate,
it was decreed, that regard mould be had to it, and that
it appeared dangerous for the commonwealth to re.
eftabfim the Iprtg of Egypt by force.

We mull not berieve there was any perfon in the
fenate fo fimple, or rather. fo ftupid, to nave any faith
in fuch an oracle. Nobody doubted, but that it had
teen contrived for the prefent con j unsure, a?id was
the work of fome fecret intrigue of policy. But it had
been publiflied and approved in the ^ffembly of the
people, credplous and fuperftitious to fcxeefs, auA the
fenate could pafs no other judgment upon It. ;

This new incident obliged Ptolemy .to* change his
meafures. • Seeing that Lcntu4us had. , too many ene-
mies at Rome, he abandoned the decree by which he
had been qommiflioned for his re-eftablifhment, and
demanding by Ammonius, his ambaflador, whom he haU
left at Rome, that Pompey mould be appointed to
execute the fame commiffion ; fcecaufe, it not being
poffible to execute it with open force, upon account ot
the oracle, he judged, with reafon, that it was neceffary
to fubftitute, in the room of force, a perfon of great
authority : and Pompey was at that time at the higheft
pitch ot his glory, from his fuccefs in having deftroyed
Mithridates^ the greateft and rhofl powerful king Ana
had feen fince, A^e^an^er. "'

The affair was deliberated upon in the {fendte*, and
debased with great vivacity by the different parties that
rofe up in it. h The difference of opinions caufed
feveral fittings to be loft without any determination.
Cicero never quitted the iatereft of Lentulus, his inti-
V^i*. -X. I mate

' •- * Cic. ad. Ta»il. 1. 1# Epfat. 7.

l?G THE HISTORY

mate friend, who, during his con fulfil ip, had infinitely
.contributed to his being recalled from banifliment.
Bat what means were there to render him any fervice,
in the condition things ftood ? And what could that
proconful do again ft a great kingdom, without ufing
the force of arms', which was exprefsly forbad by the
oracle ? In this manner thought people of little wit
and fubtilty, that were not ufed to confider things in
different lights. The oracle only prohibited * giving
the Icing any troops for his re-eftablifhment. Could
not Lentulus have left him in fome place near the
frontiers, and went, however, with a good army to be-
ficge Alexandria. After he had taken it he might
have returned, leaving a ftrong garrifon in the place,
and then fent the king thither, who would have found
all things difpofed for his reception without violence
or troops. This was Cicero's advice; to confirm
which,! {hall repeat his own words, taken from a
letter written by him at that time to Lentulus : *' You
M are the beft judge (fays he) as you are mafter of
** Cilicia and Cyprus, of what .you carf undertake and
•* effeft. if it feeras praQicable for you to take Alex-
" andria, and poflefs yourfelf of the reft of Egypt,

,*• it is, without doubt, both for your own and the
44 honour of the commonwealth, that you (hould go

i" thither with your fleet and army, leaving the king at
** Ptolemais, or in fome other neighbouring place:
41 in order that, after you have . appeafed the revolt,
44 and left good garrifons where neceflary, that prince
41 may fafely return thither. * In this manner you will
44 re-inftate him, according to the fenate's firft decree,
44 and he be reftored without troops, which our zealots
41 allure us is thefenfe of the Sibyl." Would one be-
lieve that a grave magi it rate, in an affair fo important
as that in the prefent queftion, (hould be capable of
an evafion, which appears fo little confiflent with the

: * , integrity

■> , *

* Um fire ttt per te refiituatur^fttemaJmodum initio fcnatut <tnf*it ; &
fine multitudine rcducatur ffemaimidm Semijtu yelifRf Si by 11* platen

OF EGYPT. 171

integrity and probity upon which Cicero valued him-
fell? It was becaule he reckoned the oracle only pre-
tended to be the Sybil's, as indeed it Was, that is to
fay # a mere contrivance and impofture.

Lentulus, flopped by the difficulties of that enter*
prife, which were great and real, was afraid to engage
in it, and took the advice Cicero gave him in the con-
clusion of his, letter, where he reprefented, "That
* • all * the world would judge "of his conduft from the
" event : that therefore he nad only to take his mea-
" fures Co well, as to allure his fuccefs ; and, that
** otherwife, he would do better not to undertake it."

Gabinius, who commanded in Syria in the quality

of proconful, was lefs apprehenfive and cautious.

Though every procpnful was prohibited by an exprefs

law to quit his province, or declare any war whatfoc;ver,

even upon the neaieft borderer, without an exprefs

order of the fen ate, he had marched to the aid of Mi-

thridates, prince of Parthia, expelled Media by the

king, his brother, which kingdom had fallen to him

by divifion. ' He had already pafTed the Euphrates

with his army for that putpofe, when Ptolemy joined

him with letters from Ponipey , their common friend and

patron, who had very lately been declared conful for the

year enfuing. By thofe letters ue conjured Gabinius

to do his utmoft in favour of the propofals that prince

fhould make him, with regard to his re-eftablifhment in

ids kingdom. However dangerous that conduft might

be, the authority of Pompey, and, Hill more, the hope of

confiderable gain, made' Gabinius begin to waver. The

lively remonftrances of Antony, who fought occafion*

to fignalize himfelf, and was befides inclined to pleafe

Ptolemy, whofe intreaties flattered his ambition, fully

determined him. This was the famous Mark Antony,

who afterwards formed the fecond triumvirate with

Odavius and Lepidus. Gabinius had engaged him to

I 2 follow

i A. M. 3949. Ant. J. C. 55. Appian. in Syr. p. 1*0. & in Part h.
p. 134. rlui. in Anton, p. 916, 917. m

♦ /J r evewtu bimrtes de ttto eo-Jify tffe judicatures, v'idemus *-Nos fvi4em

hoc fentimut ; Ji otfloratvm tiki Jit, fojji tt Ulius rtgmjntiri, mm t£i cutifl**-
dum ; Jin dubum run effe cons/idum.

,472 HJE HISTORY

follow him ifltO'-jifyria, by giving him the command
of his cavalry.' Tn^niofe dangerous the cpterprife,
the more* rigfit-Gabinius thought he bad to make Pto-
lemy pay dear for it. The latter, who found no dif-
ficulty in agreeing to any terms, offefed him for hitnfelf
and the army ten thoularid talents, or fifteen hundred
thoufand -pounds, the greateft part to be advanced im-
mediately in ready money, and the reft as foon as he
. mould be -re-inflated. Gabinrus accepted the dffer
without hefitation,

k Egypt had continued under the government of
<iueen Berenice, As foon as Ihe afcended the throne,
. *he Egyptians had Tent to offer the crown, and Berenice,
to Antiochus Afiaticus, in Syria, who, on his mother
•Selena's fide, was the neareft heir male. The ambaf-
fadors found him dead, and returned: tjiey brought
.an account, that his brother Sdeucus, furnam£4 yy-
•fcioCaftes, was fiill alive. The fame bffibrs were made
to him, which he accepted. Hfc was a prince of mean
and fordid inclinations, and had no thoughts but of
amaffing money. His firft -care was to caufe the body
of Alexander the Great, to be put into a coffin of glals
in order to feife that of gold, in which it had lain un-
touched till then. This aftion, and many others of a
like nature, having rendered him equally odious to his
queen. and fut}je&£, (he caufed him to be ftrangled foon
after. He was the lafl; prince of th6 race ot the Se-
leucides. She afterwards efpoufed Archelaus, high
.jmeft, of Comana in Pontus, who called himfelf the
. fon of the great Mithridates, though, in effeQ, only
. the fon of that prince's chief general.

1 Gabinius, after having re-pafled the Euphrates,

,.and croffed Pateftine, marched dire&ly in to* Egypt.

v What was moft to be feared in this war, was the way

by which they muft neceflarily march to Pelufiurtl ;

for they could not avoid palling plains, covered with

fands

* Stt^b- Ii-iliu p. pt. Id. 1. xyu. p., 794— 7*6. Dion % 1. xxxlx.
m. 1 15. 117. Cic. in Fifam jr. 49, 50. * Pln$* ifl Anton, p.

1 4*6, $17.

or ECYPT.* 173*

fairds of fudi J a deptlf ars was* tertnble to think on, and
fodry, that there was not afingle drop of water, the •
the whole length- of the moors of Serbonida. Antony,
who was fent before with the horfe, not only feifed .
thepafles, but having taken Pelufium, the key of
Egypt on that fide, with the whole garrifon, he made
the way fecure* for the reft of the army, and gave his
general great hopes of the expedition,

The enemy found a cdnfiderable advantage in the'
ddire of glory which poffefled' Antony. For Pto-
lemy was no fooner entered Pelufium, than, out of
the violence of his hate and rcfentment, he would
nave put all the Egyptians in it to the fword. But
Antony, who rightly judged 5 that that aft of cruelty
would revert upon himfelf, oppofed it, and prevented
ftoletny from executing his defign. In all the battles

*Mt encounters- which immediately followed one an.

wicr,he not, only gave proofs of nis great valour, bu*
♦ diftingwflieaV hhirfelf by ail the conduft of a great

fpK/al;

As foonr as Gabinios received advice. of Antony's-
8°o<f fdecefs, he entered the heart of Egypt. . It was-'
*« winter, when, the waters- of- the Nile are very low,
}»c.propereft time in confeqaence for the conqueft of
J; ".Archelaus, who was brave, able,- and- experienced*
"t^all tHatcduld be. dotie ra hts defence, and difputed
™ ground very weH with the enemy. After he quit-
ted the city, in order to march agamft the Romany
*hw it was neceflary to eneamp and break ground
wthe entrenchments; the Egyptians; ace u (tamed to-
livean-idle and voJuptuotjs-Kfe, railed ati outcry, Aaft
Archelatrs* mould* employ. the ntercenaries-in-'fuch work
& the " expellee* of the pubffc. What could- be etf*-
peflcd from ftich- troops in a tertde? They were^ ia
effeftj foon put to the rout. Archefou* was killed
fighting vaKantly. Antony, who* had been his par^
ticular friend and gueft; having foimd hit body upon«
the field >oF tattle; adorned it in a royal 1 ma»ni*er k andf
folemnized his obfequies with great magnificence. By

•2* . -. ' x " this

\

174 - TH£ HISTORY

this a&ion be left behind him a great name in Alex-
andria, and acquired, amongft the Romans who ferved
with him in this war, the reputation of a man of fin-
gular valour and exceeding generofity.

Egypt was foon reduced, and obliged to receive
Auletes, who took entire pofleflion of his dominions.
In order to ftrengthen him in it, Gabinius left him
fome Roman troops for the guard of his perfon. Thofe
troops contrafted at Alexandria the manners and cuf-
toms of the country, and gave into the luxury and
effeminacy which reigned there* in almoft every city.
Auletes put his daughter Berenice to death, for having
worn the crown during his exile ; and afterwards got
rkl, in the fame manner, of all the rich perfons who
had been of the adverfe party to him. He had occa-
fion for the confiscation of their e Rates, to make up
the Turn he had protnifed to Gabinius, to whofe aid he
was indebted for his re-eftabliihment.

m The Egyptians fuffered all thefe violences with-
out murmuring. But, fome days after, a Roman fol-
dier having accidently killed a cat, neither the fear of
Gabinius, nor the authority of Ptolemy, could prevent
the people from tearing him to pieces upon the fpot,
to avenge the inJTult done to the gods of the country ;
for cats were of that number.

■ * Nothing further is known in relation to the life .
of Ptolemy Auletes, except that C. Rabirius Pollhu-
raus, who .had either lent him, or caufed to be lent
lijm, the great eft part of the fums he had borrowed
at Rome, having gone to him, in order to his being
paid when he was entirely re- inflated, that prince gave
hjra to underftand that he defpaired of Satisfying him,
unlefs he would confent to take upon him the care of
hj$ revenues, by which means^ he might re-imburfe
himfeJf by little and little with his own hands. The
unfortunate creditor having accepted that offer out of
fcdr'of lofmg his debt if he refufed it, the king foon
found a colour for caufing him to be imprisoned,.

though

i

* t . >

* ...J" -DM. Sic* l.T. p. 74, 75- ■ .Cic. pro Rabir. PoiUi.

OF EGYPT, 175

though one of the oldeft and deareft of Cacfar's friends,
and though Pompey was in foirlfe meafure fecurity fo^|
the debt, as the money was lent, and the obligations .
executed in his pre fence, and by his procurement,, in a
country-houfe of his. near Alba.

Rabirius thought himfelf too happy in Being able to
efcape f(om prifon and Egypt* more miferable than he,
went thither*. To complete his diigrace, he was profe-,
cuted in form as Toon as he returned to Rome, for
having aided Ptolemy in corrupting the fcrfa<e r by the;
funis he had lent him for that ufe ; of having di (ho-
noured his quality of Roman knight, by the employ-
ment he had accepted in Egypt ; and, laJUy, of having
(hared in the money which Gabinius brought from'
thence, with whom, it was alledged, he had a fellow-
feeling. Cicero's difcourfe in his defence, which we
ftill have, is an eternal monument oi the ingratitude,
and perfidy of this unworthy king.

• Ptolemy Auletes died in the peaceable pofleffiori
of the kingdom of Egypt, about four years after his
re-eliabliQiment. He left two fons and two daughters.
He gave his crown to the elded fon and daughter/
and ordered by his will, that they (hould marry toge-
ther x according to the cufiom of that houfe, and go-
vern jointly. And* becaufe they were both very young
(for the daughter, who was the eldeft, was only ieven-
teen. years of age) he left them under the tuition of
the. Roman fenate. This was the famous Cleopatra,,
whofe hiftory it remains for us to relate!. r We find
the people appointed Pompey the young king's guar T
dian, who fome years after fo bafely ordered him to be
put to death. .7

• A. M. $$Sh An t. J- C. $1. Caefrr. dc Belle Civ. 1. tfi.

• t Eutrop. 1. vi.

Sect.

t?6 THE HISTORY

Sect. II. Pothinusand Achillas, miniflers'of thfyotrnr
ting, expel Cleopatra. She raifes troops to rc-ejicAlijk
herjelf Pompey, after having been overtkrozvn at
Pharfalia, retires into Egypt. He is aJTaffinated there.
Cafar, whn purfued him, arrives at Alexandria^ zvhere
he is informed of his death, which hefeems to lament.
He endeavours to reconcile the brother and fifter, and
for that pur po/e fends for Cleopatra, of whom ke foon
becomes crtamoitred. Great Comviotions arife at Alex-
andria, and fever al battles are fought between the
Egyptians and Cafar' s troops, wherein the latter have
almofl always the advantage. The king having been
drowned in flying after afea-fight, all Egypt fubrmts to
Cafar. He fits Cleopatra, with her younger brother*
upon* the throne, and returns to Rome.
* -
«' T ITTLE is known* of the beginning of Cteo-
'•***' paftiVs arid* her brother's reign': That priAce
was a minor, under the tuition of Pbthinus the eu-
nuch, and of Achillas, the general of his army. Thofe
two minifters, no doubt, to engrofs all affairs to thern-
ft'lvts, had deprived Gleopatray iri the king's name, of
the fh&re in the foverergnty left her fey the \giH-of .
Aiilfctfes; Injured irr this nianner, the w$nt into Syria
and Paleftine to raife troops in thofe countries; hrbrde*
tof affert Ker rights by force of arms.
* It was exaftly at this coniun&ure of the dHfaferitirf
between the brother arid niter, that Portrpey, after
having loft the battte of PharfahV, ffccf to Egypt;
conceiving, that he fhould frnd thd*e~ an: open arid
allured afylum in his misfortunes. He had beett. tfci
proteftpr of Auletes, the father of the reigning king,
and'it -Was fdteiy to his credit h£ was ilrirdtebtecl for his
re-eftablifhment. He was in hopes of finding the fon
grateful, and of being powerfully afMed by him.

When

* A. M. 3956. Ant. J. C. 48. Plut. in Pomp. p. 659 — 662. id.
in C*f. p. 730, 73i- Appian de Bel. Civ. p. 480^484. C»f. dc
-3*1. Cir. l.iii. Diod. I. alii, p. jk>o-t-z©$*

* . *

When he arriv^A, Ptolemy im Up*: Aft *q*& ftajfcfe
Wfr anwf , between Peleufium. awi mount Grfrfiu*, aj%4
GAeopatni at no great diftantt, at tfo heed of .far.
troops alip* Pbmpey, on.appra»dii«g.lhftiP<^ft« f$fk>
to Ptolemy to demand pmuifbon u> land, and tfttfft
bis kingdom.

The two raimfters, Pothinu*, and A£fettta» C5onfi*lu
eSi with Theodotus, the vhefeoekuai?, tb* ypw^Mng $
pneeeptor, and with fonu ether*,; ♦hat flpfyw M^flf
ffioulrf make; Pompey inr the. mem.Mn&. WV^4t t£f|
tfefelt of that council, and.- chafe rathe? U> gypej? hifir*
ftflf- to the dectfioft of three uoworthy perforin yth$
governed the prince, than to owe his .fetaiy to Cajfrp,
who -was bit father-in-law, and the greateft of th$
Romans. This council, diffecfcl ia Opinion; fotftft
were for 'receiving him, efcbcrt iojp having bipt.^tjd to
feek a retreat elfowhere. i Th$odtft#* ftpftfp*(e{) neiUv^f
of tfoefe methods and dftplayipg.' ail tuir'cjo^ueqqc,
undertook to demon &rate,. tthat there ^s #o otjifij
choice to be made, than -that of rising tfi% worid pj
Mm. His reaibfi ,waa # becaufe jf^tfaey vtgeived luny
Caefar would never - foqgive ths faviog affifted hi*
enemy : if they fenuhim awy wifibqutajd* rind affajrf
fltouhi take a torn, in ki& favour* h* would j^t fail, 19
revenge himfelf upon them, ftai ttaft refoft)*, ^Tjiflt
therefor^ there was no feenrity -fotMhenh.jbm Lpaut-
ting him to death, by which, mean* they .would ( g*iji
Caefar *s friendfhip, and present, the. pthej^ frpw^vep
doing them any hurt : for> laid fre» ,a$poj#ng 49. tljf
proverb, H Dead men do. not hit*,", j, .;'*;.•;,
This- aAviie carried it, as beings if? jtheVifeftff. \$P
*wifeft and moft fafe..' Scptiirmw, 4 Rojpa#,oiftcer3ji .
"the' fervice <of tfee king of Egjrpl,, a*d> : fpjWMOjfa#,.
--were charged with putting it into t epreut£Oii* . t/hcy
went to tike Pompey: on board a> fhallop, un^X $p
• pretext that great wefiitls couidinot.appr^act^^if ^(^Q^e
-without difficulty. The troops were drawn up on the
fea-fide, as with defign to do honour to Pbmpey, with
v Ptolemy at their head. 'The perfie^a J^ajHuo^N *en-

v

if9 tk^ mfrenY

dercd hii faftd to Pompey in the name of his 'matter,
and' bade him come' to a king, his i friend, whom be
oYight to regard as hit ward and. fon< Poropey then
embraced -his wife Cornelia, who was already in tears
for his death ; and, after having repeated thefe verfes
of Sophocles, •« Every man who enters the court of a
tyrant becomes his (lave, though free before," he went
into the (hailpp. When they few themfelves near the
fltore they ftabbed him before the king's eyes, cut off
Ms head, and threw his body upon the ft rand, where
it had no other funeral than what one of his freed-men
gave it With the afliftance of an old Roman, who was
there by chance. They raifed him a wretched funeraf-
jf>ile, and covered him with forae fragments of an old
wreck, that had been driven afliore there.
^ Cornelia had feen Pompey maflacred before kt
eyes. It is eafier to imagine the condition of a woman
in the height of grief from fo tragical an objed, than
to deferibe 1 it; Thofe who were in her galley, and in
two other fliips in company with it, made the coafl
refdund wkh the cries they raifed, and weighing an-
chor immediately, fet fail "before the wind, whicfc
blew frefc as foon as they got out to fea : this prevented
the Egyptians, who were getting ready to chafe them
from purfuing their defign. >

' Ciefar made alt poflible hafte to arrive in Egyp l »
whither he fufpefted Pompey had retired, and where
lie was in hopes of finding him alive. That he might
be there the fooner, he carried very few troops *&
him ; only eight Hundred horfe, and three thoufand
two hundred foot. He left the reft of his army « J
Greece and Afia Minor, under his lieutenant-generals,
with6rders to make all the advantages of his viftory
it wetuhd admit, and to eftablifh his authority in »fl
thofe countries. * As for his perfon, confiding in h tf
repetition, and the fuccefs ot his arms at Pharfato*

aid

■ • C*/*r- topfifitt f*ma return sgtjlanm, l»ftmU ausSUk 'frofcifcik*
lAibiUvtrat ; mtquc mitmfibi locum tutum/ort exifilmaiat, ' P«s .

♦ •OF EGYPT. S)JT9

arid reckoning all placet fccure for him, he made no
fcruple to land at Alexandria with the few people ^K
had. He was very nigh, paying dear, for his teme-
rity. .,:.-*'

Upon his arrival be was informed of. . Pompej^s
death, and found the city in great eonfufion* l*h$9->
dotus, believing he^ftiould do him an exceeding plea -
fure, prefented him the head of that illuftrious fugi-
tive* He wept at feeing it, and turned away his eyf s
from a fpefiacle that gave him horror* He $v*n
caufed it to be interred, with all the ufual folemnki«$ -
Apd the better to exprefs his efteem for Pooapey,,*^
the refpeft he had tor his memory* he received with
great kindnefs, and loaded with favours al) ytho had
adhered to him then in Egypt ; and wrote to his friends
at Rome, . thai; the higheu and moft, grateful advantage
of his victory was. to nnd every day fame new occaQott
to preferve the lives, and do fer vices to fame citizen?*
-who had borne arms again fl: hirn.

The commotions increafed every day at Alexandvp,.
and ahundanceof murders, wer,e cornrnitted^ there ; tjje
city., having neither >: lajw nor. government, , because
without a matter. Caefar, ^perceiving that the fmajl
__ number of troops, with him.. were far from being fu£.
ficient to awe an infolent apd (editions populace, gaye
orders for .the legions he had in Afia to marc,^ thilhet.
It was not in his, power to leave Egypt. t>ecaufe, ojf tbf
Etefian. winds, which in tjiatcquntry J>Jow continually
in the dog-days, and prevent, all fVefielp from^u^tiflg
Alexandria; t ho fe winds are,th?n always. £ul 1 nor*!*.
JNot to lofe time, he demanded the pay.rnentoE,^^
money due to him from Auletes^ ^d topi.qcgnizanjcp
• of the difference between Ptol^nxy and his jailer Cleo-
patra* . $ .«. , ••*■ , ,•.,%•• ^.

.We have feen, that when Caviar was conful for the-

firft time, Auletes had gained hiro, by r the. promife p£

fix thou fa nd talents, and by that means had a (lured

himfelf of the throne, and been declared the friend and'

.ally of the Romans,. The, king had v patcL him only a

par*

part of flttit fum, ah* had grVen BiAr an obliga'tibri fdr
die reAiair/cter.

Caefar ihtrtfoife <!erriaridfe'd What! tfcrfirnpafcl, whrch
he wanted for the fubfiftenc$ of his troops, and cr-
afted with rigour. Pbthinus, Ptolemy's fifft rhiriilter,
employed vaYiotrt ftratagems rb rrrak'fe this rigour atf-
ffcair fflll gruffer than it really was. H^ pfufideted the
Ceniptes of ail the; told and ftfver tb be found in tfiWA,
*Wi rhadfe the kiri|, and all tR* great jterferis of ttfe
-tmgcWm, cM out of earthVn or wboden veUeh ; Ih'ff-
; minting- underhand, that CaefaV had ftifcd utfdrY all
Ifcfeir filver and gold plate, in ofder tb tender ftfrh
i>«Kbu* t6 thi populace by fucft rep'dris, wlifcK dldntjt
warft a^p>arahc£, thbngh entirely grbundlefs 8 .
■ : Bnt*wnat finalfy iricenfed tW E^fiinsr adrift
•CaWar, ! afrd made them ad raH takfe' aYhis; Wg- dk
■'haitffiflifeH wit* whicfi hfe a&ed as jud£fc 6<*twe*h
■Ptolemy' 'aW Cleopatra* rrt'caufirig them to'bfe citetf io
appear before him for' the decifion of thtfr dHfeY£nd£«
W*'ftfe?i rboVtee updfi wmYt He fdurfoV* ffts authbrity
•for brocifccliffg fn that Trhrnrftr. He therefbrii diTctfeffl
In fbrrn that tWey ffiould drtband tneif arrrnVsy fhbtilH
'appear inH plead their tariff? before hirri, andreceivit
4u'ch Tenterrce afc he fli6u?d f>aft ffetwe^fi tHern'. Thft,
^(kr was looked upon 1fi 'Egypt as a tiolatibVi of dfe
■*0JMl dignrcy, whtcK befrr£ inder/erid*rft, ackhWlfedgfefl
*io r'crperiar, dncf could be judged lfy no tribunal. Cite"
"replied to thefe complaints, that he aflfed onry in virtate
*rf being arbiter bf tRe wilrdf Auletei, who had pot
*fis children under the tuition 8f (hk ftnate and aeopffc
toi'Rbme, 1 of wrrreli the wholfc atithority then vraed ih
9ifc p&fbn, in. quality bf cpriftrT. Tfrctt a^ guardian, hte
•ftad a right to arbitrate between them ; and that'af) fife
pretended to, as executor of the will, was to eftablifh

!' >eace between the brother and filler. This explanation
laving facilitated the affair, it was at length brodgBt
•before Cabfar, and advocates werfe chofen to pTead thte
'caufe. * \. ' " , .,

•' B ut Cleopatra; who- knew •CarfaT's foible, -btfiwfl

her

lier preferred wdtild o<! rtiore p*ffuafive thari ahy advtf-

" £ate fne couid 'employ with hef judge. She c'aufed hito

;to be told, that flie perceived, that thofe fiie employed

~ift Her b'efialr*, betrayed her, and dcrn^nded his per-

miffion to appear" ih perfon. PfufaVch fays it wais Caef<*

^irntfetf who preif^d her to co*me drid plead her caufe.

; . ; l % hit # jjrirfcfcfc tctot riotody with her, of ail her

"friendfe, hut Apotfoddriis t'he~ Sicilian, got into a little

*1b6zt, An& trt'mA at fhe bottom of the walls ef the

Hiifadel of Afecdhdriaj whe^n k was* quite dark at night.

Yrhdirig that tfie'fe Were no rrieAhs of entering without

-feetn'g knovfrn', ihe- thought d? this rtratagem. She laid

^rfeif al length in the nSidfft of a bundle of cutties;

ApbtlodoftiS wrapped it up' in a cfotft, tied it up with

* thorVff, in& in that marirtef darned it through the

fcort of the citadel to Cdefar's apartment, who was far

Trbtt beiftg difpfeafed with* the ftrafagem. the fir ft

fight, of fo beautiful a perfon had all the efie& upon

'nTfhfceaVfire'd.

C*far fete tke ttertt day for Ptolemy, and preflfed
Afiri t6 take heY again, and be reconciled with her.
JftoTetoy fatfr pfeiriTy that his judge was become his
"S<to*f fary ; #id having learned that his lifter Was then
% ih the palace, aind in Caefar's own aj>artfrient, he quit-
ted it in the ut'rftoft fury, *nd in the open ftfeet took.
wi£ diadem oif his head, -tore it to pieces, and threw
Hi on fhe ground ; crying out, with his face bathed in
tears, thit he Was betrayed, and related the circum-

?:ances tb the multitude who affembled round him.
ii a rhofftent the wbole city was in motioh. He put
iiirhfelf at the head of fhe populace, and ted them on
4 £urnultuoufly tb charge Caefar with all the fury natural
16A fuch occafioris.

The Rornan foldiers, whom Caefar had with him,
fecured <he perfon of Ptolemy. But as all the reft,
Hvho "knew fiothTng of what pafTed, w$re difperfed in
'the feveral Quarters of that great city, Caefar had in-
'fallibly been bver'pbwer'ed; and torn to' pieces by that
4 tutibus populace, if he had not had the prefenre of

i ' •■ J '»•' • • ■ ' mind

l8t ' THE HISfC&Y <

mind to ihow hfimfelf to them <fr*m. a; part. of the
palate, fo high, that be had nothing to fear upon it :
rrom' hence he allured them, that they would be fully
fatisfied with the judgement he ihould pafs. Thpfc
promifes appeafed the Egyptians a little.

The next day he brought out Ptolemy and Cleopatra
into an affernbly of the people, fummoned by his order*
After having caufed the will of the late king to be
read, he decreed, a& tutor and arbitrator, that Ptolemy
and Cleopatra (hould reign jointly in Egypt, according
to the intent of that will ; and that Ptolemy the younger
fbn, and Arftnoe the younger daughter, Ihould reiga
in Cyprus. He added the lad article to appeafe the
people ; for it was purely a gift he made them as the
Romans were actually in poflefiion of that ifland. But
he feared the effecls of the Alexandrians fury ; and to
extricate himfelf out of danger, was the reafon of jbi
making that conceflion.

• r The whole world were fatisfied and charmed with
tbis decree, except only Pothinus. As it was he who
had xKcafioned the breach between Cleopatra and her
brother* and the expulfion of that princefs from the
throne, he had. reafpn/, to apprehend, that. the confe~
quences of this accommodation would prove fatal to
him. To prevent the effeci of ,Caefar's decree, he ir>
fpired the people with new fubjecls of jealouCy and
di {content. He gave out, that Caefar had only granted
this decree by force, and through fear,, which would
hot long fubfift ; and that his true deftgn was to pla?e
only, Cleopatra upon the throne* This* was what the
Egyptians exceedingly feared, not being able to^endurp
that a woman fhould govern them alone, and have all
authority. to herfelf. When he faw that the. people
came, into his views, he made Achillas* ad vaiice at the
head of the army from Peiufium^ in. order to drive
Caefar put of Alexandria, The approach of* that army
ut all things into their fir ft confufiqn. Achillas, who
ad twenty thoufand good troops, defpifed Catfar'*

,/...;". ■ ; fmall

» A. M.3057. Anl. J. C. 4^.

I

op EGYPT; |gj

final! number, and believed he fhould overpower him
immediately. But Caefar ported fail men fo'wellia
the ftreets, and upon the avenues of the quarter in his
poffeflion, that he found no difficulty in fupporting
their attack.

When they faw they could not force him f they,
changed their meafures, and marched towards the
port, with defign to make themfelves mailers of the
fleet, to cut oft his communication with the fea, and
to prevent him, in confequence, from receiving fuc-
cours and convoys on that fide. But Caefar again
fruft rated their defign, by caufing the Egyptian fleet
to be let on fire, and by poflefling himielf of the
tower of Pharos, which he garrifoned. By this means
lie preferved and fecured his communication with the
fea, without which he had been ruined effeftually.
Some of the veffels on fire came fo near the quay,
that the flames cat c bed the neighbouring houfes, from
whence they fpread throughout the whole quarter,
called Bruchion. . It was at this time the famous li-
brary was confumed, which had been the work of
fo many kings, and in which there were four hun-j
dred thoufand volumes. What a lofs was this to 11*
terature 2

Caefar, feeing fo dangerous a war upon his hands,
fent into all the neighbouring countries for aid. He
wrote, amongll others, to Domitius Calyinus, whom
he had left to command in Afia Minor, and fignified
to him his dancer. That general immediately detached
two legions, the one by land, and the otjier by Tea*
That which went by lea arrived in time ;. the other
that marched by land did not go thither at all* Before
it had got there the war was at an end. But Caefar
was belt ferved by Mithridates the Pergamentan, whom
he fent into Syria and Cilicia. For he brought him
the troops which, extricated bim out of danger, as we
{hall fee in the fequel. ..:..<

Whtlft he waited the aids he had fent for, thai-he
might, not fight an army fo fuperior in riumber, till

•../ •'. *' : * • .he

fie thought fit', he Cattfedthe quarter ifi iifep^tffcft
tb be fortified*. He furrountred 'uv wijh walk, artrf
itahkleti'fr with towete ah* other Worte; Thofe fhws
iackfde* ther patatte, ar theatre*- tfety neat* if, Which he
made ufe of as a citadel, and the way that led to the*
jtoft. •' ' ' '

iftoleYny all' this white wa* in Caefar*a hands-; an*
Pbthiriiis; his 1 gbvemor and fhrft rttfnifter, whowasof
frftelligehee 'with Achttlas, ga-ve hifn advice df dl'ffiat
faffed, dn*d encouraged him to ptffli • th6 fiege with
vfgour. One of his letters' was at Taft intercepted,
and hrs treafon being thereby difcovered, Caefar ordered 1
him to be ptit to death.

' Ganyrnedes, another euntich of the palace, trfw
Educated ArfttToe the youngeft of the king's fibers,
^prehendirtg the fame fate; hetanfe he hid ft^erfm
tfcattreafon, carried' off the yofrrjrg prmcefs, and fefenpei
'iiitto the* camp of the Egyptians; who not having, tift
\Jfett, &ny or the rOyal family at their head, were
'overjoyed at her prdence, and pnoclafmed her queen.
'But Ganyttedes, Who entertained thoughts 'of hf
*platiti*n£ Achillas, Caufed that general to be accufedw
navihg 'given ifp the fleet to Caefar that had been fe
on fire by the Romans, which occafioned that general
fcfclfig put'tO dealih, and the" command of the array to
be transferred jo 'Him. He took alfo'u'pon him the
adminiftratibn oTall other aflairs,; and undoubtedly did
not warn Capacity foT the employment of a prim*
lhinifte'f, probity only excepted, which is often reck-
oned 1 little or no qualification. For he had all tte
"neceflary penetration aUti aftivity, arid contrived »
thoufan^ artfulftratagemg to diflriefe Caefar during*
continuance of this War. ' . >

For inftance, he 'found meate to IpoiT all the ft<*
water iil his quarter, and was very near tieftroyflig
'him by that tneam. For there was ni> other Mb
water in Alexandria* but that of the NHe. * In eterv

» There are to this day exactly the fame kind Of caves at Afcxi-
" dria, which *re filled once a year, as of old. Tbevem'jt Travel**

■-1

r

hotafe were vaulted refervoit's, where it way Kept*
Every year, upon* the great fwell of the Nile, the
water of that river came* in by a canal, Which had'
been cut for that ufe, arrid by a ftuice made on jrorpoftr
was turned 1 into the vaulted refervoirt which were the'
citterns of the city, wnere it grew clear by degrees.*
Xfae mailers of houfes and their families drank of this
water ; but? the poorer fort of people were forced
to drink the running water, which was muddy and
very unwholefome ; * for there were no : fprings in the
city.- Thofe caverns were made in fuch a mafaner, '
- that they all' had communication* with each other. This'
provifion of water ferved ibr the whole year. Every*
houfe had an opening n6t unlike the mouth of a
well, through which the water was taken up either in'
ftucketsof pitchers. * Ganymedes caufed all the com-
iriunidat ions' with the caverns in 'the quarters of Caefar
*6 be ftbppe,d up :afld then found" means to turn* the*
ftir-wtfte* intotne latter, and thereby fpoiled aH' His treflf
ttrateh As' fboh aaL they perceived that the* water was^
ipoiied, Caafar's' foidiers made fuch a noife, and raifed 1
/ufch a tumult, that he would have been obliged to/
abandon nitf qniarter, very nltich to his di fad Vantage;!
3r he had not immediately thought df ordering wells'
fir Be fttnft, Where; at* htft, fprings were fbtmtf, whieff
ftrppfied them with water enough toniake thertt affiendV
for that which: \rtas fpotlecl.

* After, that, upon Caefar's receiving advice, tftat'tfte^
fegion Caltf niuis had fent $y fea was arrived appn the
coaft of tytifia,. which wias not Very dtftant, he atf-
vartfeed witn hw whole* fleet to convoy it fafely* tor
Alettarfcffte; • Gtanymedes wW apprifed of rtfis/ anxf
hnttedhttefr aftembled all the Egyptian* fliipte he 1 coiri*
get, in (JrdeV tor attack him, upon his return, A baf-
fle a&ualiy enfued between the twaffeets. Caefar harf
ffte" advantage, and' brought his legion without danger'
into the port df Alexandria ; and had not the night
cdme on, the fbipi of the enemy wtftild" not • have*

4 - • . ■ " 'To

1 86* THE HISTORY

To repair .that lofs, Ganymedes drew together -all
the fbips in the mouths of the Nile, and formed a new
fleet, with winch he entered the port of Alexandria,
A fecond a£iion was unavoidable. , The Alexan-
drians climbed in throngs to trje tops of the hqufes.
next the port, - to be fpeciators of the fight, and ex-
pefted the fuccefs with fear and trembling ; lifting
up their hands to heaven to implore the a lima nee of
the gods. : The all of the Romans was at iiake, to
whom there was no refource left if they loft this bat-
tle. C as far was again victorious. The Rhodians, by
their valour and fkilf in naval affairs, contributed ex-
ceedingly to this viftory* ,

Caefar, to make the beft of it, endeavoured to feife
the ifle of , Pharos, where he landed his troops after
the battle, and to poffels himfelf of the mole,. caHed ;
the Heptafladion, by which it was joined to the conti-
nent. But after having obtaining feveral advantages,,
be w^s repulfed with*he lofs of more than eight hun- ,
dred men, and was very near falling himfelf in his re-
treat. For the ftip in which he had defigned to get
off, being ready to ,fink with the too great number of
people who had entered it with him, he threw himfelf
into the fea, and with great difficulty fwam to the next
ihip. Whilft he was in the fea, he held one Bani
above the wpter, ,in which were papers of confe-
rence, and Jwam with the other, fo that they Were
not fpoiled. %

The Alexandrians feeing that ill fuccefs itfelf only
ferved to.give Caefar.'s troops new courage, entertained
thpughts of making peace, or at leaft diuembled fuch
sj f difppfition. They fent deputies to demand tbeir
^ing.of him; affurmg hjm, that his "prefence alone
would put an end to all differences. Caefar,.wbo well ,
knew their fubtle and deceitful character, was not at
8 lofs to comprehend their profeflions ; but as he ha-
zarded nothing in giving them up their king's perfon,
and if they.failed in their promifes, the fault would be

entirely on their fide, he thought it incumbent on him

•«■•■• •'-••*•.•. . - •• • • • * to '

OF EGYPT. %Sy

to grant their demand. He exhorted the young
prince to take the advantage of this opportunity to
infpire his fubjecls with fentiments of peace and equity ;
to redrefs the evils w;ith which a war very impru-.
dently undertaKert, diftrefled his dominions; to ap-
prove himfelf worthy of the confidence he repofed m
him, by giving hrm his liberty ; and to'fhow his gra-
titude for the ferviccs tye had rendered his father,.
* Ptolemy, early inftru&ed by his mafters in the art of
dhTimulation and deceit, begged of Oaefar, with tears
in his eyes, not to deprive him of his prefencc, which
was a much greater fatsfaQion to him, than to reign
over others. The fequel foon explained how much
firicefity there was in thofe tears and profelhons of,
amity. He wa.s no fooner at the head of his troops,
than he renewed hoftilities with more vigor than ever. *
The Egyptians endeavoured, by the mean* of their
Sect, to cut off. Caefar's provisions entirely. This
occasioned a new fight at fca, near Canopus, in which*
Cajfar was again victorious. When this battle was
fought, Mithridates of Pergamus was upon the point
of arriving with the army, which he was bringing to
tie aid of Caefar.

* He had been fent into Syria and Ciiicia to af-
femble all the troops he coq!d» and t& march them to
Egypt, Be acquitted himfelf of his commiffion with,
fuch diligence and prudence, that he had foon formed
a considerable army. Antipater, the Idumsean, con-
tributed very much towaras it. He had not only
joined him with three, thoufand Jews, but^ngaged
feveral neighbouring princes of Arabia and Ccelofyria,
to fend him troops. Mithridates, with Antipater^
who acpompanied him in perfon, marched into Egypt,
and upon arriving before Pelufium* they carried that-
place by ftorm. They were indebted principally tq

Antipater V •

» Jofeph. Antiq. t. xiv. c. 14, & 15.
* Rtgius animus difcifUin*? fallacijfimus eruditus, nt a genii s ft* -
*wj'3w ; degenerately jiers or are contra Cafanm cfepft, nefedetnifter-et: non .,
**m regmtm iff urn ffhi mnfpGtk Ctfarit ejf* jucun4iux % Hi&*0; 6c
tyi, Alex.

l88 THE" tfTSTOR^

Anti pater's bratfety for the taking of* this city. F«*r he
wa's the firft that mounted the 1 breach, and got upon
the wall; and* iliereby opened the way for thofe who
followed him to carry the town.' . ♦ M

On their- route -from thence to 1 Alexandria* it' was
neceflaryto- pafe through the country of Onion-, of
which the Jews, who inhabited it/had feiied all the
paiFes. The array was there put to a ftand,»and
their whole defign^ was upon the point of miftarrying,
if Antipafep, by - his- credit ^ arid' that* of Hyrcanus,
from wfefoni he brought them letters, -had' not e¥i^
gaged them- . £o « efpbuie» Caefar's party. Upon the
fpreading of» that newSj« the^Jews of ^Memphis- did
the fame, and Mithridates received from both all the
provifiorrs his -army had occafion for. Wlien they
were n^at* 'Delta*, Ptolemv detached a flying army to-
cSfpute the paffageof the Nile 7 with tttem* A bade
was fought in confequerice. • Mithridates pft*t himletf
a% tftc head- of part of his arnty,> and gave the com-
mand of the othef to- Antipater. Mkhridates^s wingj
was. foon broke 1 , and obliged- to give way ; but- Aitlfr
ffcte*,, who had* defeated the* enemy on his? fide, earner
to his relief. . The battle began* afrefh, and'"' the- enfeV
my were defeated; N^thmtte*- afnd Anfcipateir- pur-
ftedthemv madfe- a great -ffatightetyand- regained tK&
Held* of battle^ They took: even- the ^n^my's camjK
and obliged ihdfe Who remained to efc^eby'TepaSlng 1
the Ni4e.' ■■,■-■:>■■■

■'■ : - Ptolemy- theft advanced with fcf* wh0le>>rtny, it*
Otder to' pvdrptfWe* the > viftcfr*. fcsefar alfo marebe4f
to ftrpporrt thefrt ; and as fo&ri as tie hadjairtetf tftettt
eaihtr dfrcftty t& a^deehSveWtle, iti; which he obtattied-
x Complete viftory; • . Inertly; in endeavouring t<y
escape in a boat, warf drowned in the Nile. Alexandria;
ihd all Egypt ftrbriittted «x>* the vfcY6r.
1 CWfat* returned to Alexandria about the middle of
January;, and rifcfc finding 0ny^ further Gppofitiqn to
Sis orders, gave the crown of Egypt to Cleopatria, in
eonjiuiQiou- wkk v ftokooy bet tidh«r_ fetfhsr* This.

' * * was*

OF EGYPT. - 189

was in effect -giving it to Cleopatra alone ; for that
young prince was only eleven years old. The paf-
fion whidi Casfar had conceived -for that princefc,
was .properly the fole caufe of his embarking in fo
dangerous a war. He had by her one fon f Called
Caefario, whom Auguftus cauied to be put to death
when he became mailer of Alexandria. HisaffeQibn
for Cleopatra kept him much longer in Egypt, than
"his affairs required. For though every thing was
fettled in that kingdopi by the* end of Jajnjary,
he did not leave it till the end of Aprils accord-
ing to Appjan, who fays he flayed there nine months.
He arrived there only about the end of July the yefur
before.

ft Caefar palled whole nights in feafting wi(h
Cleopatra. * Having embarked with her upo,n the
Nile, he carried her through the whole country with
a numerous fleet, and would have penetrated into
Ethiopia, if his army had not refufed to follow him.
He had jefolved to have her brought to Rome, and
to m&rryhcr; and intended to have caufed.a law 40
pafs in the aflembly of the people, by which the
citizens of Rome fhould be permitted to marry fuch
and as many wives as they thought fit. Marius
Cinna, the tribune of the people, declared, after
his death, that he had prepared an harangue, in
order to propofe that law to the people, not being
able to retufe his offices to the earned folicitation oi
Caefar.

He carried Arfinoe, whom he had taken in this
war, to Rome, and (he walked in his triumph in
chains of gold ; but immediately after that foJeninity
be fet her at liberty. He did not permit her, how-
ever, to return into Egypt, left her prefence fhould
occafion hew troubles, and fw ft rate the regulations
he had made in that kingdom. She chofe the pro-
vince of Afia for her refidence, at leaft it was there

Antony

tftct. ip J. C*/i 1. ii. c. £1,

190 TfrE HISTORY.

'Antony found her after the battle of Philippt, and
caufed her to be put to death at the inftigation of her
fifter Cleopatra/

Before he left Alexandria, Caefar, in gratitude for
the aid he had received from the Jews, caufed all the
privileges they enjoyed to be confirmed ; and ordered
a column to be erected, on which, by his command,
all thofe privileges were engraven with the decree of
confirming them.

u What at length made him quit Egypt, was the
war with Pharnaces, king of the Cimmerian Bof-

Phorus, and fon of Mithridates the laft king of
bntus. He fought a great battle with him near the
city of * Zela, defeated his whole army, and drove
him out of the kingdom of Pontus. To denote the
rapidity of his conqueft, in writing to one of his friends,
he made ufe of only the fe three words, Veni, victim via;
that is to fay, / came, I Jaw, I conquered.

Sect. III. Cleopatra caufes her younger brother to be
put to death, and reigns atone. The death of Julius
Cafar having made way for the triumvirate jbrmd
between Antony, Lepidus, and young Cafar> called alft
Oclavius, Cleopatra declares nerftlfjor the triumvirs.
She gees to Antony at Tar/us, gains an abfolute af~
cenaant over him, and brings him with her to Alex-
andria. Antony goes to Rome, where he efpoufes
Otlavia. He abandons him felf again 4o Cleopatra, and
after fome expeditions returns to Alexandria, which he
enters in triumph. He there celebrates the coronation
of Cleopatra and her children. Open rupture between
ta/ar and Antony. The latter tepudiatesOclavia. The
twojleets put to Jea. Cleopatra determines to follow
Antony. Battle of AcTium. Cleopartf a flies and draws
Antony after her. Cafar's victory is complete. He
f advances

■ Plut. inCsef. p. 731.
* This was a City of Cappadocia.

W EGYPT. 191

advances fome time after againfi Alexandria, which
makes no long refinance, fragical death of Antony
and Cleopatra. Egypt is reduced into a province of the
Roman empire.

/"^i£SAR, after the war of Alexandria, had fet
^^ Cleopatra upon the throne, and, for Form only,
had aflbciated her brother with her, who at that time
was only eleven years of age. During his minority,
all 1 power was in her hands. * When he attained
his fifteenth year, which was the, firft time, when,
according to the laws of the country, he was to
govern for himfelf, and have a (hare in the royal
authority, (he poifoned him and remained fole queen
of Egypt.

In this interval Caefar had been killed at Rome by
the confpirators, at the head of whom were Brutus
and Caffius ; and the triumvirate between Antony

Lepidus, and O&avius Gasfar, had been formed, to

avenge the death of Caefar.

y Cieopatara declared herfelf without hefitation
for the triumvirs. She gave Albienus, the -conful,
Dolabella's lieutenant, four legions which were the
remains of Pompey's and Craffus's armies, and were
part of the troops Caefar had left with her for the

Sjuard of Egypt. She had alfo a fleet in readinefs
or failing, but prevented by norms from fetting out.
'Caffius made himfelf ma Iter of thofe four legions,
and frequently folic i ted Cleopatra for aid, which (he
as often refufed. She Jailed fome time after with a
numerous fleet, to join Antony and Oflavius. A vio-
lent ftorm occafioned the lofs of a great number of
her (hips, and falling tick, (he was obliged to' return
into Egypt.

* Antony .after the defeat of Brutus and Caflius

.in

ig* the history . j

in the battle of Philippi, havijig pa_fiipd joye^ into
Afia, in order to eftablifti the authority of the tri-
umvirate there, 'the kings, princes, and ambafjadors j
of the Eaft, came thither in throngs to make *{ieir |
court to him. He was informed that the governors
of Phoenicia, which was in the dependence of ^e
' kingdom of Egypt, had fent Caflius aid again ft Qpja-
•feella. He cited Cleopatra before him, to anfwer for
'the conduft of her rgovernor s ; ^and fent one of his
'lieutenants to oblige her to cprae to him in Cjlicia,
whither he was going to aflemble the dates of that
' province. That ltep became very fatal to Antony in
'its effe6ls, and occafioned his ruin. His love for
Cleopatra having awakened paflions in him, till then
' concealed or afleep, inflamed them even to madnefs,
and finally deadened and extinguiflied tjhe few {parks
of honour and virtue, he .might perhaps {fill ^re-
tain.

Cleopatra, afluxed of her char.msbyrthe proof fee
had already fo fuccefsfully made of .them upon Julius
Caefar, .was in hopes jthat #ie could f alfo very, eafily
captivate Antony ; and the more, becaufe the fprjncr
had known her only when flie was very yoqng, ao<i
: had jio experience of the world ; whereas flie w
going ^to appear before .AntQny, at an age ,wherein
women, with the bloom of .their hearty," unite the
.whole force of wit and addrefs to treat and <:on<Juft
the greateft affairs. Cleopatra .was at that time
; five-arid-twenty years old. She provided frerfelf
therfpre with exceeding rich prefents, great fums pf
money, and efpecially the moll rjsagpificent habits
and ornaments ; and with Hill higher hopes in her
attractions and the graces ,pf Ber pejrion, more
powerful than drefs, or even gold, me began her
voyage.

upon her way flie received feveral letters from
^Aotoiiy, ,w)jo was at Tapfus, and from his friends,
'.^prjefling her to Jaaflen her journey; by* /he only

laughed

OF EGYPT. l 19Jj

laughed at their ioftances, and ufed never the more dili-
gence for them. After having crofled the fea of Pain*
phylla, flie entered the Cyan us, and going up tha,t
river, lapded at Tarfus. Never was equipage more
fplendid and magnificent than her's. The whole
poop of her fhip flared, with gold, the fails were pur-
ple, and the oars inlaid with Giver, . A pavilion of
cloth of gold was raifed upon the deck, un^er whicp
appeared the queen, robed lite Venqs, and fuJ^ouqded
with the moft beautiful virgins of her coijrt, of whom
fome represented Nereides and others , the, , Graces.
Inftead of trumpet*, were h ea rd flutes, haijtboys*
harps, and other fuch inftruments of mufic, warbling
the fofteft airs, to which the oars kept time, and
rendered the harmony more agreeable. Perfumes
burnt on the deck, which fpread their odours to a
great diflance upon the river, and on each fide of its
tanks, that were covered with ah infinitude of people*
whom the novelty of the fpe&acle had drawn thither.

As fpon as her arrival was l^nown, the whole peo«

ph of Tarfvis went oyt to meet her : fo that Antony*.

who at that time was giving.aydicnce, (aw his tribunal

abandoned by all the world, and not a, (ingle perfoij

with him, but lys U6lors and domeftics.; A rppiour

was fpread^ that it was the gpddefs Venus* wh<f

came in mafqyerade to mak$ Bacchus a viftt for thf

good of Afia. ' i

She was no fooner landed, than Antony fent to co:p«

pliment and invite her to (upper. But Die anfwjere.4

his deputies that {he fhould b? very glad to regale him

herfelf, and that (he w^uld expe& him in the tents Jjh$

had caufed to be got ready upon the banks oij the rjyer ?

H$ made no difficulty to go thither, and found the pre-

parations of a magnificence not to be ex pre fled j He

admired particularly the be^ty of the branches, which

had been difpofed with abundance, of art, andwer? foj

luminous, that they made midnight feem agreeable .ctay^

Antony invited her, in his turn, for the next day.

'But what endeavours he had ufed to exceed her u&

Vol. X. K ; * his

i

194 THE HISTORV

his entertainment, he confefled himfelf overcome, as
wety' in the fpjendor as difpofition of the feaft, and was
the firfl to rally the parumony and plainnefs of his
own, in comparifon with the fumptuofity and elegance
Of Cleopatra s. The queen, finding nothing but what
: wa$j£rois in the pleafantries of Antony, and more ex-
reffive of the foldier than the courtier, repaid him in
is own coin ; but with fo much wit and grace, that
jhe was' not in the leaft offended at it. For the beauties
and charms of her converfation, attended with all
boflible 'fweetnefs and gaiety, had attraSions in them
lliH more ifrefiftible than her form and features, and
fcft fuch incentives in the heart, the very fool, as were

Sot eaffly conceivable. She charmed whenever flic
ut fpolie, fuch mufic and harmony were in her utter-
ance, and the very found of her voice.
1 Xittle or no mention was made of the complaints
iagainft £leopatra, which were, befides, without fcira-
ration. * She ftruck Antony fo violently whh her
charms, .and gained fo abfolute an afcendant over him,
that he could refute her nothing. It was at this time
fie'fc^ufed ,Arfinoe Jier lifter to be put to death, who
had taken 'refuge in the teniple of Diana at Melitus, as
in a fdcure afyluml

1 .* 'Of eat jeafts were made every day. Some new
banquet ;ftiH out-did that which preceded it, and fte
ftemed to 'ftudv to excel herfdf. Antony, in a feaft
which fhe jnade, was aftonifhed at feeing the riches
difplayed on all fides, arid efpeciafly at the great num.
oe> ot gblft cups enriched with jewels, and wrought by
the moft excellent workmen. ' She told him, with a
aifda'ihful air, that thofe were but trifles, and made him
a*£ rtfent of them; The next day the banquet was Hill
lnore fuperb. Antony, accdrding to cuftom, had
brought a good number of jjuefts along with him, all
officers of rank and'diftinftion. She gave them all the
veffels and plate of gold and filver ufed at the entertain-
ment.

' Without

* Atta. K W. p. 147, 14*.

* vOfrWYPT;r tj£

- ^^Tithoijt doubt; indole of theft feafts happened what
Pliny,, and after l*Un Nfa&obius* i irefoti. Cfeopatra
jefted according tp cuftom upon! Antony's, table, as
very indifferently feryed and inelegant,' Piqued with
the raillery, he alked her with fome warmth,- what (he
thought *#ouU add to its magnificence?: Cleopatra
anjfw^red cddlly> that flic could expend *;• more thati a
million of livre* upon one fupper.' .He affirmed, tthat
ftie only boafted* that it was irappflible, and that foe
could never make it appear. • A- wager was laid,. and
Plancus was to decide it. The nextdiy they came to
the banquet. The fervice was • magnificent,, but had
nothing fo very extraordinary in it. 'Antony calculated
the expence, demanded of the queen the price of the
feveral di&Ses, and with ah air of raillery, as fecure of
viSory* told her, that they were ftitt far from a million.
Stay, faid the queen, this is only a beginning. ,1 (hall
try whether 1 cannot fpend a million only upon my felt.
A fecond/t table Was brought, and, according to the
order Hie had before given, nothing was fet on it but a
/ingle cup of viriegat*. Antony, furprifed at fuch a
preparation, could not imagine for what it was intended.
Cleopatra had at her ears two of the fineft pearls that
ever were feen, each of which was valued at about
fifty thoufand pounds. One. of ,,thefe pearls Ihe took
off, threw it into $ the vinegar, and after having made
it melt, fwallowed it. She was preparing to do as

K 2 much

* Genties II. S. . H<k *Jf centies centcHa milliti feftirtium. Which
amounts. to more than a million of livres, or $2,£ooi. fterling.

t The ancients changed their fables at. every courfe., .

\ Vinegar is of foi-ce to melt th« hardeft things, Acetl Juccu$.
domitor return, as Pliny fays of it, 1. xxxiii. c, 3. Cleopatra had
not the glory of the invention. Before, to the difgrace of royalty,
the fonof a comedian (Clodius the fon of.^Efopusj had dope fome-
thing of the fame kind, and often fwallowed pearls melted in that
manner, from thtf lole pleafure of making the expence of his meals
enorrnous. ; > • .. . * ■ , .\ . ; . . - •■ / a *

'^iUui'MJopiditraBafnexmire'f^etdlay . ,..' . ' ,
Scilicet ht Jeciesfclidumexf or beret % aceto \
Dihit injtgncm laccam Hor.,1. ii. Sat. J.

%9& the kutmy

much by bl^e other. *^ Pbwctw fkoppedher, An^ietWIing
Che wager m bet favour* declared Antony overcome*
Pianciis was muck it* the wrong, to envy the tfueen
the fingulpr and peculiar giory of having devoured two
million? in two caps*

. * Antony was embrxHted with Catfar. Whilft his
wife Fulvia wae very aftive at Rome in fapporting hit
tnterelb, and the army of the Parisians was upon tfee
point of entering Syria, a* if thofe things did not con-
tern him, he (uffereA himfetf to be dirawta away by
Cleopatra to Alexandria* where they paflfed their time
in games, amufements, and vohiptuoufnefe* treating
each other every day at exceiftve and incredible ex-
pencet ; which may \>e judged of from the following
circumftance,

. * A young Greek who w«nt to* Alexandria- tot Wf
pbyfic, upon the great noife thofe fqafe made, to»
the curiofity to afiure himfelf with hr« own eyes about
them. Having been admitted into Antony'* kitchen, be
few among other things, eight wild boars roafting whole
at the fame time. Upon which he expreffed iurprife
at the great number of gueftj that he fuppofed were to
he at this fupper. One of the officers could no* for*
bear, laughing* and told him, that they were not (o
many a& he imagined ^ and that there could not be above
ten in a,H ; but that it was neceflary every thing flWd
be fervedin a degree of perfection* which every moment
ceafes and fpoils. *' For (added he) it often happens
•' that Antony will order his fupper, and that a monent
•* after forbid it to be ferved, having entered into forne.
*' conVerfation that diverts Him, For that reafon not
** one but rriany fuppers are provided, becaufe it is. hard

* to know at what time he will think fit to eat/*

\ Cleopatra., left Antony feould efcape her, never loft
fight of him nor quitted him day or night, but was

* ' '" always

« A. M. 3964. Ant. J. C. 40. d Plut in Anton, p. 928'

• This other pearl was afterwards confederated to Venu* by An*

Situs, who carried it to Rome on his' return from Alexandria; and
ving caufed it to be cut in two, its fiie was fo extfiwrduuuV; that
it ferved for pendants in the ears of that goddefs. •" • ' " x

ato^fcT^toyfctf iti Averting a«4 WtafaMg fitiil to Tier
ehahtt. She played with htm tft dicte, hunted With
toim* and when hfe exerdfed his trbops was alwfty*
preftht. lifer fttfe attention ivas to amufe him *gree-
ably, «hd not to leave him tiitie tb conceive the leaft
difwft.

One day, When he was fflhinjjj wfth *n arigle r and
tatched nothing, he wfrs very much difpleirfed on that
account, freeaufe the ijiieeh was of the party, and he
was uftt?iifiti£ to feem tb Want addrefe or good fortune
in Her pre&nce. It thereforb cafne into his Hiotighfci
to oinber ftftiermen tb dive feeretty tinder wirter, and
to faftfcrt fofffc of their forge ftfifes to his hook, which
they bad taken before. Thfet order was executed ita-
mediately, and Antony drew Up his line feveril times
wkh a great fifli at the end of it. This artifice did
not eTcapfc the fair Egyptian. She aSe'Red great ad-
miration and furprife at Antony's good fortune ; but
told her friends privately what had gaffed, and invited
them to come the next day, and hi lpeftators of a like
pJeafaunrv. "they did not fail. When they were all
got into the lifting boats, and Antony had thrown his
fine, flic cotfiinahded one of her people to dive immedi-
ately into the water, to prevent Antony's divert, and
to make fail a large (tilt fifh, of thofe that came from
the kingdom of Pdhtua, to his hook. When Antony
perceived his line had its load, he drew it up. It rs
cafy to imagine what a great laugh arofe at the right
of that fait fifii ; and Cleopatra fold tb hiiti, " Leave
the line, good general, to us, the kings and ctueert* of
Pharos and Ganopus : yotM- bufinefs is tb fifh for citie^
kingdoms, and kings. "

Whilft Antony aimifed himfelf in theft poerilfe tyorts
and. trifling diver (ions, the news he received* of Labie-
nu&!s conditefts, at the head of the Parthian army,
awakened nim from his profound fleep,., and obliged
hirn tb march againft them. But having received ad*
vice, uppn his route* of Ful via's death,, he returned to
Rome,, wiiere he reconciled himfelf to ybttnjg C*fe* ,

whofe

I98 THE HISTOJtY

wbofe fifter O&avia he married, a woman of extraor-
dinary merit, who was lately become a widow .by the
death of Marcellus., jit, -was believed this marriage
would make him forget Cleopatra;. *3tit having began
his march agam4 the farthians, his paflion For: the
Egyptian, which had forhething of enchantment in it,
re-klndled with more violence than ever,.

f This queen in the midft of the moft violent
paflions and the intoxication of pleafures, retained
always a tafte for polite learning and the fciences. In
the place wher,e ftood the famous; library of Alexandria,
which had been burnt fome years before, as we have
obferved, fheetefted a new one, to the augmentation of
which Antony very much contributed, by. prefenting
her the libraries of Per gam us, in which were above two
hundred thoufand volumes. She. did not coll eel: books
merely for ornament, fhe made ufe of them. There
were few , barbarous nations to whom (he (poke ty
an interpreter, ;//he L anfwe, red ¥ moft of them in their
owp language ;- the |vtln\>pians t Troglodyte, Arabians,
Syrians, Medes, Partfhians. g She knew befides feveral
other languages ; whereas the kings who had reigned
before her in Egypt had fcarcely been able to learn, the
Egyptian,, and iome of. them Jia4 even forgot the
Macedonian, their j natural tqngue.

:C|fi9patra, /pretending, rierJelf the. lawful wife of
Antony, faw him marry Qftavja with gre# emotion,
whom flie looked upon as. her rival, Antony, 'to
appeafe her, v?2fi qbligedto make her magnificent pre-
fents. He gave her Phoenicia, the. Lower Syria,
the ifle of Cyprus, with a great extent of Cilicia. To
thefehe added part of Judaea and Arabia. , Thefe great
prefents, which confi^lerajbly abridged the empire* very
much afflifted the Romans, and they. itfere no Jefs
offended at tbejexce^vc honours which; -fye paid .this
foreign prince/s. ■• \ ,', ,,. ' :

. y , ; { T.WO

• 4. M. 39 6 5- Ant; J. C 39« f A - M.J 3966. Ant. J. C. 3S.

EpiphnHk dc men£. $ f>und.; ♦ * Plut in /V*?P»-»**9V» . .

OF EGYPT. l'99

Two years pafled, during which Antony 1 made fe-
veral voyages to Rome, slnd undertoqk. fome expedi-
tions againft the Parthians and Armenians, in which he:
acquired no great honour. ' ''

fi It -was in one of thefe* expeditions the temple,
of AnaitisAvas plundered, a goddefs much celebrated'
a'mongft a certain people of Armenia. Her ftatue' of
marly gold was broken in pieces by the foldiers" w,itlt
which feveral of them were confiderably enriched. One 14
of them, a veteran, who afterwards fettled at Bolojjna'iii!
Italy* had the good fortune to receive Auguftus m his,
houfe, and to entertain him at fupper: « *• Is it true,'* [
laid' that prince at table, talking of this ftory, " that the "

plied the veteran with a fmile, " Ifhould not now Have'
the "honour of feeirrg Auguftus beneath my roof, being*'
myfelf the 'r'afti peifcfrV who made the firft attack upoA
her, which has fince 1 flood me, in great flead. For if I
have any thing, \ atri entirely indebted for it to the
good goddefs; upon one of whofe legs* even, now,
my lord, you are at fupper/' . _ i F I

* Antony, believing he had made everything fe'cfcrje^
in thofe countries, led back his troobs. From "fiis*

r of

»ght ,

upon his route, .and marched into Phoenicia with very f
few followers^ He relied there in f expectation t*f '
Cleopatra ; and as fhe was flow in corriihg, He fell Jntd '
anxiety, 'grief^ and ra'rtguifllrrient, .'thai vifibFy r preye t d '
upon him*: "> Sheafffved j at length 'With cfothes' aWd''
great, fiuns of tnorjey for fyis trobpsv ' •' \V :J

•Oftavia," at \ht; faVhe .time 1 , had 'qnktecl &brhe to
join him, and was already arrived at Athens,- Gledpa- *
tra rightly perceived' that ihe'earrie to' dispute Antdhy's *
' : ' ' , * ' ' ! |*'7 '. \ ' .•''■'■. V, heart;

h-piin.' i. xxxin. c/av: 1 ' l « a : . Arft^.'Aikrfc'fc/jj.' ,: hifc Al

in Anton, p. 239 — 242. ,

200 THE HISTORY

heart with her. She was afraid that with her virtue,
wifdom, and the gravity of her manners, if (he had time
to mate ufe of her modeft, but lively and insinuating
attractions to win her hufbancL that the would gain an
a^folu^e power over him. To avoid which danger,
Hie afleaed to die for love of Antony ; and, with that
view, made herfelf lean and wan, by taking very little
nourishment. Whenever he entered her apartment,
flje looked upon him with an air of furprife and amaze-
ment ; and when he left her, feemed to languifh with
foirroW and dejeQion. She often contrived to appear
bathed in tears, and at the fame moment endeavoured
to dry and conceal them, as to hide her weaknefs-and
diforqer. Antony, who feared nothing- fo much as
occasioning the leaft difpleafure to Cleopatra, wrote
letters to O&avia, to order her to (lay for him at Athens
and to come no farther,, becaufc he was upon the point
of undertaking, fome new; expedition. At the requelt
of the kins ptthe.Medes, who prqmifed him powerful
fyc$ JWsj ne was, in reality, making preparations to
rene^y the war againfl the Parthians.

That virtuous Roman lady, diflemhling the wrong
he did her, lent to him to know, where it would be
agreeable, tp .him to have tjhe prfcfents carried £be> had
de/ign^({ .for him, fince he did not think fit to 1*L her
de^y/ejr , t|^tn itf perfoiu Antony ^received this fecond
c t>WPHwPb W, Wter. than the torftj .and Cleopatra,
w;ho ( hafi prevented hjb feeing Ootavia, would not
pexmn jn'm to; receive any thing ( from her. Oftavia
wfrs obftged therefore to return to Home, without
hfv^ng .produced any other effefit by her voyage than
tlfa* ot making i^ntony, more inexcusable. This was
Mjha* Cfefar defcred, in order to have a j after reafon for
breaking entirely with hini. , ] ,-

f WhenOftavia came to Rome, Caciar, profefling
an high refeatment of the affront fhe had received,
ordered her to quit Antony V houfe, and to go to her
owA. She anlwered that me would not leave, her
hufband's.hquiei and that if he had no other reaionj

" a " ^ ' l •' " - for

6* ECtrf . *6r

fur. -# war with Antony than whaV related to her, (he
coujtfred him to renounce her interests. She accord-
ingly always continued there, as if he had been prfefent,
sfifld educated with gr&t care and magnificence, not
only the children he hadTby nfer, but alio thofe of Fulvia.
What a contrail is hdre between Oft avia and Cfeopatnri
tti the midil of refentment and affronts,, how worthy,
ilofci Che one feem of efteetn and refpeft, and the other,
frith All her grandeur and' magnificence,- of contempt
md abhorrence.

Cleopatra omitted no kind' of arts to retain Antonjf

fa her chains. Tears, careiles. reproaches, menaces^.

*tt 'Were employed. By dint of prefents fte. had gained'

411 Who approached' him, and in Whom he placed motif

tfonftdence. Thofe flatterers repfefented to him, in the

ftfonj^eft terms, that it was utterly cruel and inhuman,

to abandon Cleopatra in the mournful condition ffiie

then #as ;■ and that it would be the death of that uri*

fortunate prineefe, who loved and lived for him aton6*

Tfe^jr fdfteited and milted the heart of Antony f6

flfl&ttually, that, for fear of occasioning Cleopatra^s

death, he returned! immediately to Alexandria, and put

SfTthe Medes to thfcfoMoWing fpring.

* It Was with great difficulty then, that he refolvedf't
10 leave Egypt, an* remove hunfelf from his (fear
Cleopatra. Sheagteed to attend h&n as«. far. as thi:
blanks of the Euphrates.

1 After having made hrrhfelf matter of Armenia.
aft» WeH by 1 treacfoif y a$ force of- arms, be returned tb
Alexandria, which; he- entered- in triurnph, dragging
a£ his- chariot- wheels.the king of Athienia, l&d&ri with
chains of gold, and* prefented hirn. in that condition.*
to Cleopatra, who was pleafed to fee, a> captive kin£>
at hfer feet. He unbent his- minri-at leifure after h'rs
great fatigues in, featts and 1 ; parties of pleafure, ins
which Cleopatra and* nimfelf parted night and day..
That vain * Egyptian, woman*. at one of the banquets*,

K 5 feeing;

'K A. M.3%7b; Ant* f. t. 34. tA. Jfr. 39fri\ Ant. J:'C* 33.- •

- •*• Aft* ft^ier Mgyptia ab ekrio imperatore^ pretium libidinum^ Rom .
manum imperium fttiit s & fr^mifit Antonius. Flo*. 1 iv, c* 1 x. .

«02 THE HISTORY

feeing Antony , full of wine, ; , preformed to afk him to
give' her t,ho Roman empire, which ji£ was not ajhamed
to prpniife her. < -(,-... ., . .■ .

Before he Jet opt,<on a.new eX(p$#tiqn, AnUmy,
to bind the queen to him \>y qew, oj}liga{iqns, and lo

five ner new proofs of his being entirely devoted to
er, refolved to foiemnize the coronation of her and
her children. A throne of maffy gold -was erefied
for that purpofe in the . palace, the afcent to .which
was by feveral fteps of filver. Antony was feated upon
his throne, dreffed ina purple robe, emhrqidered #h
gold, and buttoned jwiih diarnop4 s »\ QftbU ,fide he
Wore a fcyrnetar, after the Perfian mode, the handle and
flieath of which were loaded. with precious ftones:. fre
had a diadem on his brows, and a fceptre of gold in
his hand ; in order, as he laid, that in that equips
he might deferve to be the hufband of aqueeji. .Q«K
patra Tat on his right, hand in a, (honing robje, made o\
the prepious.linen appropriate^ to the ufe of t{ie goddefo
Ifis, whofe name an$l habit Hie had the vanity '#> a/ftime.
Upon the fame throne, byt a little lower, fat Caefario,
the fon of, Julius Caefar and Cleopatra, arid the two
other children, Alexander and Ptolemy, whom Ihe.had
fyy Antony;

Every pne having taken, the place aifigned them*
the heralds, by the command of Antony,' and ,in the
prefence of all the people to whom, the gates of the
palace had been thrown open, proclaimed Cleopatra
queen of Egypt, Cyprus, Libya, and Coelofyria, m
conjunction with her fon Caefario, They afterwards
proclamed the other princes kings of kings, and de-
clared, till they'ftould poffefs a more ample, inheritance,
Antony gave Alexander, the eldeil, the kingdoms of
Armenia and. Media, with that of IParthia, when he
fliould have conquered it ; and to the youngeft, Ptolemyt
the kingdoms of Syria, Phoenicia, and Cilicia. Thofe two
young princes were dreffed after the mode of the feveral
countries over which they were to reign. After the
proclamation, the three princes, rifing from their feats,

<KT&>. approached

OF ECYPT.* to*-

approached the throne, and putting one* knee tot the **
ground, kifTed the hands of Afttony arid Gleopaub^' |
They had foon after a train affigned them, proportioned r (
to their flew dignity, and each his regiment of guardsj >
drawn out of the principal families of his dominions.

Antony repaired early into' Armenia, in/ order to aft) i
againft the Parthian s, and advanced as far as the banks, j
of the Araxis ; but- the news of what parted at Rome
againft him prevented his going on, and ! induced him. >
to abandon the Parthian expedition. He immediately r
detached Canidius with fixteen legions to the coaft>
of the Ionian fea, and joined them himferf food alter .;
at Ephefus, to be ready to aft in cafe of ah open rupf. /
ture between Csefar and him ; which there was great i
reafori to expeft.

Cleopatra was of the party; and that occafioned •
Antony's ruin* » His frifends advifed him to fend<her •
back to Alexandria, tiH »the event of the; war! fllouJd >
be known. Bijt that- queen apprehending,* that .by .
O&arvia'a medial ion hk might come to an aceoromdatidn
with Caefar, gained Canidius, by prefents o£ f nipnoy 9 >
to /peak in her favour to Antojiy* and. to rqprefent to.
hinh, that it was neither ju ft to remove a princefs from -
this war, who contributed fo much towards it on her .
fide, nor ufeful to himfelf; becaufe her departure
would difcourage the Egyptians, of whom the greateft
part of his maritime forces confifted. Be/ides, con-
tinued thofe who talked in this .manner, it did not
appear that Cleopatra was inferior, either in prudence
or capacity* to any of the princes or kings in his army :
fhe, who had governed fo great a kingdom /o. long,
might have learnt, in her commerce with Antony, how
to conduft the moil important and diffic tf It affairs with
wifdorn and addrefs. Antony did not oppofc thefe re-
monftrances, which flattered .at once his paffion and
vanity. ,

From fiphefus he repaired with Cleopatra, to Samps,
where the greateft part of their troops had their ren-

• * dezvouSi

*0£ -.; THEHIITORY

devout, end where they mffti their time in fearfting and
ples&ur^ > The king* in wit train ejihayfted themfclves
in snaking their court by extraordinary 5*p*nces, and
dijpbyed* ekceflive luxury ft* thjeir entertainments.

m It was: probably in on* <rf thefe ieafls the cir-

curaftance happened related by Pliny. Whatever

paffion Cleopatra profefied far Antony, as, he perfectly

Knew her chara&er for diffimulatk>9» and that (be was

capable of the blaekeft crimes, he apprehended^ I know

nc^ upon what faundation,that fee might have thoughts

of: poifoning him, for which reafon he never touched

any Mfk at their banquet till it had been tailed. It

was impofBblc that the queen fliOuJd not perceive fo

manifcft a drftruft. She employed a very extraordinary

method to .make him fenfible how ill-founded his fett*

were ; and alfo r that if (he had fo b*A an intention,^

the precautions he took would he ineife&ual. . She

caufed the extremities of the flowers to be poifentd,

of which tfee. wreathe, worn by Antony, and he&fetf at

table, according to the cuftom of thej aftcienu, wew

coropofed. When their heads begftn to.gFow warm

with winev in the. .height xrf theif gaiety, Cleopatra

propofed drinking off thofe flowers to Antony, tit

made ma difficulty of it ; and ; afa* having plucked off

the enai of his wreath with; his fingers, and thrown them

into his cup fitted with wine, be ft*& upon the point ot

drinking it, wheal the queen, taking hold of kin arm,

faid to hhtw-*" I am the pojifener againil whom you

tafce fueh mighty precautions If it were- poflible for

ift* wlive witbou* you, judge now whether I wasted

eithetf the opportunity or reafon for foch an a&ibiH"

Having ^ Offered av prifener, condemned to die, to b*

brought thither, (he made him dtinfc that liq*or, upon 4

wbie-H he dted< immediate Iv.

: The e<H*rt went from Santos* to Athens, where they
pa{Ted many days in the fame exceffes. Cleopatra
iparad* no pa&* to/ obtain/ the feme ftatkft of a&Ston

m Plin. l^xxi. c. 3«

OF EGYPT. abj

and efteem Oflavia had received, during her refidence
in that city. But whatever Out could do, (he could
extort from them only forced civilities, Which terminated
in a trifling deputation-, which Antony obliged the citi-
zen* to fend to her, and o£ which he himfeif would be
the chief, in quality of a citizen of Athens.

.* The new confuls, Cains Sonus and Domitius
y£aobarbus, having declared openly for Antony,
quitted Roirie, and repaired to him. Caefar, inflead of
ieifipg thera, or caufing them to be purfued, ordered it
to be given out, that they went to him by his pcrmiflion ;
andf declared publicly, that all perfons, who were fo t
difpofed, had his ctaifentto retire whither they thought '
fit. By that means he remained mailer at Rome, and
was in a condition to decree and aft whatever he
thought proper for his own interefts, or contrary to
thafe of Antony.

When Antony was apprifed of this, he affembled
aft fee heads of his party ; and the refult of their deli-
teiohs was, that he fhouW declare war againft
Ca&r, and repudiate O&aviav He did both. An-
tony's preparations for the war were fo far advanced,
that if be had attacked Catfar vigorously without lofr
of time, the advantage muft inevitably have been whoHy
on hk fide; for his adversary was not then in a condi-
tion to make head agaioft htm, cither by fea or land.
But voluptuoufnefs carried it, and the operations were*
put off to the next year. This was bis mm. Caefar,
by his delay, had time to afiefflble all his forces.

The deputies fent by Antony to Rome, to declarft
bis divorce from Oftavia, had orders to command her
to quit his hotrfo, with all her children, and in cafe of
veftrfa), taturn her out by force, and to leave nobody
m it but the fon of Antony by Fulvia ; an indignity
toe morefenfibte- to Oftavia, as arrival was the ciufe
of it. However, Sifting her re&ntment, fhe anfwered
the deputies dnry with her tears ,- and as unjuft as v his

orders
» A. M. 397s. Ant.J.C %tj Ftmb in Anton, p. 943—955.

tO<J THE HISTORY 1

orders were, (he obeyed them, and removed with her
children. .She even laboured to appeafe the people,
whom To unworthy, an action had incenfed againft him,
and did her utrhoft ro mollify the rage of Cat far. She
represented ito them, that it was inconfiftent with ttie
wifdom and dignity of the Roman people to enter into
fuch. petty differences ; that it wa» only a quarrel
between women, winch did not merit their refentment
about, it ; and that- (he mould be very wretched if ; fte
were the occafion of a new war ; (he, who had foldy
confented to her marriage with Antony, from the hope
that it would prove the pledge of an union between him
and Caefar* Her remonftranccs had a different eflfaft
from her intentions, and the people, charmed with her
virtue, had ftill more companion for her misfortune,
and deteftation for Antony than before.

But nothing enraged them to fuch a height as An-
tony's will, which he> had depofited in the hands of
the Veftal virgins. . This myftery was revealed by ••
two perfons of confular dignity, who, incapable of
fuffering the pride of Cleopatra arid the abandoned'
voljupuujufnefs of Antony, had retired' to Caefar.
As they had been witneffes of this will, and knew the
fecret,.jthey declared it to Caefar. The veftals made
great difficulty to give up an aft confided to their
care ; alledging in their, excufe the faith of depofus,
which they were obliged to obferve ; and were deter-
mined fto be forced to it by the authority of the peo-
ple. The will accordingly being brought into the
f oruni, thefe three articles were read in it : I. That
Antony acknowledged Caefario the lawful fon of
Julius Caefar. II. That he appointed "his fons by
Cleopatra to be his heirs, with the. titles of kings of
kings* . III. That he decreed in cafe he mould die
at Rome, that bis body, ^fter having been carried in
pomp through the city, mould be laid the fame even-
ing on. a bed of Hate, in order to its being fent to

Cleopatra,

• Xitiu* *ndftfan*u$. A *-. . . *

Cleopatra; to whom he left the care of his funeral' and
interment; •. - * : ■ •

There are fome author*, however, who believe this
will td be a piece contrived by Caefor to render An-
tony more. odious to khc people. • And indeed what
appearance was there, that Antony/ Who well knew
to what a degree the Roman people were jealous of
their rights and cuftoms, mould* confide to them the
execution of a teftarnent, which violated them with* Co'
much, contempt ? .{•...• , -it

. Wbfcn Caifar bad an army and *flet?t ready* whidfv*
fgeotad.ftrong enough to make head again ft hi£ ene*
my^he alio declared war on his, fide. But in the
decree granted by the people to that purpofe, he cau fed
it to be exprefled, that it was again ft Cleopatra : it
W3s from a refinement of policy he afied in that man-
ner ."a&ddid not infer t Antony's name in the declaration
oLwfec, ihaugh/acTjualiy intended agaihft him. For
beft<fcs,throwvng the blame upon- Antony, fby .making*
him the aggr eflbc in a war againft <his country, 'heart-
fully managed thofef who- were ftill attached to him,
whofe. number and credit might have proved formidable,
and whom he would, have been under the neceflVty of
declaring enemies to the commonMTealth, if Antony
had been jexprefely named in thevdecree.- « :
..Antony net umiei from Athens 'to Samos, where
the , whole fleiet was 'affcrabled. Itconfifted of five
hundred (hips of war of extraordinary fize and ftruc-
ture, having feveral decks one above another, with
towers upon the head and ftern of a prodigious height ;
fo that thofe fuperb veffels upon the fea might have
been taken for floating iflands. Such great crews
were neceflary fqr completely manning thofe heavy
machines, that Antony, not being able to find mariners
enough, had been obliged to take hu (band men, artificers,
muleteers, and alt forts of people void of experience,
and fitter to give trouble than to do fer vice.

On board this fleet were two hundred thoufand foot

and twelve .thoufamd horfe. The kings of Lybia,

.■...• ,. ..'* . Cappadpcia,

4I0S THE mSTOKS

^appadecia, Faphlaforotf, CotnagenaV and. Thriefe>
were there in perfon ; and thofe of Pontus*. jacbeav
J*y$aoni* t Galaiia, ami Media* had -font thcit troops.
A more fplendid and pompous fight could not be feen
than this fleet when it put tofea* and had unfurled
its fails. But nothing equalled the magnificence of
Cleopatra's galley, all flaming with gold ; its tola of
purple; its. flags and dreamers floating in the wind*
whilft trumpets, and other inftrumenu of war, made
the heavens refound with airs of joy and triumph. An-
tony followed her clofe in a garley almoft a* {pleridicL.
Thai * queen* drunk with her fortune and grandeur,
and hearkening only to her unbridled ambition* foolHhfy
threatened the Capitol with approaching ruin, and pre-

{>ared with her infamous troops of eunuchs utterly to
ubvert, the Roman empire. »

On the othtcr fide, lefs pomp and fpiendo* was fee*,
but more utility* Catfar had only two htrridred and
fifty (bips* and four/core thoufaad foot, whh asittby.
horfe as .Antony*. But all his troops were chofe* men,,
and on board his fleet were none but experienced tea-
metiu His veflels were not fo large as Antony's, but
thy were much lighter, and fitter for fervke..

Caefar's rendezvous was at Brundufium, and A*u
tony advanced to Corcyra. But the feafon of the yew
was over, and bad weather came on ; fo that they were
both obliged to retire, and to put their troops into

*■■ ■ * D**t Cap fait*

Rtgina DcmtMes ruinax,
Tunus cf imperio parabat, ,

GwtamMdt* citto gr&e tnrftim* .
MorAoviffirum; qmdMet tmpplt** .
S&rareifortunaqutdulci.
Mria- *&*. Od. xVxvii. hi.

WHUft <*runk with fortune's heatdfwftjev
Fill 'd with vaft hope, though impotent in arms,

The haughty queen conceives the wild defign,
So much her vain ambition charms *

With her polluted hand of fupple flav»«,

get filk^n. eunuchs, and her Pha&m knaves. -

the Cabttbt ih duft to level low,

Art 7 ** Rome's empire, and the world, a kit and fatal blow I

f

or egtpt* a*9

ttifrtertjoarten* and their fleets into £t>od ports till fprirrg
came on.

' Antony and Csefar, as foon as die feafon would
admit, took the field both by fea and bind. The two
fleet* entered the Ambracian gulph in Epirus. An-
tony's braveft and moll experienced officers advifed hirii
pot to hazard a battle by fea, to fend back Cleopatra
into Egypt, and to make all poflible hafie into Thrace
or Macedonia, in order to fight there by land ; becaufe
|hs army, conapofed of good troops, and much fa peri or
in numbers to Caefar's, ieemed to prom ire him the vic-
tory; whereas, a fleet fo ill manned as his, ho*
numerous foever it might be, was by no means to be
relied on.. But it was long fince Antony had not been
fafctptible of good advice, and had afted only to pleafe
Cleopatra/ That proud princefs, who judged of things
tofely from appearances, believed her fleet in vincible, and
fatCxfar's (hips could not approach it without being
dafhed to pieces. Befides, {he perceived aright, that
u cafe of misfortune it would be cafier for her to ef cape *
'a her (hips than by land. Her opinion, therefore,
took place againft the advice of all the generals.

* The battle was fought upon the fecond- of Sep-
tcmbet, at the mouth of the gulph of Ambracia, near
tkc city of Aftium, in fight of * both the land-armies';
the one of which was drawn up ill battle upon the north
and the other upon the fouth of that ftrait, expeftine
the event. - It was doubtful for fome time, and ieemed
« much in favour of Antony as Caefar, till the retreat
°f Cleopatra; That queen, frightened with the noife
°f the battle, io which every thirig was terrible to a
WmanV took to flight when* (he was in no danger,
and drew after her the whole Egyptian fquadrori,
w hich confided of fixty (hips of the line *, with which
fte failed for the cosift of PelopoririefuS. Antony, who
W her fly, forgetting every thing, forgetting even,
himfelf, followed her precipitately, and y Wckda victory

to

' PA.' Jt*. J97J. Alit. J. C.3I.

* The 4th before tkc nones of September,

fcl0; THE 4 HISTORtf

to Caefar, .wjhich, till. then, he had 1 exceedingly well
difputed. It, however, coft the vi&or extremely dear*
¥or Antony's (hips fought, fer wxrn*aftefr his departure,
that, though the battle began ^before noon, it was not
oyer when night camb pn ; fa thatCaefar's troops were
obliged: to pals it on, board their {hips. - i •

• The. next dayCasfar, feeing, his viftory complete,
detachfcd a fquadrori in purfuit of Antony aojrd Cleo-
patra* But that fquadron despairing .of :ever coming
up with them,, becaufe foifar before it, foon returned
to join the grofs of »the 'fleet;, Antony having* entered
the, admiral -gal ley,, in. which !iCleoj>atra was, went;and
fat down atithe head of.it ;* where; leaning his elbows
on his kntees, and fupparting, bis* head -with his two
hands, he'remained like a. man rover whelaidd w«f>'
fliame and rage ; refleftjng v with a profound melancholy*
upon hb ijl conduct* and the, misfortunes ihe had*
brought upon hirm . He, kept in that pofture, . and in
tnofje thoughts, during the. three days they were going
ip.* Tanarus^ without feeing or fpea&ing to Cleopatra. <
At the end of that time, they faw each: other again,
and lived together as ufual.^ . . . '. < it '- ,.,..:.

. The.laiwkarmy ilill remained entire, and confifted
of eighteen legion* andtwo-and-tw^niythoufand horfe,
under the command of Canidius,.AntionyV lieutenant- •
general, and might h&ye ; made hfead< and given Caefar *
abundance of, difficulty* .But fe^Jpgttvemfelvcs aban- •
dpned by their igenerals tjhey funendered to^CtffaV
who received them with .open arms. .. ,; .r .. . • •" ,{
"From Vaenar-u^ Cleopatra took*, the'ltoutcof AlfeX* '
andria^ and Antony that of .Libya, whetie,bfe h*d left
a t con(i<icF^lpl^' army to, guafd the . : frontiers i qf t.that
country^ Upon his. landing -b§ was infea mecM>that
Scarpa, M : \vlio qornrti0nided;fthis' anjny, jhad ; jd<?cl^rQ<*
for Cq^far,, ,JJe was fo. flrucjc with • Jthts . np\f s, which
h£ had no room to expefcl, that he would have klltod
himfelf, and was with difficulty prevented, from it by

, ' his

t Prbnlomory of Laccuia.. \

t>V EG?*lV ■ til

hi&fricndsi- He- therefore had no other choice to make*
than to follow Cleopatra; to Alexandria, where (he was
arrived.- '.. •: . •; - • !

When fiie approached that pbrt, flie was afraid, if
her misfortune fbould/ be knowrv that fhe fliould be
rcfufed entrance. She therefore caufed her (hips to
be crowned, as if I(he was returned vi&orioud*; and no
fooner landed, than (he eaufed 'alt the great lords of
her kingdom* whom (he fuTpe&ed, to be put to death,
leftthey fliould excite feditionis agaii>ft her, when they
ve*e informed of her defeat. Antony found her in
the midflr of thefe hlopdjy executions. i

p ; Soon after; Ae formed, another very extraordinary
<fefign. Tola^oid falling into Gaefar s hancfs, who,
foe foreiaw, would fallow her* into Egypt, fhe- de--
jigneAto havte her (hips in tfie Mediterranean- carried ;
into the Red Sea; 'over the ifthnrus between- them,;
vhich is .no! more than thirty leagues broad j and*
Awards ixa put all be* treasures' oa Board thofe (hips'
pothers wluch flie Had iq- that ft a.' But the Ara- !
too* who inhabited the ooaft having burnt all the-
flips, (he had there, (he was obliged u> abandon her
defign.

Changing, therefore, her re Co) ut ion, (he thought only
°f gaining C^efery whom (he looked upon asvhcrcon*. 1
<}ueror> and to- stake hinva facrifice* of » Antoriy, whofe-
misfortunes had itendcred; him indifferent to her; Suchf
was this prihceffs'sdifpofitidnvi Though I (he > k>ve<J •
tven to madnefs, (hi had ftttt more ambition than>
love, .and the crown being dearer* ta her than her huf- .
hand, flit entertained thoughts' of preferving it at* the*
price of Antony's life. But .concealing her fentii
'Qeats froim htriu (he f>erftaded him to- fend amb&fladors
U>.Ca?f4& 9 - toi ne^ociate a treatiy of » peace; with himv.
She joined infer- -ambafradotfs rwkh hrs.; bub gave therau
inftruciio$is to treat feprffAely -foriherfeifLt Caefar would »
not fo much as fefe Antony's ambaffadors. He difmilled
Cleopatra's with a- favourable anfwer. He paffionately
, , •/.• , . . . .-.♦ > i. , : Li . . : i..«»; •• .defined

;. ;. #j JA, M.J974. Ant. J. C. 30,

44* TH£ HISTORY

ipoft/tncefe attachment. Such are the. effe&s of am-
bition, which was her predominant vice.

Adjoining U> the temple of ;Ifis* (he had - -caufed
tombs pnd halls to be ere&ed, fuperb as well for their
beauty and magnificence,, as their loftinefs and extent.
.Thither Ihe ordered her. mod precious moveables to be
carried ; gold,«filver, jewels, ebony, ivory, and a large
quantity of perfcroes and -aromatic wood; as if ihe
intended to rai.fe a funeral-pile, upon which (he would
confurae herfelf with, her treaftu;es.,,i Caejfar, alarmed
for the latter, and apprehending left her defpair (hould
Induce her to burn, them., difpatched every day Come
perfon to her, to give her great hopes of the mofi kind
£nd generous , treatment,' and nevertheless advanced
towards the city by g^eat marches. . .

Upon arriying there, he encamped . near the Hip*
podrome. . He was in hopes of making himfelf uaftei
of the city foon, by means of the intelligence he hell
with Cleopatra, upon which he relied no lefs than upon
his army.

Antony was ignprant of jthat princefs's intrigues,
and, being,unw.niing to believe what was told him ol
- them, prepared for a good defence. He made a vigorous
fally, and aftei- having feverely handled the befiegers,
and warmly pqjfued to. the gajtes of their camp a de-
tachment of horfe which had been fent again ft him*
he returned vi&orious into the city. This was the
laft effort of his .expiring valour ; for, after this ex-
ploit, his fortitude and fpnfe of glory- aba ndoned him*
or were never after qf any (ervice to him. Inftead of
.making ufe of this advantage; # and of applying himfelf
(eripufly to his defence, by obferving the motions of
Cleopatra, who .betrayed him,, he came .completely
armed as he was, to tnrow himfelf at her feet, and to
kifs her hands. The! whole oalace of Alexandria im-
mediately riefounded with acclamations, as if the fiege
had been raifed ; and. Cleopatra, who had no thoughts
but of amufing Antpny, ordered a magnificent faft

OF EGYPT- .f tj)

to be prepared, tt wljich they paQed the re^l of the
<Jay and part of the night together.

Early. oa the morrow, Antony refolved to attack
Caefar by fea and land. He drew, up his land-army
upon fome eminences in. the city ; and from f hence
< kept* nis gallies in view, which were going out of the
port ip order,. to charge thofe of Caefar. He waited
without making any, motion to fee. the fuccefs of that
attapk ; ,but was jrmch aftonifhed when he.faw Cleo-
patra's admiral flrike his flag when he came In view of
Caefar 's, and furrender his whole fleet to him.

This treafon opened Antony's eyes, and made him
give credit to what his friends had told him of the
queen's perfidy. In this extremity he was for figna-
lifing himfelf by an extraordinary aft of valour, ca-
pable, in his fenfe, of doing him abundance of honour.
He fent to challenge Caefar to a fingle combat. Caefar
made arifwer, that if Antony was weary of life, there
were other ways to die bendes that. Antony feeing
himfelf ridiculed by Caefar, and betrayed by Cleopatra,,
returned into the city, and was a moment after
abandoned by all his cavalry. Seifed with rage and
defpair, he then flew to the palace, with defigri to
avenge himfelf upon Cleopatra, but did not find her
there. . ,

That artful prince fs, who had forefeen what hap- »
pened, to efcape the rage of Antony, had retired
into the quarter where flood the tombs, of the kings
of Egypt, which was fortified with good walls, and of
which (he had ordered the gates to be clofed. She cauf-
ed Antony tQ be told, that, preferring an honourable
death to a fliarpeful captivity, fhe, had. killed herfelf in
the midft of her anceitors , tombs, where (he had alfo
chofe her own,fepulchr,e. .Antony, too credulous, dicl
not give himfelf time to exarajne^a piece of news which
he ought to have fufpefted after all Cleopatra's other
infidelities; and, flruck with the idea of her death*
paffed immediately from, excefs of rage to the raoft

■' • '. . • , violent

JfrlB THE HISTOKY

violent t r au f p oi l s of grief, and thought only of follow-
ing her info the grave.

- Having* tafcen this furipp? refcdytion, he (hut himfelf
up in his apartment with a Have, and having caufed
his armour to be taken off, he commanded him to
plunge his dagger into his breaft. But that flave, full
of afreftion, refpeft, and fidelity for his matter, ftabbed
himfelf with it, and fell dead at his feet. Arjtony,
looking upon this aftion as an example for him to
follow, thruft his fword into his body, and fell upon
the floor, in a torrent of his blood, which he mingled
with that of his flave. At that moment an officer of
the queen's guards came to let him know that (he was
alive. He no fooner heard the name of Cleopatra
pronounced, tlran he opened his dying eyes, and being
informed that (he was not dead, he fuffered his wound
to be drcffed, and afterwards caufed himfelf to be
carried to the fort where fhe had fhut herfelf up.
Cleopatra would not permit the gates to be opened
to give him entranee, for fear of fome furprife ; but fhe
appeared at a high window, from whence (he threw
•down chains and cords. Antony was made fall to thefe,
and Cleopatra, affifted by two women, who were tbe
only perfons fhe had brought with her into the tomb,
drew him up. Never was there a more moving fighr.
Antony, all bathed in his blood, with death (tainted in
his face; was dragged up in the air, turning his dying
€yes, and extending his feeble hands towards Cleo-
patra, as if to conjure her to receive his laft breath;
wliilft fhe, with her features diftorted and her arms
ftrained, pulled the cords with her whole ftrength ; the
people below, who conld give her no furfhet aid, en-
couraging her with their cries.

When (he had drawn him up to her, and had laid
him on a bed, fhe tore her clothes upon him, and
beating her breaft, and wiping the blbod from his
yburitf, with her face clofe to , his. fhe called' him her
prince"; her lord, her deafeft fpouft.« W'hilft* fhe 1 made
thefe inournful acclamations, fhe cut off Antony's

hair,

0F EOYPT. $IJ

hair, ^according to the fuperftition of the Pagans,
who believed that a relief to thofe who died a violent
death* -

Antony, recovering his fenfes, and feeing Cleopa-
tra's alBi&ion, faid to her, to comfort her, that
lie thought himfelf happy as he died in her arms;
and that, as to his defeat, he was not alhamed of
it, it being no difgrace for a Roman to be over*
come by Romans. He afterwards advifed her to fave
her life and kingdom, provided (he could do fo with
honour ; to be upon her guard again ft the traitors of
her own court, as well as the Romans in Casfar's train,
?nd to truft only Proculeius. He expired with thefe
words.

The fame moment Proculeius arrived from Caefar,

who could not refrain from tears at the fad relation of

what had patted, and at the fight of the fword ft ill

reeking with Antony's blood, which was prefented

to him. He had particular orders to get Cleopatra

into his hands, and to take her alive, if pouible*

That princefs refufed to furrender herfelf to him.

She had however a converfation with him without

letting him enter the tomb. He only came clofe to

the gates which were well fattened, but gave paffage

for the voice through cracks. They talked a coufider-

able time together, during which (he continually aflced *

the kingdom for her children ; whilft he exhorted her

to hope the beft, and preffed her .to confide all her in-

terefts to Caefar.

After having confidered the place well, he went to
make his report to Caefar, who immediately fent
Gallus to talk again with her. Gallus went to the
gates, as Proculeius had done, and fpoke like him
through the crevices, protraffing the converfation
on purpofe* In the mean time, while Proculeius
brought a ladder to the wall, entered the tomb by
the tame window through which flie and her womdn
had drawn up Antony, and, followed by two officers

Vol, X. L who

*l8 THE HISTORY

who were with him, went down to the gate where (he
was fpeaking to Gal I us. One of the two women
who were fhut up with her, feeing him come, cried
out, quite out of her fenfes with fear and furprife,
" O unfortunate Cleopatra, you are taken !" Cleo-

Eatra turned her head, faw Proculeius, and would
ave flabbed herfelf with a dagger, which (he always
carried at tier girdle. But Proculeius ran nimbly to
Tier, took her in- his arms, and fafid to her, " You
wrong yourfelf and Cacfar too, in depriving him of fo
grateful an occafion of mowing his goodnefs and cle-
mency." At the fame time he forced the- dagger out
of her hands, and (hook her robes, left (he fhould have
concealed poifon in them.

C as far fent one of his freemen, named Epaphrodio/5,
with orders to guard her carefully* to prevent her
making any attempt upon herfelf, and to behave to kt
at the lame time with all the regard and complacency
flie Could defire: he likewife inftrufted Proculeius to
afk the queeji what (he defired of him.

Caefar afterwards prepared to enter Alexandria, the
conqueftof which there were no longer any todifpute
with him. He found the gates of it open, and all the
inhabitants in extreme confirmation, not knowing
what they had to hope or fear. He entered the city,
converfing with the philofopher Ariaeus, upon whom
he leaned with an air of familiarity, to fignify publicly
the regard he had for him. Being arrived at the
palace, he afcended a tribunal, which he ordered to be
erected there; and, feeing the whole people proftrate
upon the ground, he commanded them to rife. He
ihen told them, that' he pardoned them for three rea-
fons : the firft, upon the account of Alexander their
founder; the fecond, tor the beauty of their city;
and the third, for the fake of Ariaeus, one of their
citizens, whofe merit and knowledge he efteemed.

Proculeius, in the meantime, acquitted hi mfelf of
his commiffion to the queen, who at htSk afked nothing

OF EGYPT. 21£

of Caefar but his permiflion to bury Antony, which
was granted her without difficulty. She fpared no
coft to render his interment magnificent, according to
the cuftom of Egypt. She c aided his body to be em-
balmed with the mod exquifite perfumes of the Eaft.
and placed it amongft the tombs of the kings of

Eg z pt *

Caefar did not think proper to fee Cleopatra in the
firft days of her mourning: but, when he believed he
might do it with decency, he was introduced into her
chamber, after having afked her permiflion; being
defirous to conceal his defigns under the regard he
profeffed for her. She was laid upon a little bed, in
a very fimple and neglefted manner. When he en-
tered her chamber, though {he had nothing on but a
fingle tunic, fee rofe immediately, and went to throw
herfelf at his feet, horribly disfigured, her hair loofe
and difordered, her vifage wild and hagged, her voice
fauhering, her eyes almolt diflblved by excefliye weep-
ing, and her bofom covered with wounds and bruifes.
That natural grace and lofty mien which were derived
from her beauty, were, however, not wholly extinfi ;
and not with (landing the deplorable condition to which
fhe was reduced, even through that, depth of grief
and dejeQion, as from a dark cloud, {hot forth point-
ed graces, and a kind of radiance, which brightened. ,
in her looks, and in every moment of her countenance.
Though (lie was almoft dying, {he did not defpair ot in-
spiring that young vittor with love, as {he had formerly,
done Caefar and Antony.

The chamber where {he recejved him was full of.
the portraits of Julius Caefar. /'• My lord,-' (faid {he,
to him, pointing to thofe pifftires,) •* behold thofe
images of him who adopted you his fucceffor in
the Roman empire, and to whom I was obliged for
my crown," Then taking letters out of her bofonv
which fee had concealed in it, " See alfo" (fajd fee*
ki fling them] " the dear teftimonies of his love."

La She

«c
<c
«c

4*0 THE HISTORY

She afterwards read fome of the moft tender of them,
commenting upon them, at proper intervals, with
moving acclamations, and paflionare glances, bat (he
employed thofe arts with no fuccefs ; for whether her
charms had no longer the power they had in her
youth, or that ambition was Caefar's ruling paffion, he
did not feem afiecled with either her perfon or conver-
fation : contenting himfelf with exhorting her to take
courage and with affuring her of his good intentions.
She was far from not difcerning that coldnefs from
which fee conceived no good augury ; but, diffembling
her concern, and changing the difcourfe, fee thanked
Ixim for the compliments rroculeius had made her in
his name, and he had thought .fit to repeat in perfon.
She added that in return (he would deliver to bim
all the treafures of the kings of Egypt. And, in ef-
fect, fee put an inventory into his hands of all her
moveables, jewels, and revenues. And as Seleucus,
one of her treafurers, who was prefent, reproached
her with not declaring the whole, and with having
concealed part of her moft valuable effefts ; incenfed
dt fo great an infult, fee rofe up, ran to him, and
gave him fevefal blows in the face. Then turning
towards Csefaf, " Is it not a horrible thing (laid foe
t% to him) that when you have not difdained to vifit
** me, and have thought fit to confole me in the fad
if condition I now am, my own domeftics flxould
•• accufe me before you of retaining fome woman*!
jewels, not to adorn a miferable perfon as I am,
but for a prefent to your fitter Octavia, and your
" Wite Livia; that their protection may induce you
" to afford a more favourable treatment to an unfor-
** tunate princefs."

Caefar was exceedingly .pleafed to hear her talk in
that manner, not doubting but the love of life infpired
her with fuch language. He told her fee might 'difj
pofe as fee pleafed of the jewels fee had referred :
and after having affured her that he would treat her

with

fC

OF EGYPT. ftfit

with more generality and magnificence than flie could
imagine, he withdrew, imagining that he bad deceived
her, and was deceived him (elf.

Not doubting but Caefar intended to make her ferve
ai an ornament to his triumph, (he had no other
thoughts than to avoid that fliarae by dying. She
well knew that (he was obferved by the guards who
had been afligned her, and, under colour ot doing her
honour, followed her every where ; and be fides, that
ber time was (hort, Caefar's departure approaching.
The better therefore to amufe him, (he fent to defire,
that (he might go to pay her lad duty at the tomb of
Antony and take her leave of him. Caefar having
granted her that permiflion, (he went thither accord*
mgly to bathe that tomb with her tears, and to affure
Antony, to whom (he addrefled her dicourfe as if he'
bad been prefent before her eyes, that (he would foon
pvehim a more certain proof of her aflfeftion.

After that fatal proteftation, which (he accom-
panied with (ighs and laments, (he caufed the tomb to
be covered with flowers, and returned to her cham-
fer. She then went into a bath, and from the bath
to table, having ordered it to be ferved magnificently.
When (he arofe from table, (he wrote a letter to
Caefar ; ^and having" made all quit her chamber except
her two women, (he (hut the door, fat down upon a
bed, and afked for a balket of figs, which a pea-
(ant had lately brought. She placed it by her, and
a moment after laid down as if (he had fallen a deep.
But that was the effeft of the afpic, which was con-
cealed amongft the fruit, and had flung her in the arm,
which (he had held to it. The poifon immediately
communicated itfelf to the heart, and killed her with-
out pain, or being perceived by any body. The

!;uards had orders to let nothing pafs without a drift
earch into it; but the difguiled peafant, who was
one of the queen's faithful fervants, played his pan
fo well 9 and there appeared fo little appearance of

L 3 ; defign

S*S THE HtStOHY

defign in a balket of figs, that the guards faflered Mm
to enter. Thus all Caefar's precautious were inef-
feftual.

He did not doubt Cleopatra's reTolution, after having
read the letter (he had written to him, to defirethathe
would fuffer her body to be laid in the fame tomb with
that of Antony, and inftantly difpatched two officen
to prevent it. But notwithstanding all the hafte they
could make they found her dead.

,That * princefs was too haughty and too much above
the vulgar to fuffer herfelf to be led in triumph at the
wheels of the viftor's chariot. Determined to die, and
thence became capable of the fierceft refolutiom, fa
faw, with dry eyes and indifference, the mortal venom
of the afpic glide into her veins.

She died at thirty-nine years of age, of whicl be
had reiged twenty- two from the death of her father.
The ftatues of Antony were thrown down, and tM*
of Cleopatra remained -as they were ; Archibius, who
had lone beeta in her fervice^ having given Cacfara
thoufand talents that they might not be treated as
Antony's had been.

* Aufa fSjacentem Vifert regltm
VuhufertnoforttS) (Sgf afperat
Ttsaarejst+entes, *t atrmm
■Cotton comhiberet venttwm t
Dcliberata morteferociv t
Sxvis Libirnvsfcilictt i/tvidtta
Privuia deduct fufcrb*
Nm hmmilU mutter ttipup^f

ft©*. Q». X*XTJi. h x *

j Kot the dark palace of the i*ah|sfbelepr

,7 Car* awe the furious purpose of her /oul \

Calmly (he looks from heir fupericrr woe,

That cab both death aixUear qontroul \
Provokes the ferpent's ftiqg, his ragedifl
And joys to feel his poifon in her veins,
Invidious to the vi&or's fancy 'd pride, *

She will not from her own ddcead,
JDifgrac'd, a vulgar captive ty his fid?,

His pompous triumph v to attenct j '
But fiercely Hie* to d&tb, and bids her Arrows cot

<« S*¥P¥« ft}

After Cleopatra's death, Egypt was reduced into a
province of the Roman empire, and governed by &
prefeft fent thither from Rome. The reign of the
Ptolemies in Egypt, t? jiftte Lt$ SQiprpejicement from the
death of Alexander the Great, had continued two hun.
dred fourfcore and thirteen years, from the year of the
-world 3681 to 3974*

CON-

8»4 THE HISTORY

CONCLUSION

OF THE

ANCIENT HISTORY.

Vll7"E have fcen hitherto, without fpeaking of
*™ the firft and ancient kingdom of Egypt,
and of fame dates feparate, and in a manner entirely
diftinft from the reft, three great fucceffive empires,
founded on the ruins of each other, fubfift during
a long feries of ages, and at length entirely difappor;
the empire of the Babylonians, the empire of the
Medes and Perfians, and the empire of the Macedo-
nians and the Grecian princes, fucceflbrs, of Alex*
ander the Great. A fourth empire arifes, that of
the Romans, which, having already fwal lowed up
molt of thofe which have preceded it, will extend
its power by force of arms, be itfelf torn in a manner
into different pieces, and by being fo difmembered,
make way for the eftabliihment of almoft all the king-
doms which now divide Europe, Afia, and Africa.
Behold here, to fpeak properly, an abridged piflure
of all ages ; of the glory and power of all the empires
of the world ; in a word, of all that human greatnefs
has of moil fplendid and moft capable of ex-
citing admiration ! all thefe by a happy occurrence
generally unite in it: height of genius, delicacy
of tafte, attended with folia judgement ; the excel-
lent tafte of eloquence, carried to the higheft degree
of perfeftion, without departing from the natural
and the true ; the glory of arms, with that of- arts
and fciences ; valour in conquering, and ability in
government. What a multitude of great men of every

ft kind

Of EGYPT, *fl£

kind docs it not prefent to our view ! What powerful,
what -glorious kings! What great captains! What
famous conquerors! What wile magi ft rates! What
learned philofophers ! What admirable legiflators!
We are tranfported with beholding in certain ages and
countries, as if peculiar to t hem le Ives, an ardent zeal
for juftice, a paflionate love for their country, a noble
difintereftednefs, a generous contempt of riches, and
an efteem for poverty, which aftonifh and amaze us, (o
much they appear above human nature.

' In this manner we think and judge. But, whilft we
are in admiration and extacy at the view of fo many
fhiningvirtues, the Supreme Judge, who can alone
eft i mate all things, fees nothing in them but trifle,
meannefs, vanity, and pride; and, whilft mankind are
continually bufied in perpetuating the power of their
families in founding kingdoms and eternizing them*
fetaes, if that were poffible, God, from his throne on
high, overthrows all their projects, and makes eveOi
their ambition the means of executing his purpofes,
infinitely fuperior to our underftandings. He alone
inows his operations and defigns. Alt ages are pre-
fent to him : ** He feeth from everlafting to everlafU
nig."* He has affigned all empires their fate and
duration. In all the different revolutions we hav$
feen that nothing has come to pafs by chance. We
know that under the image of that ftatue, which
Nebuchodonofor faw, of an enormous height and
terrible afpeft, with the head of gold, the breaft and
arms of fifver, the belly and thighs of brafs, and the
legs of iron mixed wkh clay, <5on thought fit to re-
prefent the four great empires, uniting in them, as we
nave feen in the courfe of this hiaory, all that is
glorious, grand, formidable, and pe/werfuj. And of
yrhat has the Alpiighty occafion for overthrowing tfaif
immenfe coloflusr ' *« A fmall ftone was cut out
without bauds, which fmote the image upon his feet,

th*

t Ecclef. xxxix. i%» 'pan. ii. 34, 35.

*fl6 THE HISTORY

that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces.
Then was the iron, the clay, the brafs, the filver, and
the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like
the chaff of the fummer threfhing-floors, and the wind
carried them away, that no place was found for them ;
and the Hone that fmote the image became a great
mountain, and filled the whole earth."

We fee with our own eyes the accomplishment of
this admirable prophecy of Daniel, at leaft in pan.
Jesus Christ, who descended to clothe himfeif with
flefh and blood in the facred womb of the blefled
virgin, without the participation of man, is the fmail
itone that came from the mountain without human
aid. The prevailing chara&eriftics of his perfon, of
his relations, his appearance, his manner of teaching;
his difciples, in a word, of every thing that relate* to
him,, were fimplicity, poverty, and humility ; which
were fo extreme^ tnat they conceal from the eyesofc
the proud Jews the divine luftre of his miracles, bow
fliining foever it was, and from the fight of the devil
himfeif as penetrating and attentive as he was, the
evident proofs of his divinity. ,

Notwithstanding that feeming weaknefs, and even
meannefs, Jesus Christ will certainly conquer the
whole univerfe. It is under this idea a prophet repre-
sents him to us : • *' He went forth conquering and to
conquer." His work and million are, " to let up a
kingdom for his father, which (hall never be deftroyed;
and the kingdom which (hall not be left to other peo-.
pie;" like thofe of which we have feen in the hiflory ;
" but it fhall break in pieces, and confume all thefe
kingdoms, and it (hall ftand for ever."

The power granted to Jesus Christ, the founder
of this empire, is without bounds, meafure, or end.
The kings, who glory fo much in their puilfance,
have nothing which approaches in the leaft to that of
Jesus Christ. They do not reign over the will of
man, which is real dominion. Their fubje&s can

think

• Apoc. ri. a.

Or EGYPT. 127

t hink as they pleafe independently of them. There
are an infinitude of particular- aclions done without
their order, and which efcape their knowledge, as well
as their power. Their defigns often mifcarry and
come to nothing, even during their own lives. But
with Jesus Christ it is quite otherwife. * *• All
power is given unto him in heaven and in earth." He
exercifes it principally upon the hearts and minds of
men. Nothing is done without his order or permif-
fion. Every thing is difpofed by his wifdom and
power. Every thing co-operates, directly or indu
re&ly, to the accomplifhrnent of his defigns.

Whilft all things are in motion and fluctuate upon
earth ; whilft ftates and empires pafs away with incre-
dible rapidity, and the human race, vainly employed in
the external view of thefe things, are alfo drawn in
by the fame torrent, almoft without perceiving it;
there paffes 111 fecret an order and difpolition of things
unknown and invifible, which however determine our
fate to all eternity. The duration of ages has no
other end than th« formation of the bodies of the
elect, which augments and tends daily towards per*
feftion. When it (hall receive its final accomplifhment
by the death of the laft ot the elecl, tt " Then cometh
the end when he ihall have delivered up the kingdom
to God, even the Father ; when he (hall have put
down all rule, and all authority, and power." God

frant that we may have all our (hare in that blefled
ingdom, whofe law is truth, whofe king is love, and
whofe duration is eternity. Fiat, Fiat.

* Mat. xxviii. 18. ■ 1 Cor. xr. 24.

THE

C H R © N O L O G I C A L
TABLE.

ADVERTISEMENT.

/CHRONOLOGY is the knowledge of times. It
^- / ftiqws to what year the events related in hiftory
are to be referred. The years ufed for meafuring the
duration. of time are either folar or Lunar.

The Solar Year is that fpace between one equinox

-aadanother of the fame denomination the next year :

for inftance, from the vernal equinox to the vernal

equinox »foilowing, which contains, 365 days five

homes, and forty-nine minutes.

The Lunar Year, is corapofed of twelve lunar
months, of which each is twenty- nine da vs. twelve
lours, and forty-four minutes, that make in all 354
days, eight hours, and forty* eight minutes.

Both of thefe years are called Agronomical, to dif-
twguifh, them from that vulgarly ufed, which is termed
Civil or Political.

Though nations may not agree amongft themfelvcs
in the manner of determining their years, fome regu-
lating them by the fun's motion, and others by the
moon's, they however generally ufe the folar year in
chronology. It feemsat firft that as the lunar years-
are fliorter than the folar, that inequality (hould pro-
duce fome error in chronological calculations. But it
is to be obferved, that the people who ufed lunar years
added a certain number of intercalary days to make
them agree with the folar ; which reconcile them with
each other, or at leaft, if there be any ^difference, it
may be neglefted, when the queftion is only to de-
termine tbe year in which a fa£l has happened.

Vol. X. * L In

*$0 CHRONOLOGICAL

In Chronology there are certain times diftinguifhedb;
fome great event, to which all the reft are ^referred.
Thefe are called Epochs, from a Greek* word, which
fignifies to ftay, becaufe we ftay there to confider as from
a reding place, all that has happened before, or after,
and by that means* to avoid anachronifms, that is to
fay, thofe errors which induce confufion of times.

The choice of the events which are to ferve as
epochs, is arbitrary, and a writer of hiftory may take
fuch as beft fuit his plan.

. When we begin to compute years from one of thefe
points diftinguilhed by a considerable event, the enu-
• meration and feries of fuch years is called Mm.
There are alrnofl as many aeras as there have been
. different nations. The principal, and moll ufed, are
thofe of the World, of Jtfus €knji 9 of the OlymfUJs,
and of Rome. I fhould have been glad- to have ufed
ail the four in the Chronological. Table at the ewi ol
my hiftory. But the narrow compafs of thefe pages,
obliges me to confine myfelf to. the two moft famous,
that is to fay, that of the World, and that of Je/usCkrif*

Every body knows, that the Olympiads derived their
origin from the Olympic games, which were celebrated
in reloponnefus, near the city of Olympia. Thefe
games were fo folcmn, that Greece made them hex
epoch for computing her years. By Olympiad is meant
the fpace of four years complete, which is the time
that elapfed between one celebration of games and an-
other. The firft ufed by chronologers begins, ac-
cording to Uftier, in the fummer of the year of the
World $9*8, before Chrift 776. When the time on
which an event happened is reckoned by the Olympiads,
authors fay the firft, fecond, or third, &c. year of fuch
an Olympiad ; which l?eing once known, it is eafy to
find the year of the world to which the fame faft is to
be referred ; and in like manner, when the year of the
world is known, it is eafy to find that of the Olympiad
which agrees with it.

Rome

• »

E^X"'

TABLE. 231

Rome was built according to Varro's Chronology,
in the year of the world 3251, and the 753d before
Jefus Chrift. Cato dates the foundation of that city
two'years later, in the year of the world 3253, before
Jefus Chrift 751. I (hall follow the opinion of the
latter in my Roman hiftory. The years reckoned from
this epoch are called indifferently years of Rome, or
years from the foundation of the city.

The Julian period is alfo a famous aera in chronology
ufed principally for reckoning the years before Chrift.
I am going to explain wherein this period confifts, and
its ufe: but- firft I mull give the reader an idea of the
three cycles, of which it is compofed.

By the word cycle, the revolution of a certain num-
ber of years is underftood.

The Solar Cycle is a term of twenty-eight years which
includes all the variations that the Sundays and days of
the week admit, that is to fay, at the end of twenty-
eight years the feven firft letters of the alphabet, which
are ufed in the calender for noting the day of the week,
and which are called Dominical letters, .return in the
fame order in which they were at firft. To underftand
what I have now faid it mull be obferved, that if the
year had only fifty-two weeks, there would be no change
m the order or the dominical letters. But as it has a
da y more, and two in leap-year, that produces- all the
variations included irUhe fpace of twenty-eight years,
°t which the folar cycle confifts.

. The Lunar Cycle, called alfo the Golden Number,
is the revolution of ninteen years; atthevend of which
the moon returns, within an hour and a half, to the
jame point with the fun, and begins its lunations again
in the fame order as at firft. We are indebted for the
J nvention of the cycle to Methon, a famous Athenian
^ftronomer. Before the invention of the epa6b,it was ufed
*or making the days of the new moon in the calendar*

Befides thefe two cycles, chronologers admit a third
^fo, called IndiSion. This is a revolution of fifteen
years, of which the firft is called the firft indi8ion< tre

fecond

fl 3« CHRONOLOGICAL

fecond thejicoiid imBcTiort, and fo on to'the fifteenth,
after which they begin again to count tfie firit induc-
tion, &c.

The firft indi&ion is generally fuppofed to have be*
gan three years before the birth of Chrift.

If thefe three cycles, that is to fay, 28, 10; and r^are
multiplied by each other, the produft will be 7980V
which is what is called the Julian period.

• One of the properties of this period, is to give the
three chardSeriftic cycles of each year, that is to fay,
the current year of each of the three cycles; for exam-
ple, every body knows that the vulgar, asra com*
mences at the year 4714 of the Jutitm period. K that
number be divided by 28, whiab remains * after tie
divifion, fhows the folar cycle of that year. In tbc
lame manner the lunar cycle and the mtli&ion may be
found. It is demonftrated, that the three nu niters
which exprefs thefe three cycles cannot be found again
in the fame order in any other year of the Julian period.
It is the fame in refpeft to the cycles of other years;

If we trace this period back to its firft yea*, that is
to fay, to the year when the thre6 cycle*, of which it
is com po fed, began, we ftiaH- find k precede the crea-
tion of the world 7*0 years; fuppo&ng tftecreatiotrto
precede the vulgar aeraortly 4004 yews.

This period is catted Julian, becaofe k is made to
agree with the years of JuHinr Gaeffar. Scaliger in.
vented it to reconcile the fyftems that divided the chro-
nologers concerning the length of trtne ekpfed it nee
the beginning of the world. Thert are who* believe
that only 4064 years- of the world' are to be reckoned
before Jefks Chrift. Others* give rnore extent to thai
fpece and awgrnent the number, of years of which it
confrfts. Thefe variations disappear wheft the Julian
period is ufed, for every body agrees in refpeft to ehti
year m which it began, and there is nobody who doe$

not

* I fay wliat rertrtiris, ahd not the quotient ai fdtfte author* do j
for the quotient ex^preffes th$ number of eyrie* e\*pf$$ fined the bt-
gtnninz of the period, stud what remains after the divifion ihews the
year dr the current cycle.

TABU5. i *33-

not *know, that the firft year of the. vulgar aera falls in
the 4714 of that period. Thus in the Julian period
there are two fixed points, which unite aH fyftems and
reconcile all chronologers.

It is eafy to find the year of the Julian period , that

anfwers to any year whaftfoever of the vulgar' aera of

the world. For as the beginning of the Julian period

precedes that aera 710 years, by adding that number

to the year propofed of the aera of the world, we have

the year of the Julian period, that anfwers to it. For

inftance, we know* that the battle of Arbela was fought

in the year of the world 3673. If to that number we

add 710, it will be 4383, which number exprefles the

year of the Julian period, to which the battle of Arbela

is to be referred.

It remains for me to fay a few words upon the or*
der I. have obferved in my Chronological Table. At
firft I propofed to make as many columns as there are
different nations in my book, whofe hiftory falls out
in the fame times, and to place them all in the fame
line with each other, in order that all the events that
happened in fame year might be feen at one view.
•But, befides my not having fufficient room to place fo
many columns fide by fide with each other, I found
that I mould have been obliged to leave too many blank
fpaces, which would have confiderably lengthened the
table, and in confequence fwelled the volume, which,
as it is 9 is very large. I therefore chofe to feparate the
Carthaginians and Syracufans. and to give their chro-
nology apart. The hi (lories of thofe two people are
abundantly interwoven with each other, and have little
relation to thofe of the other nations of whom I have
treated.

The reader knows that hitherto I have not entered
into chronological difcuflions, and undoubtedly does not
expeft that I mould do fo now. I (hall generally follow
Uiher, whom i have chofen for my guide in this fubjeft.

l 3 ASSY-

*34 CHRON&LtffclCAL

A. hi. ASSYRIANS. Aid.

l.C.
iloo. Nimtvd» founder of the fiift etnpife of tk Ail}- 1204.
thni.

Wiaut, the fon of Nimrod.

Seraramis; (hercigM44»jctfc

lfinyaa.

Tbfe hiftory of the fucceflbrs of Ninyas for
thirty generations, except of Phul and
Sardafcapalus, ia nakaowflu

¥*Btt» *%$

\ s EGYPT. GREECE. An*

A > «• . J. q.

nrft king of Egypt,

Bufiris. '

Ofymandias.

Uchoreus.

Moeris.

J* 1 *- Foundation of the kin r. aoto.

19a©. The king - fhepherds domofSycioB. 2084.

feize the lower Egypt.
Mfi Tbe y ^gn *6o years.
^H' Abraham enters Egypt,

where Sarah is in great
danger frcm one of the

1920

Kifajw^ephadtft

a,4 *« ' ^oundatlottof the kigg- 1856.

dom of Argos. Beluge of
Ogyges in Attica.
ai /9» Thethmofis expels the i%%$,

King . ihepherds, and
.reigns in the Lower E.

gypt.

**7*. Jofeph is carried into W 3

Egypt and fojd by Ppti-
phar.

aa 9*. Jacob goesin'to Egypt \ 270*.

with his family.

a 4*7» Rameffes - Miamum l<77«

begins to reign in Egypt.
He perfecutes the I Israel-
ite*.

a 44». Cecrops carries a co- Foundation of the king- i<c*.

tony from Ejfflpl, a«4 tiettt A Athens, by Ce- "

founds the kingdom of crops He ioJtrtttee fee

A*M». JU*e?ag«*.

t$& CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M. EGYPT. •• : i Ant.

J.C.

4

3494. Amenophis, the eldei? fon of Ramefles, fucceeds i$io.
him

1513. The Ifraelites quit Egypt. Amenophis is fwal- M9 1 *
lowed up in the Red-fea. Sefoftris his fon fucceeds
him. He divides Eg\pt into thirty nomes, or di-
ll rids, readers Ethiopia tributary, conquers Afia,
and fubjects the Scythians as tar as the Tanais.
On his return into Egypt he kills himfelf alter a
reign of 3 3 years.

s$47. Fheron fucceeds Sefoftris. . W

sSoo. Proteus. In his reign Paris is driven into. Egypt i«4-
on his return to Troy with Helen.

Rhampfinith.

Cheops, .

Chephrem.

Mycerinns.

Afychis.

The fix preceding reignruifcr* 170 years in dura-
tion, but it is hard to affign. the length of each of
them in particular.

%09U Pharaoh king of Egypt gives his daughter Jo mar- *>ij<
riage to Solomon. .

^Oo6. Sefac, otherwise called Sefonchis. Itva*. wilM?
him that Jeroboam took refuge.

A.Mv GREECE. MU

J.C.
%4&l. Under Cranaus, fucceffor of €eorops>. happens Deu- 1516*
calion's flood. _ '

Foundation of the kingdom of Lacaedemonia, of
which Lelex is the lirft king.

3 5JO. DanauS, brother of Sefoftris, leaves Egypt, and 1474*

retires into the Peloponnefus, where he makes him-

felf mailer of Argos.
Perfeus, the fifth of Danaus's fucceflbrs, having

unfortunately killed his grandfather, abandons Argos,

and founds the kingdom of My cense.
2628. Sifyphus the ion of jEolus makes himfelf mailer 137$.

of Corinth.
1710. The defendants of Sifyphus are driven out of Co- 1194.

rinth by tkie Heraclidae.
2710. iEgneua^ the fon of Pandion, king of Attica. The 1*84.

expedition of the Argonauts is dated in the reign of

this prince.
1800. The Heraclida? make themfelves matters of Pelo- 1204.

ponnefus, from whence they are obliged to retire foon

after.

1820. Troy taken by the Greeks. 1 184.

*goo. The HeracHdce Te-enter Peloponnefus, and feize 1104,

Sparta, where the brothers Euryfthcnes and P roc lei

reign together.
2934. Inftitution of the Archons at Athens. Medon, the 1070.

fon of Codrus, is the firft.
A949. Cadmus builds the city of Thebes, and makes it toss*

the feat of his government.

tj8

A. M.

3033.
3063.

3110.
3 16O.
3*iG.
331$.

Ant.

].C.

971.

941.

CHRONOLOGICAL
EGYPT. GREECE.

Sefac marches againit

Jerufalem, and -conquers
ud;eft.
Zara, kinf of Egypt,
makes war with Afa, king
of Judah.

Anyfis. In his reiga
Sabacus, -ting of E thiopia,
makes himfclf mafter of
Egypt, reigns there fifty
years, after which he re-
tires, and leaves the king-
dom to Anyfis.

Lycurcim.

Corner. Hefiod lived 84+
about the fame time.

Caranus fou nds the king- 794-
doui of Macedonia.

Beginning of the com- 77&«
mon Mta of the Olym-
piads*

TABLE. » 39

A - M - I return to the chronology of the Afly- ***.
nans, which I discontinued becaufe J' c *
from Ninyas down to about this time # ,
nothing is known of their hiftory.

ASSYRIANS.

3*33. ' Phul. The Virtg of Niniveh, who repented upon 771,

Jonah's preaching.
3*37. Sardanapalus, the laft king of the firft empire of 767.

the Aflyrians. After a reign of twenty years he burns

himfelf in his palace.

TUe firft empire of the AiTyrians, which ended at

the death of Sardanapalus, had fubfifted more than

1450 years. Out of its ruins three others were formed,

that of the A {Tynans of Babylon, that of Ihe Aflyrians „

oi Ninivehi and that of the Medes.

5 *

*40 CHRONOLOGICAL

<A.M. ,CpvYP : T. G^LE^CX A*t.

]C.

» 4

3** 1 * Firft war between the 74J.

Meffcnians and Lacedae-
monians. It continues
* twenty years.

3**0* .Archilachw the fa- 714.

3*85. 'fifehoa Jle.jeigacd *^ - IO

fourteen yew. / **

TABLE-
A.M. BABYL. NINEVEH. MEDIA. LYDIA.

3 25 7 • Beiefis , or Thcglath

Nabonaflar. Phalafar.

The fcrip- The 8th

ture calls year of his

him Bala- reign he aids

dan*

Ahaz king
of Judah,
and makes
himfelfmaf-
ter of Syria,
and of part
of the king,
dom of Ju-
dah,

Arhaces
exercifes the
fovereign au.
thority over
the Medes,
without ta-
king upon
him the ti-
tle of kin$.

24t
Ant.

J- c.

747.

3zSt. Merodach
Baladan.
He fent am-
bafTadors to
Hezekiahto
congratulate
him upon the
recovery of
his health.
Nothing is
known of
t£e other
kings that
. reigned in
Babylon.

The He-

radicse pof.
fefs the
kingdom of
Lydia 505
years. Ar-
gon was the
flrft king.
He began to
reign in the
year of the
world 278 1.
The hiftory
ofhisfucceA.
fors is little
known be-
fore Can-
daules.

7tf.

3269.

V#l. X.

SaJmana-
far. The
eighth year
of his reign
he took Sa-
taaria, and
carried away
the people
into captivity.

M

Caindaulcs* 735,

242 CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M. EGYPT. GREECE. Ant.

J.C.

3298. T haraca reigns eighteen 706,

)ears.
A-archy two years in,

Egypt.
3319. i-A^lvc of tbc princi- 685.

pal lords of ) gypt feize

the kingdom, of which

e?ch governs a part with

equal authority.

33*0. Socorid war between the 684.

Lacedaemonians and Mefle-
nians 14 year i.

Ji. M. BABYL.

TABLE.
N#NEVEH. MEDIA. JLYD1A.

Gyges.
He putt

Candaules
to death and
reigns in his
ftcad.

*43

Ant.

J- c.

718.

3**7. :

Sennache-
rib. In the
fifth year of
his reign he
makes war
againft He-
zekiah,king
of Judah.

An angel
destroys his
army at the
time he is

befiegfngje-
rufalcm.

On his
return to his
kingdom he
is killed by
his two
fons.

717-

3296.

Afanhad-
don.

Dejoces
caufes him-
felf to be
declared
king of the
Medes.

710.

708.

Mz

244 CHRONOLOGICAL

A. M. ICYPT. GREECE. Ant.

J. C

Ufr

Pfaiftmitieus, one of
the twelve kings, defeats
the other eleven, and re-
mains fole mailer of
Egypt. He takes Azoth
after a fiege of 29 years.

•70.

TABLE. §45

A*M. BABVU MINEVEH. M.RDIA. LYDlA* An*.

J. C.
33**» Afarhad. 68 !•

don unites

the empire

of Babylon

with that of

Nineveh.

33*4*

Death of
Cfyges.

Ardys his
ion fucceeds
him. In his
feign, of 49
years, the
Cimmerians
made them-
i'elves maf-
ters or Sar-»
dii.

680.

n*r»

... Afcwh**.

don* carries
fhe> ramains
of the king-
dom of If-
jael into A f-
fyria. The
fame year
fee puts Ma-
nalfeh . in
chains, and
carries him
into Babylon*

«77.

*4 6 CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M..:, ..ICWT. GREECE. Art. t

J.C

i

W*4» Tyrt*us, apeet whoei- fa

celled in celebrating mili-
tary virtue.

Thalesef Miletus, found-
er of the lonick fed.

A. M. H1H. et BAB.

TABLE.
MEDIA.

3535

3347-

3tf*-

Saofd-jchin, or
Nabuchadoncfor
I. The twelfth
year of his reign
he defeats Phra-

Death of Ds-
joces. Phruor-

ortcs, k ing of the tes fucceeds him .

Medes, and takes

Ecbatana. It

was after this

expedition that

he made Holo-

phernes befiege

Ccthulia.

Death of Na-
huchadonofor.
Saracus, called
alfo Chynalada-
nus, fucccedcd
hira.

LYDIA,

247
Ant.

J. c.

669.

*|8.

^

$3^9.

Fhraortes pe-
riflies at the fiege
of Nineveh with
part of his army.
Cyaxares his fon
fucceeds him.
The fecond year
of his reign he*
heats theAifyri*
ans, and attacks
Nineveh, the
fiege of which he
is obliged to a*
baudon by a Hid-
den irruption of
the Scythians
into his domi-
nions.

635.

a 4^ CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M. EGYPT. XREECI. Ant.

J. C.

JJ*°« Drico, Itgiflaior «f 624.

Athtn*»

3&S. Nechao. The feventh *,*

year of his reign he de-
feats the king of Affjrria,
and feizes part of his do-
minions. He reigned fix*
teen years.

A. M. NIN; a* BAB.

3373-

TABL*.
MEDIA.

LY&tA.

Sadyattes. He
forms the iiege
of Miletus in the
fifteenth year of
his reign.

*49

Ant.

J.C.
6ji.

337S. Nabopolaflar's
revolt agaiirit
Saracus. He

makes himfclf
mailer of Baby-
lon.

<x6.

Definition of
Nineveh. Frem
thenceforth Ba-
bylon was the
capital of the
AtTyrian empire.

Cyaxares joins-
his forces with
thofe of Nabo-
polaffar, takes '
Nineveh, and
puts Saracus its
king to death.

3385.

' Alyattes. He
continues the
liege of Miletus,
which had been
carried on fix
years by his fa-
ther, and puts an
end to it fix years
after by conclu-
ding a peace with
the befieged. In
the fame prince's
reign there was a
war between the
Medes and Ly-
dians, which was
terminated by
the marriage of
Cyaxares with
lAifants . she
daughter of Aly-
attes.

6 if.

MJ

*£0 CHRQNQLPGICAL

A. M. ^QYPT. : GREECE. Ant.

J- C

340*.

Solen.

The feven fages of
Greece lived about this
time.

Alcaeus, from whom
the Alcaic verfes take their
name.

Sappho, at the fame
time. *

*o+

3404, Pfammis fix years.

too.

., •, TABLF. > fi^ 1

A. M. BABYLON, MEDIA. . L YD I A. Ant.

J. C.

3397. Nabopolaflar 6d ?*

aflbciates his fon

Nabuchad^nofor

in the empire,

and fends him at

the head of an

army to re-con-
quer the coun- w

tries taken from

him by Nechao. -
339K. Jerufalem ta- *°$»

ken by Nabu-

chadonofor. He

tranfportsagreat

number of Jews

to Babylon, and

arnongft them

the prophet Da-
niel.
The captivity

begins from this

carrying away

the Jews to Ba-
bylon.
3399. Death of Na- . $$$•

bopolaflbr. His

fon Nabuchado-

nofor II. fuc-

cezds him injiil

hi* dominions.

34^3* Nabuchado- (r,r,

nofor's firft '

34*4-

dream inter-
preted by Da-
niel.

Afty»e*s, the Go»«

fon of Cyaxarer.,
^ives his daugh-
ter in marriage to

t$K CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M. EGYPT. GREECE. Ant.

J. C.

3410. Apries. He nukes him-
felf mafer of Sidon, in
the firft year of his reign.

34VI, Zedekiah, king of Ju-
dah, nukes an alliance
with the king, of Egypt,
contrary to the advice of
tfee prophet Jeremiah.

53*

593v

A. M. BABYLON.

TABtB.
MEDIA.

Cambyfcs kins
of PerOa.

LY&IA.

*53

A*r.
I.e.

5405.

' -<>

Nabuchadono-
for's lieutenants,
after having ra-
vaged Judsea, ' -
blockade Jerufa- < "
lem,and put king Birth or <^ru$.
Jehoiakirrf flb
death. About the
end of the fame
year, Nabuchad-
onofo- apsirs in
perfon to Jerufa-
lem, makes him-
felf matter of it.,
and appoints Ze-
dekiah king in-
ftead of Jehoia-
chin, whom he
carries Into cap-
tiyity.

m*

34*9«

Death df Cy-

axares. Ally ages*
his fon fucceeds
him. He reigns
thirty-five yean.

595-

341 1* Nabuchadono-

fordeftroys Jeru-
fa lem, and carries
away Zedekiah
captive to Baby-
lon, At his re-
turn into his ilo-

Cyzus goes for
the nrfi time into
Media, to fee his
grandfather Af-
tyages. He re- %
mains three years
with him.

J«.

*54

A* M»

CHRONOLOGICAL
EGYPT. GREECE.

Ant.
J.C.

$430' " Unfortunate expedition
of A pries into Libya.

Amails revolts againft
A prie«.

3432. Nabuchadonoibr fub-
jecls Egypt, and contorts
Amafift in the thfont.

574*

57*«

3435. Apnea diet, in the twen-
ty-fifth year of his reign.
Amafis reignajfter him
in peace.

5^.

344©-

Thefpis reforms tra- jty*
gcdy.

Pythagoras lived about
this time.

3444*

Simonides, the celebrated $fa.
poet.

JL. M.

BABYLON..

minions, he
caufes the three
young Hebrews
to be thrown
into the furnace.

t5aBL£.
MEDIA.

LYDIA. 9

*S5

. Ant.
J.C.

3433. Nabuchadono*
for makes him-
felf matter of
Tyre,afterafieg»
of thirteen years.
He did not march
againft Egypt till
after this expe-
tkm.

3434. Nabuchado-
nofor's fecond
dream interpret-
ed by Daniel.

343$' Nabuchado-

nofor reduced to
the condition of
beafts during
' feven years, after
which he reigns
again one year*
Evil-Merodach
his fon fucceeds
him. He reigns
only two yeavs.

57*.

570.

S**

344** ^ Crosfus. s*a.

„ . ,.-. -ffifop lived in

3444. , Nenghflor. Death of Af- his reign, and 560.

He makes ©eat tyagcs. Cyaxa- was in his court

pre- res at

$5* CHRONOLOGICAL

A. M. I G TFT. G-KfefcCft. Ant.

3445. Pififtratus makes him- 559*

felf matter of Atheiw.

34**« " ' * Hypponax, author of 5^4.

the vcrie Scazojj,.
' 1 , 1 » ' Heraclitus, chief* of the
•' -< fftStMthichbekrshitiatoe.

A. 9A»

3445-

J&A2Y&ON..

preparations &>r
war againft the
Medes, and calls
Crcefus to his
aid.

MEDIA. _ ; vLYpi A.

3447-

344*.

3449*

34S«.

res fucceeds him,
known in the
ibripture under
the came of Da-
rius the Mede.

Cyrus returns
into Media for
the fecond time,
in order to affift
his uncle in the
war with the
Babylonians.

Expedition of
Cyrus againft
the king of Ar-
menia.

Cy ax ares and
Cyrus defeat the
Babylonians in a
great battle, in
which Neriglif.
fqr is flain.

Laborofoarchod.
He reigns only
tune months.
m Labynit, called
in fcripture Bel*
ttuzzar.

About this time
the marriage of
Cyrus with the
daughter of his
uncle Cyaxares
may be dated.

the fame time
with Solon.

Ant.

I.e.

S59«

557«

$$*•

Crcsfus fllct
before Cynfc,

$3S<

Battle of
r Thymbrea be-
tween Croafus
and Cyrus, fol-
lowed with the
taking of Sardis
by the latter.-
' End of the king-
dom of Lydut.

548.

*j8 CHRONOLOGICAL

A. M. tCYPT. GREECE, Aft.

).C.
34*4- Birth of jSfchylus. 540.

Ctefiphon, or Cherfi.
phron, a celebrated archi-
tect famous efpecially for
building the temple of Di-
ana of Ephefus.

jx;!, Betft of Pififtratus. 52^

Hippas his foo fuccced*
him.
3479. Pfammenltui, He 515.

reigns only fix months.

After the death of that

prince, Egypt U annexed

to the Peruan dominions*

and continues fo till the

reign of Alexander the

Great, which includes

the (pace of two hundred

and fix years.

TABLE. £59

A.M. BABYLON. M E D E S. A*.

J. C.

3466. Cyrus makes .fcimfelf 538.

Labynit is killed at the mailer of Babylon,
taking of Babylon. The
death of that prince puts
, an end to the Babylonian
empire, which is united
3468. with that of the Medes. Death of Cyaxarcs. 536.

After the death of Cvaxares and Cambyfes,
Cyrus, who fucceeded both in their domi-
nions, united the empire of the Medes
with thofe of the Babylonians and Per-
fians, and of the three formed a fourth
under the name of the empire of the
Perfians, which fubfifted two hundred
and fix years.

Empire rf tb* PERSIANS.

34^8: Cyras. The firft year of his reign he permits the 536.

Jews to return into Judaea.
3470. Daniel's vifion concerning the fucceflion of the kings 534.

of Periia.
3475* Cyrus dies on a tour which he makes into Perfia, after 5*9.

having reigned feven years alone, and thirty from his

fetting out from Periia at the head of an army to aid

Cyaxares.
Cambyfes his fon fucceeds him. The fourth year

of his reign he attacks Egypt, a/id re-unites it to the

empire of the Perfians.

«6o

CHRONOLOGICAL

A. M.

•

G R £ E C S.

Atft.
J.C.

• ♦

14*0, Mtitifttoft 0* !« &ttl* in tat Ckufaftfc* |»*

J49* • TW Fdutratidai «k olftigcd to twwtoa Attiau $o»»

TABLE* 26 i

A.M. TP E R S I A V S, 1 Ant.

J c,

34.80. Unfuccefsful expedition of Cambyfes againft the 544.
Ethiopians.

5 45 1. Cambyfe&j>«ts Mcioe, who was both his fitter and 503%
wife to death.

It was about this time that Oretee, one of the Sa-
trapae of Cambyfes, made htmfelf mailer of the ifland
of £amos, and canfiad Pelycrates, the tyrant of it, to be
put to death.

348a. Death of Caanbyfes. Sraentia-the Magus, who bad ' 5a*.
mounted the throne before the death of Cambyfes, flic*
ceeds Ins. He reigns -only ftven months.

3485. Darius the fon of Hyftafpes. '521.

5485. . E{ti&of Darius in favour of the Jews, wherein that 51$.
of Cyrus is repealed. It is believed, that what is re-
lated in the hiitory of Either, happened- feme time after
the publication of this edit).

3488. Babylon revolts againft Damns, and is taken after a 516.
.liege of twenty months.

3490. Expedition of Darius againft the Scythians. 5 14.

3496. Darius penetratfS'kito. India, and reduces all that great 508.
country into fubje&ion.

The biftory of the Greeks from henceforth
will be intermixed and almofl confounded
with that of the Perfians, for which rea-
fon I (fiall feparate their chronology no
father.

PERSIANS ANn GR E E K£.

350K The Perfrura form the fiege of the, capital of the 503,

ifland of Naxos, and are obliged to raiife it in fix months.
3502. A/j&agnras, governor of Miletus, revolts from Da* $o*.

rius, and brings the Ionians and Athenians into his

meafures. s <

3504. The Ionian* make themfeives mailers of Sardis, and 500*

burn it.
3507. The Perfians defeat the Ionians in a fea-fight before 497.

the ifland of Lados, and make themfelves mailers of

Miletus.
> j'Efchylus.

35 10. Darius fends Gobryas his fon-in-law at theJiead of an 494,

army to attack Greece.
Anacreon.**
3513, Darius take the command of his armies from Go- 491.

brvas, and ,gives it to Datis^nd At tap hemes.

Battle

ifji CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M. PERSIANS akp GREEKS. Ant.

J.C.
35.14. Battle of Manthon. 490.

3515. Unfortunate end of Mil tiades. 489.
3519. Death of Darius Hyftafpes. Xerxes hit fen fuoceeds 485.

him.
3510. Binh of the hiftorian Herodotus. 484.

3514. Xerxes fets out to make war againft the Greeks. 480.

Battle of Thermopylae; Leonidas, king of the La-
cedaemonians, is killed in it. Sea-fight near Arterai-
fium, at the fame time as the battle of Thermopylae.
Bkth of Euripides.

Battle of Salamin, followed hy the precipitate return
of Xerxes into Perfia.
35*5, Battle of Platsea. Sea-fight the fame day near My* 479.
cale, in which the Perfians are, defeated.

3516. The. Athenian* rebuild the walls of their city, which 478.
had been demoliihed by Xerxes, notwithftanding the
opposition of the Lacedaemonians.

3518. The command of the armies of Greece, of which the 47*.
Lacedaemonians had been in poffeffion from the battle
of Thermopylae, is transferred to the Athenians.
Pindar flouriihed about this time.

3530. Pauianias, general of the Lacedaemonians, accufed 474.
of holding fecret intelligence with Xerxes, is put to
death. r

3531. Themiftocles, the Athenian general, is accufed of 473.
having had a (hare in Paufanias's plot, and takes refuge
with Admetus, king of the Molpflians.

Sophocles and Euripides appear in Greece about this
time.

3532. Xerxes is killed by Artabanus, the captain of his 472.
' guards.

Artaxerxes, firnamed Longimanus, fucceeds him.
Themiftocles takes refuge in his court the firft year of
his reign.
3533* Cimon receives the command of the armies at 47*-
Athens. The year following he defeats the Perfians,
and takes their fleet near the mouth of the river Euri-
medon.

Birth of the hiftorian Thucydides.
3534. Great earthquakes at Sparta in the reign of Archida. 470.
mus, which makes way for a fedition of the Helots.

Birth of Socrates.
3535* Beginning of Pericles. 469.

Phidias, famous for his (kill in architecture and
fculpture.

Difference and'mifunderftanding between the Atheni-
ans and Lacedaemonians, ccc*iioned by the ait roi.t of-
fered to the Athenians by the Lacedaemonians in fending
back their troops* after having called in their aid againit
the Meilenians and Helois. Some time alter, and in

7 confequenct

TABLE, S63

A. M. PERSIANS a»j> GREEKS. Ant.

J.C,
confequence of this quarrel, Cioion is banuhed by the
Oftracifm.

3537. Efdras obtains a commiflion from Artaxerxes to 467.
return to Jerusalem with all who are willing to follow

him. *

3538. Themiftocles puts an end to his life at Magnefia. 466.
354®» Herodicus of Sicily, chief of the feet of phyficians, 464.

called At«rr»Ti' «. Hippocrates was his duuple.

3544- The Egyptians, fupported by the Athenians, revolt 460.
againft Artaxerxes.

3545- Defeat of the Perfian army 'n Egypt. 459.
354** The Egyptians and Athenians are beaten in their turn. 456.

In confequence of which all Egypt returns to its obe-
dience to Artaxerxes, and the Athenians retire to Da-
narus, where they fuftain a fiege of a year.

Battle of Tanagra in Beeotia, where the Athenians
beat the Spartans, who were come to the aid of the
Boeotians.
355°- Nehemiah obtains Artaxerxes' s perauflion to return 454,
tojerufalem.

3554- Birth of Xenophon. / 45O.
Cimon, recalled from baniihment afte* five years' ah*

fence, reconciles the Athenians and Spartans, and makes
them conclude a truce of five years.

3555- Bad of the war between the Creeks and Periians, 449,
which had continued, from the burning of Sardis by the
Athenians, fifty-one years.

Death of 1 Cimon.
355«. The Lacedaemonians conclude a truce for thirty years 446,
with the Athenians. The latter foon break it by new
entcrprifes.

Empedocles, the Pythagorean philofopher, fiouriihed
about this time.

Myron, the famous fculptor of Athens.
35 H« Pericles makes war with the Samians« and takes the 440.
capital of their iiland after a liege of nine months.
Zeuxis, the famous painter, oifciple of Apollodorus.
Parrhafras his rival, lived at the fame time.
Ariftophanes, the comic poet.
35*8. Birth of liberates. 43*.

War between the Corinthians and the people of Cor-
cyra. The Athenians engage in it in favour of the
Corcyreans. The inhabitants of Potidsea declare on
the iide of Corinth againft Athens. Alcibiades be-
gins to appear in this war, which occasions that of
Peloponnefus.
Scopas, architect and fculptor.
3573. Beginning of the Peloponneuan war. It fubfifts 43 r.
twenty-feven years.

A terrible

*4

CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M. PERSIANS amd CRFFKS, Ant.

J.C.
3574- A terrible plague ages in Attica. Tfepfay&ytt 43°-

Hippocrates bUftinguifhes himfelf by his extraordinary

care efthefick.

3575. Drath of Pericles. 4ty

3576. The Lacedaemonians befiege Plataea. 4 1 *-
Pluto, founder of the ancient academy.

3579. Death of Artaxerxes. Xerxes his ion Succeeds him. 4*5*
He reigns only forty-five days.

Jtagdianus puts Xerxes to death, and canifes himfelf
to be acknowledged king in his Head. His reign con-
tinues only fix months.
35&). Ochits, known under the name of Darius Nothus, 4*4«
rids himfelf of Sogdianus, and fuoceeds him.

-The Athenians, under Ntcias, make themielyes maf-
ters of Cythera:

Thucydtdes is bomfhed by the Athenians, whofe ar-
my he commanded, Jbr having ftiflered AmeJiipolis to
be taken.

Pelygnotus, famed particularly for his painting in
the portico called notxiXn at Athens, in which he re* .
presented the principal events of the Trojan war.

3553. Treaty of peace concluded, by the application of 4"<
Nteias, between the Lace d ae m o n ian* and Athenians, in
the tenth year from the beginning of. the Lacedaemonian
war. Alcibiades, by «n impoftucc, oocafions its being
broke the following year.

3554. The banijbment of Hyperbolas puts an end to the 420.
Oftractfm.

358*. Alcibiades engages the Athenians to affift die people 4 ,6>
of Egefta agamft the Syraou fans.

3589. Alcibiades, one of the generals fent to Sicily by the 4 J 5*
Athenians, is recalled to Athens* to anfwer accufaiions
againft him. He flies to Sparta, and is condemned for .
contumacy.

3 5 90. Pifuthnes, governor of Syria, revolts againft Darius. 4 if
The Egyptians do the fame, and clioofe Amyrtseus for
their king, who reigns fix years.

3593. Alcibiades, td avoid the envy which his great acTions 4 11,
had drawn upon him at Sparta, throws himfelf into the
. arms of Tiflaphernes, one of the king of PerfiVs iatraps.
The Lacedaemonians; by the help of Tiifaphernes, con-
clude a treaty of alliance with the king of Perna.

3595. Alcibiades is recalled to Athens. His return occa- 4<>9 :
fions the abolition of the Four Hundred, who had been
invefted with fuprerhe authority.

Darius gives Cyrus, his youngeft fon, the government
in chief of all the provinces of Afia Minor.

3598. Ly lander is placed at the head of the Lacedacmo- 406.
nians. He defeats the Athenians near Ephefus. -In

confcqucnci

TABLE. 165

AM. PERSIANS and GREEKS. Ant.

J. C.

conference of that defeat Alcibiades is depofed, and
ten generals are nominated to fucceed him.
3 199- Callicratidas has the command of the army in the 405.
room of Lyfander, from whom the Lacedaemonians
had taken it. He is killed in a fea- fight near the Ar-
guniCae, •

Lyfander is reftored to the command of the Laceda?-
.. menian army. He gains a famous victory over t'he
Athenians at v^Egofpotamus.

Conon, who commanded the Athenian forces, retires ,
after his defeat to Evagoras, king of Cyprus.
^oOO. Lyfander makes himfelf matter of. Athens, changes 404.
the form of the government, and eftablifhes thirty Ar-
chons, commonly called the thirty Tyrants.
End of the Peleponnefian war.
Death of Darius Nothus. Arfaces, his fon, fuc-
ceeds him, and takes the name of Artaxerxes Mne-
mon.

Cyrus the Younger intends to aflafllnate his brother
Artaxerxes. His delign being difcovered, he is lent to
the maritime provinces, of which he was governor.
3^01. Interview of Cyrus the Younger and Lyfander at 403.
. Sardis.

Thrafybulus expels the tyrants of Athens, and re-
eftabltihes its liberty.

3602, Cyrus, the Younger prepares for a war with his 40a.
brother Artaxerxes.

3603. Defeat and death of Cyrus the Younger at Cunaxa, 401,
followed by the retreat of the Ten Thoufand.

Death of Socrates.
3004. Lacedaemon declares war againft Tiflaphernes and 400.

Pharnabafus.
3606. Beginning of Arayntas, king of Macedonia, father 398.

of Philip.
3^07. Ageiilaus is elected king of Sparta. The, year 397.
following he goes to Attica, to the aid of the Greeks
fettled there.
3609, Lyfander quarrels with Agefilaus, and undertakes 395,
to change the order of the fucceflion to the throne.

The army of Tiflaphernes is defeated near Sardis by
Agefilaus.
joio. Thebes, Argos, and Corinth, enter into a league 394,
againit Lacedaemon, at the folicitation of the Per-
fians. Athens enters into the fame league foon after.
Agefilaus is recalled by the Ephori to the afliflance of
his country. - ' . V.

The fleet of the Lacedaemonians is defeated near
Cnidos by Pharnabafus, and Conon the Athenian, who
commanded that ot-the Perfians and Creeks. Agefi-
Vo*. X. N laus

«66 CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M. PfrHS-lAIf9 Amy GRHKS. - Art.

J.C.
lavs defeat tlje Thebans ajnjoft at the fan* time m- the
plains of /Coronac*.
Conon rebuilds the waffs of Athens.
3617. Peace fttamcful to the Greets cone hided by the Vfcr- 3*''

ilans by AntaJcides the Lacedaemonian.
361 1. Artaxerxes attacks Evagoras, kin£ of Cypres* with 3^'
aj| his forces, and $ains a ngiud vi&ory orer hint.

It is followed fry the /lege- of Sxlarnjn, which is ier-
n^nated b»y a treaty of peace.
3620. Expedition of Artaxerxes agaqmVthe Cadufians. 3^

Qjrth of Aiiftotle, founder of the Peri pate ticks.
'36*1. TOeLaoefomonians declare war againft the city of' 3*J-
Olynthus.
Birth 0/ Philip, king of MacedofK
3^21. Phapbidas, on Ins way to the fiege of ©lyutrms, at 3&
the head of part of the army of the Lacedaemonians,
makes himrVJf ntaiter of the citadel of Thebes.
Birth, of Deroofthenes.
3626. Pelopidas, at the head of the rtft of the exiles, fcilk tf

the tyrants of Thftjes, and retakes the citadel.
£$27. Artaxerxes Mnemon undertakes to reduce E^ypt, IV-
which had thrown off his yoke for forne years. He
employs above, two years in making preparations for
that'wfcr
9629. Peath of Amyntas, kin^of Macedonia. Alexander Jfr
his eld'cft fon fucceeds him. fie reigns only two yean;.
Perdiccas afcends the throne, next, and reigns fourteen
years.
3630. Death of Evagoras, king of Cyprus. Ntcocles- his 374-

fon. fucceects him.
3634. Battle of Leu&ra, in which- the Thetmns under 370.
Epanunondas and Pelopidas defeat the Lacedaemo-
nians.
$$l$* E^nedition of Pelopidasagajnifc Alexander, tyrant- of &*
Phera^,. He goes to Macedonia to terminate' the. dif-
ferences between Perdrcoas and Ptolemy fon of Amyn-
tas ». concerning the crown,- He. carries Phi Up with
him to Thebes as an hoftage. He i.a- killed: in a battle
which he fights with the tyrant of Pheras\
3641. Battle of Mantinaea. Epamittondas is killed in it, 363.

after having fecured tfee victory, to the Thcbaris/.
}€+%. The Laced«emonian& fend A^efiiau* to akr. Taehos, 36*
king of Egypt,, againlt Artaxerxes. He dethrones- Ta*-
cHos, and gives the crown to. Nech\ne.bus-. He dies on
his return from that expedition.
Dea.gi.of Aixaxerxes Mnemoq. Ochus his fondue*
oteds him.
3644. Philip afcends the throne of Macedonia^ He makes 3*°*
a oaptioirs peace with tfc Athenians.

The

J. c.
TnTKijforp o£ tfie GapparJbcitfis begins at
thi* limey-the* chftaotofcv <rf Whbfe kings
I Jhallgive after that ofAl&tehtfcfT fuc-
ccffdfs. f Oiall annex to it that of the
Patohrari*, and the khigtf &F PontnS;

3^9-

646. War c? the allies with the Athenians. It 06 Jrttmitd 35L
three years. ,.:>.'

Philig befc&Kjand takes Am^Uts.'
j 64S . Revolt of Artabafus againttOchtiar ktotfof P€rdt/ 356.
Birth of Alexander the Great.

, Demo&heiVes ajjjtfirs'iri public fbr the firrt tirhe,* arid 355.
en con rages the Athenians, alarmed by the prepstratidiU
of war making by the king of Pcrfiat
Beginning. of tbQ fecrsA wtot. ._„
3B30. Ifeatn oJTMaufolus, kingofCaria. .. 354.

3651. Philip makes tii«»feff n&fter of tftecityof Afdt^ctoe. 3 53 .
3<>5». Artemifia, widow of, Maufoius* to whom the had 35*.
Succeeded, takes Rhodes.

Philip Attempts to. feife' Thermopylae ht vafer.

3653. Succefefol expeditioti of Ochm agwnlt Phefnic*, 351,
Cyprus', and 'afterwards Egfptv,

3654. Nerartebus^ thflaft kmg-c4K$5g]f|rt of the , Egyptian 350.
race, is obliged to fly into Ethiopia, from whence fe
never rotund

36^- Death of* Plato. , . t w . . ,. 34g.

Philip ma,kes )iirnfelf mailer* of Orynthtis.
3658. Fft&g fof<*s 5 Thermopylae; arid fart of Phocnr. He 346,

causes hipTl'elf to t>e admitted into the number of thte

Amphictyons.. ,

3662. Oration of Demofthcnes, concerning the CheribriefuS, 342.

in jjftvour of Difcpfttvus, ;

3665. The Athenian? fend Virf under. JPhctoion to the ritfts 339*
of Perihthus and Byzantium, befieged by Philip ThJrt
.prince H obliged to ra^fe the flege. . .

3666. Philip is declared generaliffimo of theGr&kr in the tf% %
council of the Amphictyonfe: H^makBstoimfeif matter

of* Elataea. ^ _ ^ i .

£attle or Cheronsea, wherein Philip defeats- the
Athenians a$4 the Thebans, 'v*ho hhd' entered 'into a
league again ft him.

Ochus, king of Per£a« is pollened b"f B^rgrfw* mVfa-
Voitrite. Arfes* his fbn, fucceeds him* atid reigns' oni jf
triree years. ^

3667. -Philip caufes ^inpfelf to bfc 'declared general' of the 33 7*
Greeks agairiA the Perkins . Tht/iame'yew hcrehudb.

' N *' atcs

*68 CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M. , P $ RSI ANS amo G REEKS. A«t.

J.C.
ates }\i$ wife Oly mpias . His fon Alexander attends her
into Epirus, from whence he goes to Illyria.

3668. . Philip's death. Alexander, hi* fon, then twenty 33G.
year of age, fucceeds him.

Arfes, king of Perfia, is aflatfinated by Bagoas.
Darius "Codomanus fiicceeds him .

3669. Thebes taken ^nd. dqft royed by Alexander. He 3J>.
caufes himfetf to be declared generaliilimo of the
Greeks againft the Perfians in a diet affembled at

.'.Corinth.
3470. Alexander fets out for Perfia. 334.

Battle of the Granious, followed with the conqueft
of almoftali Afia Minor.

367 1. Alexander is taken at T-arfus with a dangerous illnefs, 3Jj.
from having bathed in the river Cydnus. * He is cured

in a few days.
Battle of Iflus.

3672. A lexander makes himf«4f* mailer of Tyre, after a fief? j;*<
of feven months.

A pel Fes, one of the mod famous painters of an-
tiquity. Ariftides and Protogenes were his con-
temporaries.

' Alexander' goes to Jerufalem. He makes himfelf
mailer of Gaza, and foon after of all Egypt. He
went after this conqueft to the temple of Jupiter-
Amnion, and at his -return built the city of Alexan-
tdria.

3673. Battle of Arbela. It is followed with the taking of 331.
Arbeia, Babylon, Sufa, and Perfepolis.

3674. Darius is feifed and laden* with chains by Beffus, 3]^
and jfoon after affafiinated. His death puts an end

to the Peruan empire, which had fubfiiled two hun-
dred and fix years from its foundation under Cyrus
the Great.

The Lacedaemonians revolt againft the Macedonians.
Aritipator defeats them in a battle, wherein Agis their
king is killed.

Thaleilris, queen of the Amazons, eomes to fee Alex*
ander at Zadracrata. - ,

Phi lotas and Parmenio, his-fother, fufpeded of having
confpired with others agaiuft Alexander, ' are put tb
death*
-££75. Beffus is brought to Alexander, and foon after put to 3*9*
death.

Alexander, after having fubdued the Sogdians and
Ba&rians, builds a city upon the Iaxartes, to which he
gives his name.

Embafly of the Scythians to Alexander, followed by
a victory gained by him ©ver that people,

Lyfip-

TABLE. 269

.M. PERSIANS ^GRiEKS. Ant.

J.C.
Lyfippus of Sipyon, a- •famous fculptor* flourished
about this time.
576. Alexander makes himfelf matter of the rocky emi. 3x8.
nenceofOxus.

Clitus killed by Alexander at a feaft in. Maracanda.
The death of Callifthenes happens foon after. .

Alexander marries, Roxana, the. daughter of Ox-
yartes.
677. m Alexander's entrance into India. He gains a great 327.

" viclory over Poms in pafling the Hydafpes.
t*7$. On the remonft ranees of his army, Alexander deter.- 326*
mines to march back.

The city of Oxydracae taken. Alexander in great
. danger there.
(679. Alexander's marriage withStatira* the ddeftdaugh* 315.
ter of Darius. -

Revolt of Harpalus, whom Alexander had made go-
vernor of Babylon.

Demofthenes is baniihed for having received pre.
fents, and fuffered himfelf to be corrupted by fiar-
palus. I

3680. Death of Hephaeftlon at Ecbatana. 3*4*'
Menander, tne inventor of the new comedy, lived

about this time.

3681. Alexander, on his return to Babylon, dies there, at 323.
the age of two- and- thirty years and eight, months*
Aridaeus, that prince's natural brother, is declared
king in his Head. The regency of the kingdom is given

to Perdiccas.

The generals divide th,e provinces amongst themfelves.
From this di virion commences, the sera. of the empire^ >
of the Lagides in Egypt. '"

The Athenians revolt, and engage the ftates of Greece
to enter into, a league with them. Demofthenes is re*
called from baniihment.

3682. Antipater is befieged in Lamia by the Athenians, and 322*
is forced to furrender by capitulation. He foon after
feifes Athens, and puts a garrifon into it.

Death of Demofthenes. '

3683. Alexander's magniikent funeral. •, '321.
Perdiccas puts Eumenes into potteflioh of Cappa- •

docia. - '

League of Ptolemy, Craterus, Antipater, and AnU-
gohus, againft Perdiccas and Eumenes. ' .

Death of Craterus.

Unfortunate end of Perdiccas in Egypt. Antipater
fucceeds him in the regency of the empire.

3684. Eumenes, defeated by Antigonus, ftiuts himfelf up in 320.
the caftle of Nora, where h* fuftains a liege of a year.

Ptolemy

*7* CHRONSLgPfCAL

A.M* PE^HAMS and 6R£EU Ant

J C '

'Ptolemy makes himfelf itrafterof Jcruralj^.

Phocion's cona em nation and death at Atnens. ^

fettles Demetf jus Phalereus ,tnere ty &°W# #?? ^f"
public.
3687 . iMym pia*, the mother of A lexander^ caiifes A rid se us, 317.
and Eurvdice his : wife f to heout to dej#i 4 as^^f
- is Toon alter by ocfler cjf Cajianger.

foldiers, and put t6 death: "
369 1, Antigonus takes .Tyre after, a fiese of ^%eri nipqjt^s. 3 «J«

Demelrius Kis'Ton, firnarnea Pofiorceies, begjn.^ \<*4Ar.

pear.
369a. 'Zeno inrtitutes the fed of the Stoicks at Attyepp . 312.
3693. Seleucus makes himfelf mafter of Babylon^ 33d tigf 3 llt

neighbouring provinces.
At this expedition of Seleucus agaijnit Babylon bpzjjgf

the' famous Sera of the Seleucides,' called fcy thejejf}

the *ra ©f contracts'. ' ,l "'

Ptolemy retires'into Egypt, and cajrje* a*BC£t qiun-

ber of the inhabitants of Phoenicia and * '

J<*

along tvith mm.

be by t to death.

3*95- f 2&/^J¥» P u t? .H*™ les. Jl* J& °f # c 3W#fc

. ana his mother, Berenice, tqefeajh.
3696. t>'r5heflas/ governor of Libya,' revolts ag^njj Jpjg- 30*.

lemy.
3*98. graKtrius folWcetes ma^s him Mf ma^fx p£

tu«, In? Cojfiffinn Wm To <$&h.

of kings. The othePpMcffiollW^^|xwp& ajg
do the fafne.

re.gn

vernier of this year. " ""'

wl »& ft a fwtf & W* i m #■?. ' Tte

*

A. flf. PERSIANS and GREEKS, Ant.

' . J.C.

3701. TbrfefrxliaM emplovtbe money oifecl hy the Talc 303.
ofThe ' mach ine * , Which Demdrk^ had trfWl hit hfe fit e«
of their oity, Mi hat ate* ttid* m m p*f*t*s m
ei*$afc *h* Mmout Cot*3i»t, <*1U* tjfce Crfloffut of
Rj&pdes.

T&emctfctt* ^ofcwewes is declared 'general of all the
Qpn*b by tlft6a|ec«f Greet AtBMnl«t ftetfthmus.
37+*- m ##9Jtiqy, Seieuow, Cafturier, and Lffitoachus, eater 302.
intf a league againA AntigOQus, and Demetrius, hit Am.
ftatrte <of 1 pU9«, therein A itt igonsjt *i defeated . ft is
fcifcMi** %yi*be dtoifcto *«* *c «mfai««f AltMftkf
among* the four aIUs4jWW<*»-
Argsiilau*, founder** tlfc middle academy,

«7*

CHRONOLOGICAL

There is fo much connection between the
events which happen in the four empires
formed out of Alexander's, that it is im-
poflible to Separate them. For which
reafon I (hall difpofe them all in one.
column, according to the -plan I have
followed in treating them in *he body
of my hiftory. •" I fhall firft give a table'
that contains only the kings that reigned -
in each of thofe kingdoms.

EGYPT. SYRIA.

Ant.
J.C.

3704. Ptolemy Seteucus

Soter. Nicator.

3707.

MACEDO- THRACE

NIA. AND

B1THYN.

Caflan- Lyfima- S 00 *

der. chus.

Philip »97»

and Alex-
ander, the
ibnsofCaf-
fander, dif-

2ute the
ingdora,
and poflefs
it almoft
three years.

Demetri- Vfr

us Polior-
cetes.

Pyrrhus **'•

and . Lyfi-
machus.

3719* Ptolemy
Philadel-
phia.

*

37*3<

Seleucus
Nicator, a
very ihort
time.

Lyfimachus
is killed in a
battle. After
his death his
dominions
aredifmem-
bcred,

all

TABLE. «73

. M. EGYPT;. SYRIA.- MACEDO- ~*HfcACE

NIA. AND

BITHYN.

bered, *nd
ceafetoform
a diflina
kingdom.
Antio- Ptolemy • «*••

chus Soter. Ceraunus.
His brother
' Meleager
• reigned fome

time after «■

• him.

Softhe- 17*.

" nes.

Antigo- »7^-

nusGonatas.

AmW • a6r *

chus The- v

OS.

Ptolemy Seleucus a 4 6 '

Erergetes. Callinkus.

Demetri- »4*.

us, fen of
>Antigonu8 '
- Gonatas.

377JU. * Antigo- ««.

nusDofon. -*W

3778. Seleucus '' a»6.

Ceraunus. '*•

3781. Antio- ^ **3«

chus the , -

Great.

3783. Ptolemy »«•
Phiiopator.

3784. Philip* •■■f ^ **&!?

3800. Ptolemy *°4»

Epiphanes.

3817, Seleucus 187*

Philopator.

N*

^f CHROMtLQaiCAL

A- M. gftflftPTt « * R |.4 # . ^lACWfiWA. Ant.

3124. Ptolemy Phi.

J.C.

180.

$lt$. Perfeus, the I7 «

Jaft king of the
Macedonians.

3* 1 9- Aflriocmis 175.

Sgfefcuies.
3*4G« 4lKiochus 164.

EujUftor.
3Al** Pemetrius ife.

So^nv
3&}> Alexander ip,

3*59* Ptolemy iDemetrius 14$.

Phyfcon. Nkator.

3'W. Antiochus ty

Theos, the, ft&
of Bala, ftf*.
. part of Syria.

Tryphon 4»»
the fame., ftA

tiler.
jMpfc Antiochus 14*

$k|tt^s purs

i .^fjfghon to

Wl4 and reigns

fetus room.

**77' ' **ina fuc- ity

i* ' : ceeds DejrotrjfoC

Nicator.
jlffti Seleucus, tto lif

fon of Nicajfer.
Antiochus

jtfjb Ptolemy La* v jjj.

thyrus.

3flpfe Antiochus the 14

Cyzicenian di-
vides the king,

dom witfeGiaV
pus. ' .

* 4

A. Mi rCYPT, SYRIA; Ant.

J.C.
£«$?. Alexander I. brother* l©7»

of Lathyrus*

39°&* S«lttic«a,fciU>fGiyw 9QR»

J9". Antiochus Kufcbei. 93 •

39* *• AntiochiM, feconcL $«•

Ami of Gryput-
19 13. Philip, third fori of. 91*

Gfypu*.
39*4* Demetfiiift Euehefot*. ep-

fourth fon of Gryput.
S^r Aottochu^Dtonydiw,, *ft.

fifth fon of Grypue.
The four laft- named

kings reigned lucceC

fi«elywith Euiebe*.
39**- TOgfanea, during four* 83.

teen yean.

3^s> AtaagftahlK to of ft.

Alexander I .

W?- AatieolNfrAfcfettt* **•

3939. IHqtary AnleAe* 65. .

3946. atomice* the ddeft*. 59.

-daughter, of Attleaes-,

seigna fome time in hit..

£sad, after, which, that

prince ia nsftoiecb.
3953. Cleopatra, reigns a*. a^g

fijfcV with, her tlfaBk*

toother, t\»tk with*.

Btohuny,. hef wmagtfe

tawtfnw, amfc aft. hfri

alone.

I

i

v

876

CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M. SUCCESSORS op ALEXANDER. Ant.

]. C.

3704. Seleucus, king of Syria, builds Antiodu 3°°-

Athens refutes to receive Demetrius Poliorcetes.

37*7* Death of Caffander, king of Macedon. Philip his 297.
fon fucceeds him. He reigns only one year, and is fuc-
ceeded by Alexander, his brother. About this time
Pyrrhus, king pf E pirns, efpoufes Antigone, of the
houfe of Ptolemy, and returns into his dominions, out
. .; of which he had been driven by the Moloffi.

37C9. Demetrius Poliorcetes retakes Athens. Lyfimacbus 195.
and Ptolemy, almoft at the fame time, deprive him of
all hepoOefled.

3710. Demetrius puis to death Alexander king of Macedo- 294*
nia, who had called him in. to his aid, and feifes his
dominions, where he reigns feven years.

3711. Foundation of the city of Seleucia by Seleucus *9£
3717* Pyrrhus and Lyfimachus take Macedonia from De- 1J7.

mctrius. The latter dies, miferably the year following

in prifon. ;

3719. Ptolemy Soter, king of Egypt, refigns the throne to &y

his fon Ptolemy Philadelphia.

Foundation of the kingdom of Pergamus by Phile-

tcrrus.
37.21. Demetrius Phalereus is (hut up-ist a ■ fost by order of 2lj.

Philadelphus, and kills himfelf there. • •-
3l*t. Seleucus Nicator, king of Syria, declares war againft 281*

Lyfimachus, king of Macedonia.
3713. Lyfimachus is killed in a battle in Phrygia. Seleu- 281*

cus enters Macedonia to take pofleflion of the kingdom.

He is aflaffmatcd there by Ceraunus. Antiochus Soter

his f~n fucceeds hiin in the kingdom of Syria. x

3724. Ceraunus, to fecure the kingdom of Macedonia to a8#.
himfelf, puts the two children of Lyfimachus by Arfi-

noe to death, and banifhes her into Samothracia. '
The republic of the Achaean s relumes, its ancient

form, which it had loft under Philip and' Alexander. .
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, called in by the Taren-

tines, goes to Italy to make war againft the Romans.

He gives them battle for the firft time-near Hferaclea,

where the advantage is entirely on his fide. He .is

again fuccefsful in a fecond battle fought the year

following.

3725. Irruption of the Gauls into Macedonia. Ceraunus 279.
£hes them battle, in which he is killed. Meleager

his brother fucceeds him.

3726. Pyrrhus abandons Italy, and goes to Sicily, which he 27S.
conquers.

Softher.es drives the Gauls out of Macedonia. He
is ma4e king there, and reigns two years.
Attempt of the Gauls upon the temple of Delphos.

Ptolemy

TABLE. 277

H.M. SUCCESSORS of ALEXANDER, Ant.

J. C.
3727 J .Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, causes the 277. '

holy fcripturea to be tranflatcd into Creek. » •

3728, .Death, of Softhenes. Antigonus Gonatas, fon of 276*
Poliorcetes, who reigned afterwards during ten years in
Greece, makes him felf king of Macedonia in his room.
Antiochus, king. of Syria, difpute* the pouefiion of it
with him.. Their difference terminates by the marriage
of Antigonus with Phi I a, the daughter of Stratonice » '
' anckSeaeucwsi.
3719. A ntiochus .defeats the Gauls in. a bloody battle, and 275.,
delivers the country from their op pre {lions. By this.
victory he acquires the name of Sattr. . ,

3730. Pyrrhus returns into Italy, and is defeated by the' 274*
Romans. .He. goes to Macedonia, where he attacks and
defeats Antigonus*

Ptolemy Philadelphus, in effect of the reputation of
. the Romans, (ends an erobafTy to them to demand their
amity.

3731. Pyrrhus undertakes the fiege of Sparta, and cannot . .272*
reduce it. . He is killed the next year at the fiege of
Argos.

37 !*>• Antigonus. Gonatas makes himftlf mafter of Athens, 26 8.
which had entered iiuo a league with, the L^caedorrto- 1
nians againil him.
3739* m Abantidas makes himfelf tyrant of Sicyon, after hav- ' 265,
ing put Clinias, its governor, to death.

Magas>, governor of Cyrenaica'and Libya, revolts'
againil Ptolemy Philadelphus.
3741. Peath of PhUeterrus, king and founder of Perga- 263.

mus. Eumenes, his nephew, fucceeds him.
3743* Antiochus Soter, king of Syria, caufes his fon Anti- 261*.
ochus to be proclaimed king. He dies foon after,

Beiofus of Babylon, the hiftorian, lived about this
time.
3740. Accommodation between Magus and Ptolemy Phila- 258^

delphus. . ,
3749. War between Antiochus, king of Syria, and Ptolemy .255.

Philadelphus.
3752. Aratujs, the fon of Clinias, delivers Sicyon iroffl 252.

tyranny, and unites it with the Achaean league.
37S4- Arfaces revolts againil Agathocles, governor for 250.
Antiochus in the country of the Parthians. About
the fame time Theodoras, governor of Ba&riana, re*
volts, and caufes him feif to be declared king of that '
province.
3755. .Treaty .of peace between Antiochus and Ptolemy 249..
Philadelphus, which puts an end to the war. By-
one of the conditions of that treaty, Antiochus re-
pudiates.. Laodice, and mame$ Berenice, Ptolemy's
daughter.

*jA CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M. SUCCESSORS or ALEXAMDtK.

J. C.
tfeaa- x

175*. ( Agis, kng of Smute, endeavonai to. saw* aha an- 240.
cient inftitutions or Lymugus. Lcooidas, hk colleague,
is deposed for refuting to content to k. eieembostiis,
hfe fen-hv.la*(, reigns in his. itead.
J757. Death of Ptolemy Philadelphia king of Egypt. 247..
Ptolemy Evergete£ hie. fen, fucceeds him.

ApoHonhisof Rhodes, author of a poem upon the
expedition of the Argonaut*.
3758. Antiochus, fumamed Theos, king of Syria, is. potion*- i^iet
ed by. his wife Laodice. She af tor wajds. causes her fen
Seleucue Callnucus to be declared king.

Berenice, and her ton by Anooohua, axe affamnated;
b)E Laojtice.

Ptolemy- Evergstes, Berenice's bfotfcer, undertakes
to revenge her death. He makes himieftf mattes o£ •
great pact of Syria.
3760. The cities of Smyrna and: Magnesia enter into an. 344.
alliance to aid the king of Syria againft Ptolemy Ever*
getea.

Arajue makes hirafelf matter of the citadel of Caw
rinth.

Leenkbs is restored at Sparta, Cleombrotus lest into
baniibment, and Agi» put to^ death.
5762. Death of Antigonus Gonatas, king of Maoedeaia* 241.
Demetrius, his ton, fucceeds him.

Seleucus, king of* Syria, enters into* a wu with-Ajw -
tiocbut Hierax* his, brother* The latter has the ad-
vantage in a battle near Ancyra, in Galatia.
3763- Dqath of Eumenes* king of Pesgamusj Aetata* 24*

his coufin-^ewnan, fucceeds him,
376$* firatofthenea the Cyroniafl ia made librarian to fttov 259.

lemy Evergetes.
3 77 1 . Jpfepbt aephew^ of the high- prieA Qoiaa, is ftnfcaaa- 23 3.

baflador to Ptolemy Evergetes,
37 j^ Death otf Demetrius, king' of M ac e d o n ia * AntU. 2£*v
gonus, . guardian of Philip, fon of Demetrius, fueeae^ff.
him.
Polycletusof Sicy^on, a famous. fculoto*
3774* Seteucus, king of 'Syria* ie (defeated and taken pn» agci

foner by Af laces* king of the Parthian*.
37?f« Cleomeiie«*,kinft;ef»"Si£tt*^ 24ft.

' the>Afifte2aneand Aratus«

37 7 %. aaLeucut Callinicus, king of Syrriai dies* amongfrthe* aae.
Paithians, o£a fell from a hor& ' SeJettcwCeratuuiei
his elded fon, fucceeds, him.

AntiochusrHiera* is- ajfcnnatedi by thieves* on leavu
in»Kgypt.

Aratua*defeat* ArUtippus* tyrant of Araojh He pre- •
Yajfopftoi*£rYfiae>st ty*ai*«)ft#ea?d*poJt*j te^Kmttnet*

* the.

TABfctV' t;?cgt

Mi SUCCESSORS or ALEXANDER. Aqs>

J. «
t]«t#ao«|^afldmakiklitt«il|iMt«( into tie Aohajao,

league.

The Romans fend afamous evafcalTy mtoCjocce, to «ef % .
impart to. the tiieelp tht tcetiy they had lately con*
eluded with the I lly rians. The Corinthians dedans by.
a public decree, thai they, (bale be admitted to a ihartf
iiv te«elehratioaof ti)& I Ahmiaa games. The Atheniane
alio grant them the freedom of Athens.
. . Amagonns, king, of Macedonia, by the management
of Aratus, is called in to aid the. Achatans aeainft tht
Lacedemonians.
3 7 S x . Gleomenes, king. of Sparta, takes Megalopolis. aaj*

fettle ofi Sejafia, followed wito. the. taking of Sparta
by Antigonus. ' ' * •

Death.* of Scleuou* Gerauaus, kimj of Syria. Aa-
tiochus, his brother* fcmamed U*. G***t% fiioceede
him.
3 J%%. The Coloffus of Rhodes is thrown dojpm by. a gftat ex*,
earthquake.

3783. Death of Ptolemy Evereetes, king of Egypt. Pto- aai,
* lemy Philopator fucceeds him.

The i£tolians gain a great wftory at Caphya) over
the Achaeans.

3784. Ahtiochus reduces Molon and Alexander, who had %tO.
revolted againft him two yearabeibre, the firft in Media,
the.fecondtfn gerfia.

Death of Antigonus, king of. Macedonia. Philip, the
foa of Btemeirius, Succeeds ■ him.

C leomenes, king of Sparta, dies in Egypt. The La-
cedsftiUihiaAs elect Agefipolis ami Lycurgus to fccceoft
him. * » . . . f

War. o* the- allies- with the i*tolians, in fevour of

the Achaeans.
37S5. Honaias, psime- minifter of< Antioehus» is put to 2 to*

death by that prince's orders.
3717. Battle: o£ Raphia, between Ptolemy, king of Egypt, 417.

and Antiochusj king of. Sjr ria. ' *

Iceaty of peace between Philip, king of Macedonia,

and the Achaeans on one fide, and the /Btofcan^on'rhe

other, which put* an end to ihe war of the a 1 lies.
37*8. AAttoohua>b<sfieges Achates, who had revolted in Sar- % i6»

dis, and, after a fiege of two years, he if delivered up

by\jhfcbtacfiery.of-a t C5wtaB. '
Hannibal's alliance with Philip, king of Macedonia.
37 ^ Bhiiip receives a confidWable bfowfidni the Romans **£* .

at the fiege of Appollonia.
37 oA Oameades, founder ef)W new academy. a 14.

3792. Antiochus undertakes to reduce the provinces which' an.

had»*lhrown off the yoke of the Syrian empire, and

•fte&a it in the fpace of feven years.

Alliance

•8o tHROVOLOGlCAL

A. M. SUCCESSORS of ALEXANDER. Ant.

J.C.

3793. Allianceof the .flitolians with the Romans. Attalus, 211.
kinjc of Pergamus, enters into: it. ^ The Lacedaemo-
nians come into it fome fhort time after.

479*.- -Famous battle "between Philip king of Macedonia aoS.-
and the &ti lians near Elis . Philopoemen diftinguiihes
hiinfell in it.

3798. Battle of Mantinoea, wherein Philopcemen defeats : 206.
Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta, wHo perifhes in it. Nabis
is fet in his place.

3800. -/Treat f of peace between Philip and the Romans. 204*
_AJ 1 the allies on both fides are> included in it.

Poly bius is faid to have been born this year.
« r Death of Ptolemy Philopator, king of Egypt.

.Ptolemy. Epiphanes, at that time, only five years
old, fucceeds him.

380 1. League between Philip of Macedon and Antiochus, 203.
king of Syr a, agahut the young king of Egypt. .

380a. Philip, king of Macedonia, is defeated by the Rho- 202.
. : riiftos in a lea-fight oh\the iiland of Ohio. That prince' s *

cruel treatment of the Cyaneans feems to be properly
• ' datedlthe following year.
3833. Philip beneges and takes Abydos. ooi.

3804. .The Romans declare war.with Philip. P. Sulpitius 200.
is appointed to command in it. He gains a connder- .

• able victory near the* town of O&olopha in Macedonia.

3805. Villicus fucceeds Sulpitius in the command of the 199.
army againft Philip. The year following Flanunius

is fen t to fucceed Villicus.

3806. Antiochus, king of Syria, fubjecls Palestine and 1198.
Cgelofyrra".

The Achteans declare fox. the Romans' againft Philip.

3807. Interview of Philip and the conful Flamihius. •. 197.
Najiis, tyrant of Sparta* declares for the Romans,

The Boeotians do the fame. ;

Death of Attalus* king of Pergamus. Eumenes
fucceeds him.

Battle of Cynofcephale, where the Romans gain a
complete *i&ory over Philip.

3808. Treaty of peace between Philip and the Romans, 196.
which puts an end to the war. .

Embaffy of the Romans to Antiochus the Great,, in
order to be allured whether the complaints againit him.
werejuftly founded. ..

Confpiraey of Scopas, the jEtolian, againft Ptolemy .
Epiphanes, discovered and punimed.
3809.* Flaminius makes war againft Nabis, the tyrant of 195.

Sparta.
3813. Philopcemen gains a considerable -advantage over 191*
Nabis, near Sparta.

% , . , The .

TABLE. a8f

^ M. SUCCESSORS or ALEXANDER Ant. '

J. C.

The iEtolians refolve to fellfe fremetrias, Chalcis,. •
and Sparta, by. treachery and ftratagem*

Nabis is killed. Philopoimen makes th£Lace«temo- '
nians enter into the Achcean league.

Antiochus goes to Greece to the aid of the .flEto Hans.
The Romans declare war againft him, and foon after '.
defeat him near the ftraits of Thermopylae.
3S14. Battle of Magnefia, followed by a treaty of peace,., ioov
-which puts an end to the war between the Romans and
Antiochus, which had fubfiAed about two years.

The philosopher Panaetius was born about this
time. . / * f "

3815. The confnl Fu Wius forces the *4£tolians to fubmit to 1 8$*
the Romans. Manlius, his colleague, akoft at the •
fame timet fubjecls all the Gauls in Alia.

The cruel treatment of the Spartans by their exiles,
fupported by Philopoemen, happened this year.
3817. Antiochus the 'Great, king of Syria, is killed in 187,
the temple of Jupiter Belus, which he had entered in •
order to plunder it. Seleucus Philopator fucceeds
him. ■ :

382 1 . Philopoemen is taken before Meffene, by Dinocrsrtes, 183 .
and put to deatite

3823. Demetrius, fon of Philip, king of Macedonia; is tm; * ill-
: juftly aocufed by his brother Perfeus, and put to death.

3824. Death of Ptolemy Epiphanes* king of Egypt. Fto r ' i80w
ieaiy Philometer fucceeds him.

3825. Death of Philip, king of Macedonia. Perfeus his 179,.
' T fon fucceeds him.

3829. Seleucus Philopator, king of Syria, is poifoned by .175.
Helfodorus, whom he had fent a little before to take. .
Jetufalem. He is fucceeded by Antiochus Epiphanes.' '

3830. A ntioctos Epiphanes caiifes Onias the hljgh-prteft of 174.
jerufalem to be depofed, and fets j-afon in his place.

3853^' War between Antiochus and Ptolemy Philomete^ * . i^r.
The Romans declare war againfl Perfeus. That
prince has fome advantage in the firft battle near the
jnret Peneus.

3834. Antiochus Epiphanes makes himfelf mafter of all 170,
Egypt. He marches afterwards to jerufalem, where

he commits unheard of cruelties.

3835. 9 he Alexandrians, in the room of Philometer, who 16^.
had fallen into the hands of Antiochus K . make Pto- *
lemy Evergetes, his younger brother, Icing.

Philometer is fet at liberty the fame year, and unites
with »his brother. -That union induces Antiochus to
renew the war.
383*. Paulus/Erniltus is charged with the Macedonian war 168.
againft Perfeus. . He gains « tamous victory- over that

prince *

*8* CHRONQfcQOfCAL

A U* SWOTtlMatt *r.AlJKAM«lL As*.

J. C.

V*m «fi¥ RjMit* *rt>tfbpti*s a»«ad t«*w*ittg«bm

ot Macedonia. \% **»** «4i«*4* Jxtfwevej, info a
proxweor ^b« Jta|ieU*#**|ra* «*il twemy yaart :zftor .

The prator AfucituAritjtccs IUyfkan*hii*y»e1*|*.
. Zmfah <**<<* tieaajabeJadow Ant e? the titw*
rotPWe** ^jg^AiUMwhw U? quit it, j*d«Nne «•
an accommodaajojt with the **e>fcf©tbf«-

4nttpcl|U5 # «*flf(*in*4 *t what iiMi feapponai «e*
f«pt ^P>« **#W JflMft «** jeme, Mtfl Indf *jbU
lomus to^uiokwi.

nations in fubjedion to him to renounce their own rati.

giQo, ftfltfcpiiferaj |» Ms. Tiki* law eoeatians actual

_ P^^Y** 1 ^ .MftpngA tins Jwia.

3»37» Antiochus gogs ,*n perfin «• Jomfafcui, to Ik !■ 167.

orders JH»t in iM&utioa. TJm tnartjmtoiiLef the Mao-

cabces, and tfccdeatbtflf Ekatar, happened *t that tin*.

JVijlus jCjviltus abandon* the cities of Enieus to km

plundtted by his grrny, for having tabea Ferrous'* part.

T^4^tan4, fotyetfedofhe?^ faioueadfcha} nnnee*

are fent to Rome, to give an account of their oondutL

The fenjtpfcwift thorn 4n*> dttrtins townerf lot*

from whence they are not fufiered to return home tiU
fevtfuecn jeajs afar. F^fcybtVi was of tibia jumter.
J*J«. Ttu&s, king tf fttfcypta, foe* If fUwia. £«** rff.
nes. *jng of JPecggpiuft, is. no* pejflaiwed tA Cftttf it.
Death of Mattathias. J|jf}a>, to 6m, (tacecda hi*,

ajtf^ojmatyvjftpfip^wrtipfHW *

3846. Antiochus Epiphanes is repuJUed before aUanatU» itV

towards Tudaea, with d*f«A t»jKtermif*te tbejese*.

The hand of G04 fc&e* h#* on fJ» way, and fee die*

in the" vp»H e*qui(He tpri&ejttft. Anttochua £uftttot»

his fop, fuccee^s biiyi.
|t4^ A Antiochus Eupafor marebe* agajnft Jtcrtifatero. He ifig^

is Xqob after oblige4 to *etuj» Into Syria, in ardor to

expel Philip of Antitcb, wfeo had made himfelf mate

ofnis capital.
3*4** Pyrenees between f hiiopjetor, king of Egypt, and ife

Pbyfcon his brother, which do not terminate till alter

the expiration of five years.
0$avius, arabaflador fez the Romans in Syria, to

ifelfinated.

Demetrius Sottr, the fiwi 'of Seleucus Philopater,

fliers from Rome, where he had been kept as. an hoiUg*

to Syria, where beqaufes Antiocbu* Eupator to be. pet

to death, and feifes the throne.
3I43 . Peaft of Jy<*4* Mgrcaiiatu*. »fa*

3*-*5-

3
3851

3S56.
3*57-

3*5*-

SUCCESSORS or ALEXANDER.

Death 0/ >M ,
Fftlo&eter fucc

f?; M*P «f ff e WWf- AUplfi

**3

Ant*

].C,

*5*

'5*.

>Sfc

-W*rtietiiOTjAtita^s^P.in6as. 156.

JtfWJfa M^Wf*^ Jmfetttefiw tf-A*io- 15 j.

Andrifcus of Adramyttium pretend* Ikpnfeit tfcc 4bn
of Perfeus, and undertake* to caufe himfelf to be de-
clared king of Macedonia. fl$ if conquered* taken,
and fent to Rome by Metelliis.

Demetrius Soter is killed in ^t$tt^|g$s'ajsji4pifgi and
A lexander Bala. H is death leaves, <the, Xffiptjp pftflgflpi)
of the empire of Syria.

Macedonia is reduced into a province $f ^hj) #AMM • *4*»
empire.

Troubles in Achaia promoted by Discus and Crito- 14ft
lag}. Tiys comra.itftowrs fent thither by the Romans
axe^tfulteg.

MfWuf gfteatp^chaia,, where he gains feveral *4« 146*
vantages o^r fyc ^c^a?an.s. Mummies fuoceeds him*
and, after a great battle ne^r.Levcopetra, takes Corinth*
anrf.enttfejy ^ottihea \t,

preece is re^tHjfld info a Roman province under thft
JSgWftC^Ffit^M^^fArtaia,

*$4 •

A. M.

3899*

5S60,

CHRONOLOGICAL

T heYequeT of the hiftary of the. kings of
Syria is much embroiled, for which rea-
• fori' I ihatl 'feparate it from. , that of the ,
Egyptians, in order to complete its
chronology.

r 1 *

Ant.
J.C.

SYRIA.

1 Demetrta* Nicator, fon
of Demetr'ras Sour, j de-
feats Alexander fcala, and
afttrids the throne.

.i

MS-

Antiochus, firnamed »44-
Theos, fon of Bala, fup-
porteci by Tryphon, makes
hhrifelf matter' of part •f
'the kingdom. _

Tryphon gets Jonathan
Into his hands, and' puts
him to d*ath at Ptolemai*. l
The year following he
murders his pupil Antto-
chus, and feifes the king-
dom of Syria.

3*«3

3864.

Demetrius marches t-
gainft the Parthians. Af-
ter fome fmall advantages
he is taken prifoner.

14*

Antiochus Sidetes, the i4°-
fecond fon of Demetrius
Soter, marries Cleopatra,
the wife of his brother
Demetrius Nicator; and
after having put Tryphon
to death, he is declared
king himfelf.

TABLE.

A. M.

'tis

Ant.
J. C.

EGYPT.

. t

3*6$. r Death of,
< lus, his nepli
C,him. Hcrci

pcath of Jltta!u«, u W of Pergamw. Atta-1 „*
», his nephew, fimameS Philter, fucceSs t I3 **
• reigns five ycari. ' * WVWOT * f

«S6

CHtUUTOfcOGICAL

A.M.

SYRIA.

].C.

j86|. Antiecfcus Sidetes be- 135.

ficges Johannes Hyrcanus
in Jerusalem, and takes the
city, by capitulation.

3873. Antiochus marches a- U Ik

gainft the Parthians, and
gains many advantages
over them. They fend
back Dcmethus the year
following.

3874. Demetrius Nicat or reigns ^
again in Syria.

3877. Demetrius is killed by ity

Alexander Zebina, who

takes his place, and caufes

himleif to be acknow-
ledged king of Syria.
3 980. Seleucu* V. eldeft fon i*4»

of Demetrius Nicator, is

declared king, and foon

after killed by Cleopatra.

Antiochus Grypus fuc-

ceeds him.

3*8*. . Zebina is defeated by. .!**•

C ry pus, and dies Toon after.

c

» •

.' •

r

, » •

■ r •

• t '

■It . ' \ \ ,

TftMUfc - it?

A.M. »«YfT. Afct.

J C.
2*49. The cruelties of Phffcon at ; Arl«««4ri»^I^AiDfl #^6,
of the inhabitants to quit tkt gfaM**

3871. f Attalus Philometer, king of Perganrae, at hi "J ij£

< death leaves his dominions to the Reman people.
(Andronicus feifet them.

1

3874. f* The conful Perpenna defeats Andronicus, anrf^ I30«
1 fends him to Rome. The kingdom of Pcrgamu*
J i» reduced the year following into a Roman Pro.
Evince by Manius Aquilius.

Phyfcon repudiates Cleopatra, his tlrft wife, and mar-
ries his daughter of the fame name. He is foon after
obliged to fly, and the Alexandrians give the govern-
ment to Cleopatra, whom he had repudiated.

3S77. Phyfcon fe-afcendt the throve of Efii»4.< **7*

3*82. PHyffcoxr g^tr Ifcr &mghter in matriage to Gryput, iaa.
kmgof SVtW,

• t?3

A* M«

CHRONOLOGICAL
i SYRl'A.

i$ 84, Cledpatra .attempts* to
poifon Grypus, and . if
poifoaed herfelf.

Ant.

J.C.

110.

3890.

Antiochus, the Cy- "4*
zicenian, fonof Cleopatra
and Antiochus Sidetus,
takes arms againft Grypus.
He has the word in the be-
ginning ; but in two years
obi iges his brother to divide
the kingdom of Syria with
him.

to07* Death of Grypus. Se-
leucus his fon fucceods

him.
Ml0# Anttochus the Cyzice-

** ' nian is defeated, and put

to death.

wxx. Seleucus is defeated by

Eufebes, and burnt in

MopiueiiiJt.

* > ',

Antiochus Eufebes, the
fon of the Cyzicenian,
caufes himfelf to be de-
clared king. He marrits
S«iena, the widow of
Crypus.

** .Ant,

E.G Y'P'TS j. c.

3SS7. Death of Phyfcon. PtoteiAy Lathyrtir ftfcceedr iif
him. Cleopatra, his mother, obliges him to repudiate'
Cleopatra, his cldeft fitter, a/*t»'iaftf*y( Selena; hi*
youngeft. %

J*9i. Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, gives the kingdom of 115.

Cyprus to Alexander, her youngeft Ton.
3&97* ( Cleopatra drives Lathyrus out of Egypt, and places 107.

his brother Alexander upon the throne.
3900. Signal vidory of Lathyrus over Alexander, king of 104.

the Jews, upon the banks of the Jordan.
390i. Cleopatra forces Lathyrus to raife the liege of Ptole- 103.

mais, and takes that city herfelf.
39°3. Cleopatra takes her daughter Seloni r>om tathyrus, iOte

and makes her marry Ahtiochtts-therCyziceinaa;

Vol. X.

t^o

CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M. SYRIA.

39**. Antiochus, brother of
Seleucus, and fecond Too of
Grypus, aflumcs the dia-
dem. He is prefenfly after
defeated by Eufebes, and
drowned in the O routes.

3913. Philip, his brother,
third fori of Grypus, fuc-
ceeds him.

4914. Demetrius Eucheres,
fourth fon of Grypus, is
eftablifhed king at Damaf-
cue by the aid of Lathy rus»

Ant

I c.

9**

9*

Jfft.

Eufebes, defeated by
Philip and Demetrius, re-
tires to the Parthians, who
re-e#abli(h him upon the
throne two years after.

ft

3919. Demetrius having been
taken by the Parthians,
Antiochus Dionyfius, the
fifth fon of Grypus, is fet
upon the throne, and killed
the following year.

3921. The Syrians, weary of
fo many changes', choofe
Tigranes, king of Arme-
nia, for their king. He
reigns fourteen years by a
viceroy.

Eufebes takes refuge in
Cilicia, where he remains
concealed.

«J.

TABLE* " '> ggt

A * M - EC.YPT* An*,

f. C»

3915* Alexander kills his mother Cleopatra. S*.

39i*. Alexander is expelled, and dies foon after, U.

Lathyrus is recalled.

3921. Lathyrus ruins Thebes hi Egypt, where the rebels S2.

he had before defeated had taken refuge.
39*3- Death of Lathyrus. Alexander II. fon of Alexan- Jr.

der 1. under the protection of Sylla, is elecled king.

•«•

CHftOftfrlfCICAL

JkiM.

JFttRfl^

An*

J,C.

3955 • Tigranes recalls MagcUu*
lus, his viceroy in Syria.

3939«

,i

Antiochus Afiaticus
takes poffefliot of fome
parts of Syria, and reigns
tour years.

Pompey deprives Anti-
ochus Afiaticus of his do-

nuAtojt* ja^irfdPMSf^nria
into a Roman province.

\

69.

*

*.*f. EGYPT. «Arfr.

J. C.

39**. f Death of Nicomedes, king of Bithyma. His*) '76."
< kingdom is reduced into a Roman province ; as is f
1 Cy renaica the fame year. J

1939* ' Alexander is driven out of Egypt. Ptolemy Au- f £•

letes, Lathyrus's natural fop, is fet in his place.
£946. The Romans depofe Ptolemy, .king of Cyprus, .and 58.

ferze that Ifland. Cato is charged with that commif-

fion.

Ptolemy Auletes is obliged to" fly Aom 'Egypt. 'Be-
renice, the eldeft of his daughters, is declared <gueen in

his Head.
*to49* Gabinius and Antony reftdre AUletes ' to the ' entire - ~&.

poffeffion of his dominions. '
S9S3' Death of Ptolemy Auletes. ffe 1ems" his ddmi- 51.

nions to his eldeft fon and daughter, the •ftmdtti Cleo-
patra.
395 6 « Pothinus and Achillas, the young king's guardians, 48.

deprive Cleopatra of her fhare in the government, and

drive her out of Egypt.
3957. Death of the king of Egypt. Caefar places Cleo- 47.

patra upon the throne with Ptolemy, her voungeft

brother.
3961. Cleopatra poifons her brother when he comes of age 43,

to (hare the fovereign authority according to the laws.

She afterwards declares for the Roman triumviri*
3963. Cleopatra goes to Antony at Tarfus, in Cilicia. She 4c

• gains the afcendant of him, and carries him with her to

Alexandria.
397 c* Antony makes hirnfelf mailer of Armenia, and brings 33.

the king prifoner to Cleopatra. CoronatWwf Cleo- - ".

patra and all her children.

Rupture between Caefar and AnWnjr* '/Eieostotra

•)acopq a pstf t es xhe *J)*Jer, who repudiates Oclavia at . • - <-
Athesi. .1

5973*. GlfiRtWtra; flies » it the battle of Aclium. Antony 31*

follows her, and thetehyrabandons the victory to Caefar.
3974. Antony dies in-the arms of Cleopatra. 30.

Csefar makes Jiimself mailer of Alexandria. Cleo.

patra kills herfelf. Egypt is reduced into a Roman

province.

*94

CHRONOLOGICAL

A. M. CAPPADOCIA.

PARTHIAW
EMPIRE.

Ant.
J.C.

£•44. Ariaratbes I. was tie
firft king of Cappadocia.
He reigned jointly with his
brother Holophernes.

#&

3MS. Ariarathes II. fbn of
the firft. He was deprived
of his dominions by Per.
diccas, who fets Eumenes
on the throne.

jtSo. Ariarathcs III. afcends
the throne of Cappadocia,
after the death of Pcrdkca*

I*

J*

3 7 JO. Ariamntti

Ariarathes IV*

37*4-

3114. Ariarathcs V.

fttf

, Ariaces I. founder of »$••
the Parthian empire.
' Arfaces II, brother of
the firft.

Priapatius.

Phraates 1.

190.

TABLZ. Sp5

A. M» PONTU8. An*.

J. C.
349<5. The kingdom of Pontus was founded by Darius the 514.

fon of Hyttafpes, in the year 3490. Artabazus was the .

firit king of it. His fuccefibrs, down to Mithiidates, are

little known.
3600. Mithridate* I. He is commonly conlidcred as. the. 404.

founder of the kingdom of Pontus,
3638. Ariobarzanes. He reigns twenty* fix years. .30$.

$667. Mithridates II. He reigns thirty-five ytars. 337«

3701. Mithridates III. Reigns, thirty-fix years. The 30*.
reigns of the three kings who fucceed him include the
fpace of a'nundred years. The laft of them was
Mithridates IV. great-grandfatjier ef Mithxidate* she
Great.

38 19. Pharnaces, fon of Mithridates IV. iS $

*t*

CHROMOSOCICAL

*•**. CAPPADOCIA.

3*4©.

3*4** Ariarathes VI. fur-
named Philopator.

3*75* Ariarathes VII.

PARTHIAN
EMPIRE.

,MfthrfcJatest.

"Phraates H.

J.C.
164.

Artabanus. After a very 129*
fliort reign he is fucceeded
by Mithridates II. who
reigns forty yean.

39I5- Ariarathes VIII. Mi.
thridates, king of Pontus,
puts him to death, and
lets his fon upon the
throne. Soon alter Aria-
rathes IX. takes Cappa-
docia from the fon of Mi.
tbridatet, who is prefently
after re-ellablifhed by hit
father.

49H- Sylla enters Cappadp.
«ia, drives the fon ot -Mi,
thridates out of it, find fets
Ariobenaaes 4. upon the
throne.

J9'5« Tigranes, king of Ar-
menia, drives Ariobarzanes
out of Cappadocia, and
re-jnftates the fan of Mir
thridates.

**>

Mnafchires, end afte*
him Sinatroces. Thefe
two princes jeign above
twenty yeUo.

TJABfcK. ^7

M. PONTUiS. Ant.

J. C.

Mithridates V. furnamed Eyergetes.

3S81. Mithridates VI, furnanted th*Grtat. mj.

3913* Mithridates feifes Capyjatia, tinfl images hk. tfon 91.
king of it.

391$. Beginning of the war between Mithridates and the S91
Romans, \

\ -

31 x5. Mithridates caufes all the Romans in Afia Minor to l%*
be maflacred in one day.

Archelaus, one of the generals of Mithridates, felfet
Athens, and moft of the cities of Greece.

09* CHRONOLOGICAL

A. M. CAPPADOCIA. PARTHIAN A*.

EMPIRE. 1>C<

3926. Sylla obliges Mithri-
dates to reftore Cappado-
cia to Ariobarzanes. Ti-
granes difpofiefles him of
it a fecond time. After
the war with Mithridates,
Pompey re- inflates Ario-
barzanes. His reign, and
the very (Lort one of his
Jon, continue down to
•bout the year 395 3.

r *

J935.

Phraates III. who <*
aflumes the fumamc of
«6t Good.

TABU. tg§

A. M. PONTUS. Ant.

j.C.

39X7* Sylla is charged with the war againft Mithridates. 87.

He retakes Athens after a long fiege.
3918. Victory of Sylla over the generals of Mithridates 86.

near Chseronea. He gains a fecond battle foon after

at Orchomenes.

3920. Treaty of peace between Mithridates and Sylla, which 84,
terminates the war.

3921. Mithridates puts his fon to death. 8j.
Second war between Mithridates and the Romans.

It fubfifts fomething lefs than three years.

^9*8. Mithridates makes an alliance with Sertorius. 76.

39*9* Beginning of the third war of Mithridates againft 75,

the Romans. Lucullus and Cotta are placed at the

head of the Roman army.
3930. Cotta is defeated by fea and land, and forced to 74.

ihut himfelC up in Chalcedon. Lucullus goes to his
« aid. ~

393 *• Mithridates /qrmsjthe fiege of Cyzicum. Lucullus 73.

obliges him to raife it at the end or two year*, and pur-

fues and beats him near the Granicus.
3933* Mithridates defeated in the plains of Cebirae. He 71.

retires to Tigranes.
3934* Lucullus declares war againft Tigranes, and foon 7^

after defeats him, and takes Tigranocerta, the capital

1 of Armenia.

3936 ^ Lucullus defeates Tigranes and Mithridates, whevhad 68.

joined their forces near the river Arfamia.
3937. Mithridates recovers all his dominions, ineffeft of the 67.

inifunderftandings that take place in the Roman army.

•«•

CHROMQBMICAL

A. M. CAPPADOCIA,

PARTHIAN Aivt.

EMPIRE. J. €.

3*4*.
395*

Mithridates, deleft ton &>

of Phraates.

Orodes. if

Unfortunate expedition

of Craflus againft the Par-

thians.

3953. Ariobarzanes III: Ha
is put to death by Caffiu*.
3962. Ariarathea X.

4*

Veatidiut, gtaml of
tfhe Romans, gains a -vic-
tory over the Partfcians,
>whkh rotrievt&tlte honour
they had loll at the bftttit
©f Came*

3973. M. Antony drives
Ariarathes out of Cappa-
docia, and fets Archelaus
in Ids place. On the
deatfe of that prince,
which happened in the
year of the world 4022,
Gsppadacia was reduewl
into a Roman province.

3*

A.M.

*ONX*JS.

3938. fiMPfK? Mtafqpoiitit&to'fiiMtflkiJjucgrtliis. rHe&ins
many advantages oycc dutithridatot, 4ni •bAiftsJum 1p

*7.

Tigranes furrenders himfelf to Pompey.
3939* Pompey makes himfelf mailer of Cawa> in which the
treafures of Mithridates were laid up.

Death of Mithridates. Pharnaces his fon, whom the
army had eleded king, fubmits his perfon and domi-
nions to the Romans.

.4nC

J.C.

#6.

«*

801 CHRONOLOGICAL

A.M.. SYRACUSE. Ant.

J.C.
Syracufe is faid to have been founded in the year of
the world 3295, before Chrift 709.'

3520. Gelon's beginning. 4&t<

3515. Gelon is elected king of Syracufe. He reigns tore or 479.

fix; years.
353 s * Hierol. He reigns eleven years. 472.

3543. Thrafybulus. In a year's time he is expelled by his 461.
fubjecls.

3544. The Syracufans enjoy their liberty during fixty 460.
years.

3589. The Athenians, aflifted by the people of Segefta, 415.
undertake the fiege of Syracufe under their general
Nicias. They are obliged to raife it at the end of two
years. The Syracufans purfue and defeat them entirely.

3593. Beginning of Dionyfius the Elder. 4H1

359S. ponyfius, after haying depofed the ancient magif- 406,
trates of Syracufe, is placed at the head of the new
ones, and foon aiter caufes himfelf to be declared gene-
raliifimo.

3600. Revolt of the Syracufans againft Dionyfius upon ac- 404.
count of the taking of Gela by the Carthaginians, it
is followed by a treaty of peace between the Carthagi-
- nians and Syracufans, by one of the conditions of Which
Syracufe is to continue in fubje&ion to Dionyfius. He
cftablUhes the tyranny into his own perfon.

New troubles at Syracufe againft Dionyfius. He
finds nicana to put an end to them.

* TABLE. 303

A.M. CARTHAGE. Ant.

J c«

Carthage ww founded in ffce year of the world 3 15$, .

before Chrjft 846,

3501. Firft treaty between the Carthaginians and Romans. 503.
ft appears that the Carthaginians had carried their arms
into Sicily before this treaty, as they were in pofleffion
of part of it whien it was concluded. But what year
they did fo is not known.
3 5»o. The Carthaginians make an alliance with Xerxes. 484*
3513. The Carthaginians, under Amilcar, attack |he Creeks 4ti.
fettled in Sicily. They are beaten by Geloa.

• 1

359>* The Carthaginkns/fend troops under Hannibal to aid 4ft.
the people of Segefta againft the Syracufans..

3595* Hannibal and Imilcon are fent to conquer Sicily. 409.
They.dpcn the campaign with the liege of Agrigcnfum.

3*00; The war made by the Carthaginians in Sicily is ter- 404,
minatcd bj a treaty of peace with the Syracu&ns. '

0*4 CHRANOWGICAL

A.M. SYftAQUS*. Ant.

j.C.
3605 .Dtatfuis rmafces ^grtat grtpnat ton s iora-new war 399.

with the Carthaginians.
3607. Maflacrc of ail the Carthaginians in Sicily, followed 397.

.Jty^dealajationof „war, >wJrichXtiaafl fiu* .cauiedtobe

.signified to them by a JicraW^homhediJpatchedto *

,Garthage.
36x5* .Dioayfiu* takes Jlhcgium by capitulation. The next 389:

year he breaks the treaty* aMjnakes.hunielf matter

of it again- by .force.
ijfai. Death of Dionyfius the Elder. ,His.fon J3ionyfius 372.

the Younjer, iucceedslmp. By;theadtice<of;Dion»-his

brother-in-law, he caufes l*lito to come to his court.
Dion, banMhedxby the order of Dionyfius, retires into

Peloponnefus.
3643- Dionyfius makes Arete his filler, the wife of Dion, 361.

marry Timocrates, one of his friends. That treatment

makes Dfon refolve to attack the tyrant with open force.
3644. Dion obliges Dionyfius to abandon Syracufe. He J 60.

fets fail for Italy.
3646. Callippus caufes Dion to be aflaflinated, and makes 35s.

himfell matter of Syracufe, where he reigns about

thirteen months.
3647 / Hipparinus, brother of Dionyfius the Younger, drives 357*

'CalKppnBS out df'8ymeHTe t .iiid efUbiflhe* ftfrtftff in

his place-for Wo 1 jteaR.-
3654 Dionyfius re- inflated. 350.

• *

3656. TheSygaeufewoall m ^ flM ^ i Wlilc lr tfef. 348.

3657. Dionyfius is forced by Timoleonto Airrender him* 347.

felf, and to retire to Corinth. ,
jg4$S %: Ttimokon abolifhe^tysaniy at^garofe, and thfawglu 346*

out ftc%, the lihcr^yof ^hfch here* inflates.

3 W5, Agatboclcs snakes himfelf tyrant of Syracufc. ji§ .

•TABM. 80S

A.¥. CARTHAGE. ^nt.

J. C.

3607. Imilcon goes to Sicily with an army to carry on the 397.
war againft Dionyfius. It fubfifts four or five years.

Sift. Second treaty of peaco concluded between the Ho- 350,

mans and Carthaginians.
Jttf. The Carthaginians make a new attempt to feife Sicily. 348*

They are defeated by Timoleon, fcnt by the Corinthians

<%>nte«id4f«te63H«ctfrtns..

Hanno, citizen of Carthage, forms the defigsNffmakittg

fcimfelf mailer of his country.

3*7*. Imbafly of Tyre to Carthage, to demand aid againft 33* »

Alexander the Great.
3*85. Beginning of the wars between the Carthaginians and 3 19*

Agathocles in Sicily and Africa* %

•

go6 CHRONOLOGICAL

A. M. Ant

SYRACUSE. J.C.

■

37x4* A Roman legion feifes Rheghun by treachery. ito.

3729. Hiero and Artemidorus are made fupreme magifirates 17$.

by the Syracufan tro©ps.
3736. Hiero is declared king of the Syracufans. ***•

3741. Appius Claudius goes to Sicily to aid the Mamertines 263.

agamit the Carthaginians. Hiero, who was at nrft

againil him, comes to an accommodation with him, and"

wakes an alliance with the Romans,

3763. Hiero fenda the Carthaginiani aid againil the feicifft ^
nercemdn*

378L Hiero goes to meet the eonful Tib. Sempronius, in **
order to offer him his fervices againil the Carthaginians.

I

TABLE. 507

A. If. CARTHAGE. Ant,'

J. C.

3727. The Carthaginians fend the Romans aid under Mago 277.
againit Pyrrhus.

3741. Beginning of the Brit Punic war with the Romans* 263.
It fublUts twenty-four years.

3743 . The Romans befiege the Carthaginians in Agrigen- 261.

turn, and take the city after a fiege of feyen months.
3745. Sea-fight between the Romans and Carthaginians near 259.

the coaft of Myle.
3749. Sea-fight near Ecnome in Sicily. 255.

3 7 50. Regulus in Africa. He is taken prifoner. 254.

Xanthippus comes to the aid of the Carthaginians.

3755. Regulus is fent to Rome to propofe the exchange of 249*
prifoncrs. At his return the Carthaginians put him to
death with the molt cruel torments.

3756. Siege of Lilybaeum by the Romans 248.
3763. Defeat of the Carthaginians near the iflands JEgates, 24^

followed by a treaty, that puts an end to the firft Punic

war.
War of Lybia againit the foreign mercenaries. It

fubfifts three years and four months.
3767. The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to the Romans, *37«

and engage to pay them 1200 talents.
3776. Amilcar is killed in Spain. Afdrubal, his fon-in- 228.

law, fucceeds him in the command of the army.

Hannibal is fent into Spain upon the demand of his

uncle Afdrubal.
3784. Afdrubal' s death. Hannibal is made general of the 220.

army in his Head.

3786. Siege of Saguntum. 218.
Beginning of the fecond Punic war, which fubfifts

feventeen years.

3787. Hannibal enters Italy, and gains the battles of Ticinut 217.
and Trebia.

3«8

CHROWOEOflnCAL

At M.

ST Rfc'C^B.

•*Bt

j.c. !

^89. Death of Hierp. Hieronymus, his grandfon, fuc- «J»
oetdsAim.

Hieronymus abandons t be party <iif.?he;ll»8H0s,»aaA
enters into an alliance with Hannibal. He is aflaffinated
loon after. His death is followed with great trouble*
to Syracufe.

590. Marctllui takes Sywnfo } 4fmvfaz*mt*a9j9m, •»

1

\ * *

1 i.. •

?. .

'. ).f: ;

!•■

m '

MOM. C3AOUr!HTA>GyE0 An*

J. C.
37W. ' BattfbrfVhratipnonisx* **$;

H*anib*We«4*T»a^toius)at «htt Straits «f Caffllmmft
Cn. Scipiodef(«WithoX:>rthaguiam3,tntSpainj

1989. Cattle of Cannae. Hannibal .rethvr tor Capusr after 2i£ f
tfcsj»ttie.. ' . '

3790. Afdrubal is beaten th Spain by the two Scipios. 314*

3793. The two Scipios are killed in Spain. ait.
The Romans hefiege Capua.

3794. Hannibal advances to Rome, and befieges it. The 210.
Romans foon after take Capua.

3795. Afdrubal enters Italy. He is defeated by the conful 206.
Livius, whom the other conful Nero had joined.

3799. S«pio.mak**Jiw>feif .raa^Ut of aUr Spain. . H» is 205.
made conful the year following, and goes to Africa.

Hannibal is recalled to the aid of his country. k 202.

Interview of Hannibal and Scipio in Africa, followed 201.
by a bloody battle, in which the Romans gain a com-
plete victory.

Treaty of peace between the Carthaginians and Ro- aOO.
mans, which puts an end to the fecond Punic war.

Fifty years elapfed between the end of the fecond and
the beginning of the third Punic war.

Hannibal is made praetor of Carthage, and reforms 194.
the courts of juftice and the finances. After having
exercifed that office two years, he retires to king An-
tiochus at Ephefus, whom he advifes to carry the war
info Italy.
: Interview of Hannibal and Scipio at Ephefus. 10*.

Hannibal takes refuge m the ifland of Crete, to avoid 188.
being delivered up to the Romans.

Hannibal abandons the ifland of Crete, to take refuge 184.
with Prufias, king of Bithynia.

Death of Hannibal. 189.

The Romans fend commiffions into Africa, to adjudge 181.
the. differences that aroie between the Carthaginians and
Mafinifla.

Second

A« M«

3*SS-

3S58.
1*51-

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE,

C'A R T HA G E.)

Ant!

Second embafly fent by the Romans into Africa, to 15*.
make new inquiries into the differences f unfitting be.
tween the Carthaginians and Mafiniffa.

Beginningof the third Punic war. It fubfiiis a Uttk 149.
more than four years.

Carthage is befieged by the Romans. *4*

Scijrio the younger is made conful, and receive! the M*.
command of the army before Carthage.

Scipio takes and entirely demoitthes Carthage* <#•

ZUD OF THE CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

GENERAL

N D E X

OF THI MATTEIS CONTAINS*) IN

THE ANCIENT HISTORY.

A.

ABANTIDAS makes him-
felf tyrant of Sicyon, VII.

292.

Abas, king of Argot, III. 11.

Abdolonymus is placed upon
the throne of Sidon againft his
wHl, VI. 71. his anfwer to
Alexander, 72

Abelox, a Spaniard, his treache-
ry, II. 75«

Abradates, king of Sufiana, en-
gages in Cyrus's *%vice, I.I.
277. he is killed in the battle

' of Thrymbnea, 29$,

Abraham goes to Egypt with Sa-
rah, I. 233. the Scripture
places him very near Nimrod 5
and why,. . II. 182.

Abrocomas, one of the generals
of ArtaxerxesMnemon's army,
marches againft Cyrus the
Younger, IV. 172.

Abfalom, brother of Alexander
Jannaeus, IX. 264. he is taken
prifoncr at the fiege of Jerufa-
lem, ibid.

Abutites, governor of Sufa, for
Darius, furrenders that place to
Alexander, VI . 139. he is con-
tinued in his goverment, 140.
4

Abydos, a city of Afia, berieged by
Philip, VIII. 131, &c. tra-
gical end of that city, • 134.

Academy, founded at Alexandria,
under the name of Mufaeumv

VII. 172.

Acarnanians, people of Greece,
their courage, VIII. 77*

Accius. See Attius.

Achseaas, fettled by Achaeus in
Peloponnefus, III. 16. inftitu-

" tion of their commonwealth,
VI 1 .090. their government, ci-
ties,of which theAchaean league
is formed at firft, ibid, feveral
cities join it afterwards, 294.
chiefs who rendered that re-
public fo flourishing, VIII. 88.
The Achaeans enter into a wat
with Sparta, VI 1 . 3 3 3 . after ma-
ny lofles they call in Antigonus
to their aid, 340. in a war with
the iEtoUans they have re*
courfeto Philip,VIII.45« they
declare for the Romans againft
that prince, 164. they join
with the Romans againft An-
tiochus, 233. their cruel treat-
ment of many Spartans, .288,

: they fubjed theMeffenians,3 26*
they fend deputies to Rome

concerning

INDEX.

concerning Sparta, 329. Cal-
ibrates, one of their deputies,
betrays them, 33°> &c.

The Achaean* refolvetcrthare*
-with the Romans in the dangers
of the war againft Perfeus, I X.
42. they, are fufpefted by the
Romans, 108. cruel- treatment!
©f them'by the Romans, 1 10,
Sec. troubles in Achaia,. 133.
the Achseans declare war againft
the Lacedaemonians, ibid, they
infult theRomartcorrimlfflbners;
134. they engage Thebes and
Calchis to join them, 136.
theyi are-defeated 4>w Metelkift, }
137* -an* after* by M*aimi«s, •
138, &c. Achaia is reduced into
a Roman province. ^ 14*.

Achaemenes, brother of Xerxes,

III. 170

Achaemenes, brother of Arta-
:feM£»»Mntna»^ ia pkmttat
the head of the army fentt by
that prince-apittf^Bgjrpt; If I.
29* ht kJciUcdtaa h**to>iiUL

tekaa&i fon of Xtttttus, fbdKler
vi thevAchaeans, III. 17

MksXts, coufimvf Se4e»ouBC6-
raumtai has the«dsnittrAration
oftheaffaiis*ftBgyfit, Vi44. z.
herafedge*<tb** dtfttteefi- thte
prince^ ibUL he^ reflate' 'the

.". wmmm* ai^prefe*vts*t,fc*»An-
tia atomthu fiicat»3, hteJMity

, t*>4katrpriiloev j'iAA he-remits
aa)niifMfktioelwisy«3. rfofoWer,
iMdj. hev is betrayed aa* de-
literal up to"Awti*cha»,' and
puttb^eatkv 25

Ariiatav fo^aite** from JA«hskus.
SeerAstofesv - HlV x 7

Aataniamst comwty *«u Arifto-
ntaeef *xu$&fr*m*k, U -it o.

hSti&tm f?«g*ft>kn*£'s-g\far-
dkui*; XI' i7«- rm'aflStlWwtes
BflnfN^^ 1785* h#*i***pi**-*to
dearth)" 184

fimkd*^*ki§4*m&vfy\v: 259.

,4nlMriiHMaf/iiiimif 4H*«pJ«rtm of
the 42*f*rt€trm*f*> dBfttfptfon

Acichoriut , generaf of the Gauls,
makes an irruption into Mace-
donia, VII. 200. then into
Gie*4e, ibid, he peri(hes\here,

204

Acilius (Manius) is appointed to

. command, in Greece againft
Antioch*M,'Vni. 134* ted*
' feats that prince near Thermo-
pylae, . 238, he fubje&s the
jEtolians, 241, &c.

Acilius, a young Roman, hi*
ftratagtnrto make Perfeus quit
his afylum, IX. to

Acrifius, king of Argos, III. n

Acrotates,-* fon* of Areoalting of
Sparta", VH\ 240.- valour of
that young prince 243

A&ium, city famous for Antony'i
defeat, X. aiO

Ada continued in the govern-
ment of Caria, after the deatlj
of Idriaeus heritiuiband, VI. 35

Atfrft'rbtf, gene**H dr7 thV Car-
trfflrjnhmt-; dof&attfthdjRortarw

at'fea, H. «

Adimantes is4^f«toadajwl«#*Tof
the A<Keiifins - after the battfo
o^Algittultejf IV. i*f. bytvUat
mt»f»4ie tffapetvleatlf afttfr his
defeat at ^gofpotamw*- 137
AtfrftWtfs/ iHntWr-theMoWftffl^

• give* Themiftocles refuge ; «I 1 1 .
- 7571 he is imiiaiidatdrty the

AtkeidMW, arrftferKfc ktot way,

Iir. »74
Atmetus, officet*irt''Afc*a*<fef£

• army, v ^ **

Ade*fc#Feaillteelettratedia hoHdur

oflffirfrat^Atri**,- IV; '3*
Adore.' Etymology of«tHaV#ttd,

ir. 4*y

JBdeMas^ foiroft A fytidttM Wng
of Bjmu*, is*dftt*n qffjaM ft
dominions by the k**tf*** of
Frotifc-kirHf oi»W*ed*laV*V;
294.* h*re*fce*ii fl»*tlWn#

/Batides, king of Epirus,-i»t»;
nitffcd* trj* JirV'***! **&$#*

ran ex.

_ i;k'mg r rf Athens, , 1 H. 13 ftfrisa, tUfeoraed % the cafe of

.rfEfgina, little iftand near. Atfcens, Nechao, I. a$6. «anno (ails

^ „ „ III.tji *r<WMdit ty order of the fcnate,

^ gRgWW tamos t ^iainpi4gfentyian- *?2. fertility of Africa, 300

iter's lidbty over the Atiwni- Agamemnon, king of ; Myaen« f

-aus, ilV. 134 * Hi ia

iffigyptus, name given 5efeftris, ;Agarifta, <wHe cf Megacles. Her

," „ I.*# kther^c^uamchoofmg'hef

*£Bmvs, fujpoied by Viigil .am- a huibasd, I II . 6 1 .

temporary withDido, 1.301 'Agathoeles feifes the tyranny

-uSEjioharbus {Domithis) earful, of fyracufe, I. 328. hisexpedt-

declares .for Anthony, and re- 'tiwagainft the Carthaginians

-tires to him, SX. 205 in Sicily and Africa, 329. he

.Mollis, .fim of Heltaus, ristgns brings over Ophelias to his fide,

infEheflaly, ail. it and^then puts him to death,

w3i|chiae$, > Athenian jorator^aif- 33*. raiferaWe • end 4f that

^rs^mfelf to be* corrupted! by tyrant, 3«g

Ehiiip's^gold. V.a83,-4cc he Agathoeles, governor of Paftliia

accufes Dernoftfcenes, 315.' he for Antiochus, VII. 463

is caft, and retires .into baoij(h~ Agath0cle6, brother of Ata-

*w*«i 3** thoclea,VUI.^6.hisafcendant

i/Efoptae Phrygian: JiisJiiftory, over. Ptolemy Phil opator, Hid,

III. 88. he. goes to .the court his meafures for obtaining the

of Cneftis, ^..heis fuppofed tuition of Ptoiett? Efriphahes

to <3me been the inventor of 126, he periffces miiejaWy,

faMes, no utf m

jE tolia,. one of. the priccfjial. parts Agathoclea,«mcubkieof Ptokmr

of Greece, III, 3 Philopator,VIIi. ^mfferabb

jfiitoiians. War of .tke iBto- .end -dr that woman, ja6

Jians agaiaft the Achaeans and Age! as of Naupaelus, ambaiTalor

PhUrp,\4ll 1 ~2&. treaty of peace from; the allies, to Philip. AWf-

between them, $7, the ifcto- doinefhis^ifcourfeVill^5/&c

lians join the Romans againft Age! 1 laws is 'elected king .of

Hfeilip, 75. they make peace Sparta, IV. 117. his education

TO th> that prince, 1 i£ . ^tbey de- -aad-efrara&er, i&rf. he - fets Out

ciase againft him. for the Ro- ;ft>rrAua, -a3i. iie differs with

mans, 168. they condemn the Ly lander,, 205. i>is expeditions

treaty made between Philip- and roAfia, 228, Ac. Sparta appoint*

the Romans, 183. they form :him genera liflimo by. fea & lanji^

. a • resolution to fei& Demetrias , ,23a .~he commiflion* Pi&ndet to

Cbaicis, and Lacetfcemon .by -command the fleet in ias itead,

treachery, 224. they cal Lin* Jthe ibid., his interview* srithPiiaiaa*

aid 4>f Antiochus againlt the ..bafus, 234. theEphori recall hint

Romans, <a&8. they softer /to ito the aid «f ius country, 2404

fubmit to the Romans ,.24 3. .and his - Beady, obedience, ihid. ' aht

- cannot obtain peace, 246,. 24 7. * ..-gains a vjdory over the Thebana

:theieqate, atthe.fequeliof the .at Coronsea, in which, he jg

.-Athenians and Rhodjains,3Qnt wounded, 245. *he returns te>

.it them, ^84. cwel treatment ; §parta, 247. he always, retain*

•^*£ them by the &oj»ans, JOC. Ins ancient manners, ihid. 4ie

4©&»£c. .4ifcoYe^ the^onfpkacy ieaneti

INDEX.

by Ly finder, 14S. different ex.
peditions of Agefilaus in Greece
249. hecaufes his brother Te-
tanias to he appointed admiral ,
ibid. Sphodrias is acquitted by
his means, V. 134.. Antalcides
rallies him upon his oeing
wounded by the Thebans, 135.
..difpute between Agefilaus and
Epaminondas in the.affembly
of the allies of Sparta, 138.
'he caufes war to be declared
, againft the Thebans, 139. he
finds means to fave thole who
had fled from the battle of
J-eu&ra, 14$, his conduct in the
two irruptions of the Thebans
into the territory of Sparta, 147.
Sparta fends aid to Tachos, king
ot Egypt, who had revolted
againft Perfia, 190. actions of
Agefilaus in Egypt, 191. he de-
clares for Nectanebis againft
Tacos, xo>. he dies on his re-
. turn to Sparta, 193

Agefilaus, uncle on the mother's
. fide to Agis king of Spar-
ta, VII. 315. he abufes that
£rince's confidence, 316. vio-
:nce which he commits when
one of the Ephori, 321. he is
wounded and left for dead, 334.
Agefipolis king of Sparta with
. Agefilaus, V. 116. difference
between thofe two kings, ibid.
he commands the army fent
againft Olynthus, 120. his
death, *M*

Agefipolis reigns at Sparta with
Lycurgus, VIII. 37. he U de-
throned by Lycurgus, r97. he
'. retires to the camp of the Ro-
mans, ibid*
Agefiftrata, mother of Agis king
of Sparta, VII . 32. her death,,

3*9

Agiatis\ widow of Agis, king of

Sparta, is forced by Leonidas

to marry Cleomenes, VII. 330.

death of that princefs, 345.

Agis I*, fon of Euryfthenes, king

of Sparta, enflaves the inha-
bitants of Elos, I. 136.

Agis 1 1 . fon of Archidamus, king
of Sparta, IV. 49. he makes war
againft the people of Elis, 216.
he acknowledges Leotychkks
for his fon at his death, 217

Agi6 III. fon of another Archida-
mus king of Sparta, commands
the army of die Lacedaemoni-
ans againft the Macedonians, and
is killed in a battle, VI. 162

Agis IV. fon of Eudamidas,
reigns at -Sparta, VI 1 . 31 1. he
endeavours to revive the ancient
inftitutions of Lycurgus, 315.
he effects, it m part, ibid. &c
only Agefilaus prevents the fail
execution of that defign, 321.
he is fent to aid the Achauns
againft the ./Etolians, 322. oa
his return to Sparta he finds a
total change there, 323. he is
condemned to die, and executed,

328, &c

Agonothetae, a name given t»
thofe who prefided in the pub-
lic games of Greece, I. 6S.

Agriculture. Efteem the ancients
had for it, efpecially in Egypt,
I. 219. in Perfia, II. 389. and
in Sicily, 1 1 1. .347

Agrigentum . -Foundation of that
city, VI. 31. it is fubjecledfirft
by the Carthaginians, I. 316.
and afterwards by the Romans,

II. 4

Agron, prince of Illy ria, VII. 306

Ahafueru^, name given by the
Scripture to Aftyages, as alfo to
Cam bytes and Darius. . See the
names of the laft two.

Ahaz, king of fudah, becomes
vaflal and tributary to Tiglath-
pilefar, II. 204

Albanians. Situation of their
country, X. 17 1. they are de-
feated by Pompey, ibid.

Alcaeus, fon of Perfeus, king of
Mycenae, and father: of Amphi-
tryon, III. ix

... Alcaeus

INDEX.

Alcoeus, Greek poet, III . 78

Aicetas king of the Moloffians,

great-grandfather both of Pyr-

rhus and Alexander the Great,

V. 258
Alcibiades. When very young
he carries the prize of valour
in the battle againft the Poti-
daeans, III. 331. character of
that Athenian, IV. i7.hisinti-
macy with Socrates, 18. his
convertibility of genius, 21. his
paflion for ruling alone, 22

Alcibiades begins to appear
at. Athens, IV. 17. his artifice
for breaking the treaty with
Sparta, 24. he engages the
Athenians in the war with Si-
cily, 26. he. is elected general
with Nicias and Lamachus, 32.
he is accufed of having muti-
lated, the ftatues of Mercury,
39. hefets out for Sicily, with-
out having been able to bring
.that affair to a trial, 40. he
takes Catana by- furprife, 45:
he is recalled by the Athenians
to be tried upon an accufation.
\bid. he hies and is condemned
to die for contumacy, 46* he
retires to Sparta, 48. he de-
bauches Timaeay the wife of
Agis, and has a fort by her,
49. he advifes the Lacedaemo-
nians to fend Gylippus to the
aicLof S y.racufe, 5 5

. Alcibiades retires to Tifla-
phernes, IV. 96. his credit
with that fatrap, Ibid, his return
to Athens is concerted, 99. he
is recalled, 10 1. he beats the
Lacedaemonian fleet, 107. he
goes to Tiflaphernes who caufes
him to be feized and carried
pri toner to Sardis, ibid, he
efcapes out of prifon, ibid, he
defeats Mmdarus and Pharna-
bafus by fea and land the , fame
day, 108. he returns in triumph
to Athens, no. and is declared
generaiifiimo, 112. hecaufe&the

great myfteries to be celebrated,

113. he fets fail with the fleet,

1 14. Thrafybulus accufes him *
at Athens of having occafioned
the defeat of the fleet near Ephe-
fus, 118. the command is taken
from him, ibid, he comes to the
Athenian generals at iEgofpota-
mos, 134. the advice he gives
them, 1 3 5 . he retires into the pro-
vince of Pharnabafus, 150. that
fatrap caufes him to be auaifinat-
ed, ibid, his character, 151, &c.

Alcibiades, one of the Spattan
exiles, is re-inflated by the
Achaeans, and fent deputy to
Rome with complaints "againft
them, -VIII. 3 14I the Achoeans
condemn him to die, 317, they
foon after annul that fentence,

321

Alcimus is placed at the head of
Demetrius Soter'S army againft
the Jews, IX. 17a

Akmseon, III. 61

Alcmaeonidae expelled Athens by
Pififtratus, III. 63. they take
the care of building the neW
temple of Delphi upon them-
felves, 67. their end in that un-
dertaking, ibid.

Alcyonaeus, fon of Antigonus
carries the head of Pyrrhus to
his father, VI 1 . 249

Alexamenes is fent by the JEto~
lians to feize Sparta, VI 1 1 . 224.'
his avarice occalions the mi (car-
riage or' that delign, 225. he is
killed in Sparta, ibid.

Alexander, young Lacedaemonian,
puts out one of Lycurgus' s eyes,
III. 27. Lycurgus' s manner of
being revenged of him, ibid.

Alexander I. fon of Amyntas I.
king of Macedon, avenges the
v an°ront his mother and filters
had received from the Persian
ambafTadors, III. 13a. he makes
propolals of peace to the A the- -
nians from the Pertians, 223.
he gives the Greeks intelligence
P 2 of

INU*».

«f tbt denjpvof the Peruam,

250

Alexander II. ion 1 of Amymas
II. reigns' in Macedonia* and
dies at the end of one year,*

V. 159

Alexander III. furnamed the
Great, fon of Philip. HU birth,
V. 258. happy inclinations of
that prince, V). 3. lie lias
Ariitotle for his prseceptor, 4-.
Alexander's eftccm and aHecV
tion for that phi lofopher, 5. he
breaks Bucephalus, 10

A lexamier afcends die throne
oi*Vlacedonia,VI. 12. 1m reduces
and fuhjecis tha people boixltjv
mg upon his kingdom, who had
revolted, 13. ht> enters Greece
to diuoive t],€ loa^uu which had
hw'cn foi mod again ft him, 14. he
defeats the Thebans in a great
battle, 15. and takes tlietr city
which he deltroys, 17.. he par-
dons the Athenians, 18. hefum**
noons a diet at Corinth,, and.
caufes himfelf to* be declared
generalhTirno of the Greeks
a^aind the Pejiiatisv 19* he re*
turns into Macedonia, il and
makes preparations for. his ex>
ptxhrionagainfltbePerfiam, 23.
he appoints Anapater to govern
Macedonia as his viceroy, 24;
Aiejfioncierfotsoiit-forA fia-VI-
2^ f arnvesat Ilium, where- he
render great honours to. the
memory of Achilles, a6. ho
-gaffes the Granious, and gains
a. great victory over the Peru*
aut., 29. he hieficges and< take*
Alileiaa,, 3 ^ then Halicaxnaf-,
ins, 34. and conquer* almoftf
alt Alia-. Minor, 36. he takes
ti.e city of Gordium where he
wits the famous. Gordian Jexitv
58. he partes the (traits of Cili*.
«ia, 40. he- arrives at Tatftia>
where he* has a dangerous*
illnefs, occasioned by bathing*
r» tbtfiivexCjdiius, ibi<k he is;

ctutd'of it ut Aj fe wfOatfc , 44; h*>
marches', agtanlt- Darius, anr
gains *ntmausrvi&Diyuirei that
prinoe-nearLfitts, 50. £*c. tifed
wtttftpurfuing Darius, he comes
t6thatpnnce k SMcairip, vrtncstits
troops had juifc before feifed,
61. Alexander's humanity- and
re f peel for Syi^unbts, and the
other, captive pruacenes, 65

AlexandtireotersSfria, V4<. M.
. the trcafures laidmpin Darnat-
cus arc delivered to him, ibU.
Darius writes hunaJetfterm-rhr
mott haughty terms, 68. he a*
fwers it in the fame ftyle, 69.
the city of Sidorl opens its pm
to hinii 70. he befiegesTwre>
73^ &c. after a. long fiegc be
takes that place by ftorrn, SI:
he receives a fecund letter frata
Darius, 96-. he marches to Jen*
falem, 97. honours paid fay
htm to the high prieft Jaddna
100. he enters- JeruXakm ad
G&rafacrifjces there, 10 r. D*
ntetfs prophecie&reiatingitoiiaA
are mown him, iiidi brantSt
great privileges, to the Jews;
107. and reiiifesrthefametatta
Sarnmnrirans,, tfnd* he bof-cga
and. takes. Gaza,. 108. eaten
fig?.pt> 1 id., makes himfelf
madecof it izi . aauLbegias is
build. Alexandria, 103. he-pa
to Lybia, ibid, viuts the ten-
pie of Jupiter Annnoay n*.
and caufes himfelf to, ba*da*
dared the fon of thar god; tid.
ha returns to Egyfit, id

Alexandetv on his? return* to
E$ypt, meabtatesi advancing *-
gatoft ltariua*. VK lit;, obt fcr-
ttm?ont, he is? infbrirtcdrof the
death of than prince's wife, 1 iK
he* caufes har to be intarr e ii-w-irtr
very great* magnificence, i&d.
he. panes the Euphrates-, 119.
then the Tigris, 120, he comer
up- with. Darius, and gain* the?
aposcbattie-of Anbtdav »3*- *»

takes

INPEX.

is Arbcla, 133. Babylon,
. Sufa, 140. fubdues the
i, 143, ice. feifes the pafa
ufa, 145. arrives at Perfe-
s, of which he makes him-
mailer, 146, Sec. and burns
palace of that city in a de-
:h, 149

exander purfues Darius, V I .

Beffus's treatment of that
ze makes, him haften his
;h, 153. Alexander's grief
:eing the body of Darius,

had juft before expired,
he fends it to Syfigambis,
he marches againft Beffus,

Thaleftris, queen of the
zons, comes from a remote
try to fee him, 166. he
ions himfelf to pleafure and
jch, 167. he continues his
h againlt Beffus, 170. he

Phi lotas to death upon
cion of having entered into.
if piracy againil him, 178.
Parmenio his father, ibid,
bduesfeverai nations, 180.
rrives in Bactriana, ibid.
uel treatment of the Bran-
s, 181. Beffus is brought
n, i8a ;

:xander takes many cities
ftriana, VI. 183, &c. and,
> one near the Iaxartes, to*
1 he gives his name, 185.*
irehes againft the Sogdi^
v ho had revolted* and de-,
many of their cities, Hid.
:ythians fend ambaffadors
1, who fpeak with extra-
Lry liberty, 187. he pafles,
xartes, .191. gains a vic-
iver the Scythians, ibid.
jats the conquered favour-
ibid. he quells a revolt of
ogdians, 192. he fends

to Ecbatana, to be pu-
, 193, he takes, the city.
tra, ibid. Sec. he aban-
limfelf to the pjeafure of
ig, In which he is in great

danger, 198. - he girts Clitus
the command of the provinces
which had been under Artaba-
fus before, 199, he invites that
officer to a feaft, and kills him,- '
201. he undertakes various ex-
peditions, 204. he marries Rox-
ana daughter of Oxyartes, 206V
he re fo Ives to march againft In-
dia, and makes preparations for
fetting out, ibid, he. endeavours
to make his courtiers adore hint-
after the Perfian manner, 207.
he puts the philofoper Callif-
thenes to death, 2 10

Alexander fetsoutforlndia, VI.
212. he takes many cities there
that feem impregnable, and fre-
quently endangers his life, 219,
&c. he grants Taxilus his pro-
te&ion, 223. he paffes the river
Indus, and then the Hydafpes,.
224. and gains a famous victory
over Porus, 231. he reitorea.
that prince his kingdom, 232.
be builds Nicsea and Bucepha-
lia, ibid, he advances into India,
and fubjeds many nations, 233 .
he forms the defign of penetrat-
ing as far as the Ganges, 239*.
general murmur of his army,,
1 hid. he renounces that defign,
and gives orders to prepare for
returning, 243. excefs of Vanity
which he ihows in giving
thanks to the gods, 244

Alexander lets out on his
march to the ocean, VI . 245 . he
is in extreme danger at t\ie city
of Oxydrace, ibid, he fubdues all"
he meets in his way, 25 r. he-
arrives at the ocean, 252. . pre-
pares for his return to Europe,.
ibid. Sec. , he fufiers extremely
by famine in parting; defert
places, 255. equipage in which
he paffes. through- Carmania,
256. he arrives at Pafargada,
258. honours rendered by him
to the allies of Cyrus, 260- he ,
puts Orfines* fatrapof the pro-^
P 3 vince*.

itfrjfcrt.

virt^todfakh, i6t. He ifiarrie*
Statin, thedaughter of Darius,
2*3 . he pays the debts* of the
foldier* *A«rf. he appeafe* a nv
felt amongft them, 269;, Ste.
lie recalls Antipater, and Pubftt-
tetes Craterus to him, 171. his
grief for Heptoefiion's death,
*yi, *c. he conquers the
Coffieans, •#&•

• Alexander cntersBabylon, not*-
withftfcndingthe Hnilter predfcV
tionaof thcMagi,and otherfoorh -
layers, VI. 273. he celebrates*
Mephae ft ten's funeral with ex-
inordinary magnificence, 27$,
he forms various defigns of ex-
peditions and conquefts, 279. he
fa* people at work upon repair-
ing the banks of the Euphrates','
#*o» and rebuilding the temple
•f Belus, ifc t . he-abandons himv
ft1 f to exceflive drinking, which
tceafons his death, 283, &c.
pomp of his funeral, VIT. 26.
Ah* body is carried to Alexandria,
%$. judgement to be patted on
Alexander, VI. 289. character
of that prince, as to merit, 290,
Ac. Daniel's prophecies con-
cerning Alexander, k>t, &c.

Alexander, fon of Alexander the
Great, is ele&ed king, VII.
£. Callander firft deprives* that-
prnce of the foverergrity, 67.
then puts him to death, 97

Alexander, fon of Canander, drf-
mites tjie crown of Macedonia-
With his brother Antipater,
Vn. 15S. he is killed 1 by De-
iftetrhis, v*hom he had called*
in to his aSd, 159;

Alexander I. king* of Eprrus,
marries Creopatrav daughter of
Philip King of Macedonia, V.

Alexander Bkhr forms a 4 ctmfpi-
racy agamft Demctriusr Soter,
1H. 1*4. Heaftendsthe throne 5
©¥ Syria*, rW. h*e marries Cfeo-
nafra the dftug-rrfcr of Ptolenr/

Fhnonieier^ ws. rw- abamassS
Mmfelftovolupttiouftiefs, rt>.
Ptolemy declares agahaft him in
favour of Demetrius Nkartor,
itsy. Alexander periftie*, aft/.

Alexander' Zebrta dethtenes
Demetrius kins* of Syria, IX.
£21. he is defeated by Asm**
ehus Gfypus; a&rf foon after
killed. 224

Alexander !. Ion at Phyfccn is
placed upotf the throne of
Egypt, IX. 234. he cartes hi*
mother Cleopatra* to be pur »
death, 241. he is* expelled by
his fubje&s, and p cr itt c s fees*
atter, 241

Alexander II. fon of AtexskAr
I. reigns in Egypt* after the
death of Lathyrusy I X. 24?. he
marries 1 Cleopatra, called Bere-
nice, and kills tier rarieteor

' days after^ 244. the Alexan-
drian* dethrone hisn, 252. he
dies, and declares at hfs death
theft oman people hi* heirs, iff

Alexander Jannanis- referi* a
Juchea, IX. 245. he atracir
the inhabitancy of Ptolema,
' *3£- Cathy res marches to the
aid of that city, and defeat*
Alexander near the Jordan, &L
Ac. Alexander's rev enge upon-
Gaza, 2^6. quarrel baweu i
that prince and the PhsrrJersv
2*52. grofs affront that he re*
cefves at the rfcaft of the taber-
nacles, 266. ven g e a nce vrfucfr
he takes for it, iM4. civil war
between that prince atikf. his rob*
jects, 267. after having termi»
rated it, he abandons himrclf le
feaxtmg and dies,* i&f.

Alexander makes hiinjbff ty-
rant of Phtrtfe, V. 158. he en-
deavours to fubjeft the people
of Thcnaly, ibid: Peiopftias re-
duces hftn to reafon, ibid, he
feifes Pelopkfas by treachery,
arid puts hint iff prrfon, ret.
gpaxaiuuiiuxsnrfTixr! nnsyroic*

Jfaft

* • •

tfe- his ptffofief, 164; rW fe of tte kingdom tfy ^MJufcctfo.;

feated near CynocepHaltrs; nofor, tftf. he* defeats A pries,

6. tragibtl eild of that tyrant, who marchedagainft him, takes

j. hisdhrerfionsi 164 him. prifoner, and puts him t<*

andbr, fon of JEroptLt, forms death* /*«/: he reigns peaceably

wnfphacf agsrinft Alexander . hi Eg^pt, 266. hU method for

: Gsear, V f. 37. he h put to acquiring the rerpe&ofhis (ub^

th, /*W. jests', /*/</, his. death, *6fr. hfc

mder, ibri of l*blyff>erchon, body is taken out of his tomb*

epts the genetafl' gav&fnmeht and burnt by order ofCarribjfes,

Peibpotineftrs; VPf. 6$. he* ft. 35*

:iHe<finSicyori> Mflf. Anrtedradbrs. Fine example of

mcfer, governor of Peftfa fat dtiintereft in certain Roman.

tibchus the Great 1 , Vft'h 'y. a\nbaH6dort, Vir. 25a

revolts; and? makes himftflf Amehophis, king of Egypt* f.

ereigh hi hi* pro^mce*, iSiJL Z34. Ms' manned of educating;

perifhes mifcrably, 9 his fon, Sefdftris, 23$. this king|

inder, deputy fronYthe illSto- is the. Pharoah of the Scripture,

s totlteamnbtyof theailies Who wa* drowned* in the RwU

iatTempe, VIJCI. 17$ fea,, 2jy

nder", ^fetendjsd fon of Per- Anteftrts, wh% of Xertfs. Bar-.

;, is dftwndut of Jtfacedtania;, barous and inhuman revenge ot

;re* fusr had* tffbrptdf the &at prineefs; ITI. 242, &c.

>ne, IX. 132 ArAtfui,. city Qf A-fia, befieged by

nder, fort qt Anthony aw Lucitflus, X. 1 10. theenginecx

opatfa, X. 201 CallimachUs, who defected it*

ntfra, wift» of Alexander fits it on fire' anil bums. i&,

jaeus, tfeigns over the* Jewfflv u£

>n, fX. *$*, &c. Ammonlans, ft'. 35$. gftou*

idria, city of Egypt, built temple of that people* ift. ni

Lfexanik? the- Great, VI.. Amnelty, famous one at Aflfciis*

fatnom; lftrariei of /tie*- IV.. 158. occasions when aril-

ia 1 , Vtl. 172, &c. fate of nefties atfc heceffary, 159

j libraries, 173, Stc. Amorges, baftard of. PifTuthnes,

dria* built by Alexander revolt* agahut Darius Notour*

Great upon the Iaxartes, IV. 94. he is tafcen and fen*

V*. r8$ into. Perua, , 95

governor, of the citadel of AmoHs, king of E$tp& See

naeaV betrays fcpjgen'es, Thethmofis.

>chus"« gerierar, VIII. 9 Ampharei, one of the Spartar*.

t, that fcfence is part of the . EphoH, VTt. 326. hie treachery

ernaties', and ought not to atod cruelty to.k&gAgis, iSiJL

gle&ed, X. 19 Amphi&yon, king of Athens,

&es. Extent Of theit Iff* 12.

ry, IT. $% AmptoiftVons. Inftituiion of

lojcm tsdns" famous f6r Han- that affe'mbly, 1 1 1. 1 2 . 1 V. 3 *j 1 .

s gaffing them, II. 5 2 therr power, 37a. oath taken

office* of A pries, is £ro- at their inftatfation, thid. theic-

ed king of £g#pt, T. ±64. condefcenfions for Philip, occa-

:onfirtrxtct htti^ pbflentoV fTol! fftcf dimMitiott of their au-

-^ thority,

INDEX.

thority, 374. famous facred war
undertaken by order of this af-
fembly, V. 266

Amphipolis, city of Thrace, be.
fieged by Cleon, general of the
Athenian*, IV. 13. Philip
takes that city from the Athe-
nians, and declares it free, V.
253. it is foon after taken pof-
fefllon of by that prince. 256

Amyntas I. king of Macedonia
fubmits to Darius. III. 130

Amyntas II. king of Macedonia,
father of Philip, V. 246. his
death, 248

Amyntas, fon of Perdiccas, ex-
cluded from the throne of Ma-
cedonia, V. 251

Amyntas, deferter from Alex-
ander's army feifes the govern-
ment of Egypt, VI. 110. he is
killed there, in

Amyntas, one of Alexander the
Great's officers, VI. 138

Amyrtaeus, one of the generals
of the Egyptians, who had re-
volted againft Artaxerxes Lon-
gimanus, III. 291. he is affifted
by the Athenians, 311. he drives
the Periians out of Egypt, and
is declared king of it, IV. 6. he
dies, 7

Amy tis, 'wife of Nabucodonofor,

II. 191

Anacharfis, by nation of the
Scytho-Nomades, one of the
feven fages, III. 87. hh> con-
tempt for riches, ibid.

Anachreon, Greek poet, III. 81.

Anaitis. Fate of one of the
flat ues of this goddefs, X. 199

Anaxageras, his care of Pericles,
III. 299. his do&rine. 336

Anaxander, king of Lacedae-
monia, I. 146

Anaxilaus, tyrant of Zancle, III.

354
Anaximenes, in what manner he

faved his country, VI . 26

Andranodorus, guardian of Hie-

ronymus, king of Syracufe, X.
24. his ftrange abufe of his
authority, 25. after the death
of Hieronymus he feifes part of
Syracufe, 29. he forms a con-
fpiracy for afcending the throne,
32. he is accufed and put to
death, ibid.

Andrifcus of Adramy ttium, pre-
tends himfelf fon of Perfeus,
and is declared king of Macedo-
nia, IX. 129. he defeats the
Roman army, commanded by
thepraetorjuventius, 131. he is
twice defeated by Metellus,i3*.
he is taken, and fent to Rome,
ibid, he ferves to adorn the tri-
umph of Metellus, 145

Androcles, fon of Codrus king of
Athens, III. 18

Andromachus, governor of Syria
and Palestine for Alexander,
VI. 117. fad end of that go-

• vernor, ibid.

Andromachus, father of Achx-
us, is taken and kept priJbner
by Ptolemy Evergetes, VIII. 1.
Ptolemy Philopator fets him at
liberty, and reftores him to bit
fon 15

Andronicus, general for Aim-
gonus, makes himfelf matter of
Tyre, VII. 86. he is befieged
in that place by Ptolemy, and
forced to furrender, 90

Andronicus, Perfeus' s officer, put
to death, and 'why, IX. 48,

49
Andronicus of Rhodes, to whom

the world is indebted for the

works of Ariftotle,. X. 100

Androfthenes, commander for

. Philip at Corinth, is defeated
by Nicoftratus, praetor of the
Achaeans, VIII. 181

Angels. Opinions of the Pagans
concerning them, IV. 285

Anfcius, ' Roman praetor, is
charged with the war againft
Gentius king of I llyria, IX. 64.

he

N*tfE#.

defeats that printf* til**
ii prifoner, and fenste him* to
me, 64. hereceives'theho-
arof'a tmimph, 96

ctdes, LaoatiBtnbiiutfi; eort-
des a framittl peace wifh
• Per&ms for the Gttekl,

iv. 250, *e.

Miy f Marcus) contrtbuflj* by >
. valenr* to the reveftabrhfi-
at of Atoletes upen th£ throne
igypti JfiT. 1 744 Ae. wfcei* tri-
vir,- he cites-Cleepata beftfe
V atid! why* 19,1 ; his>pafltbn
riot prinoefs, i^ar. h** ai-
dant om him*, 19s. fheoa*-
i lrim™th>her-to 'Alexandria,
>. Anthony returnrto Rome,
•marries Oefc&sia, Ci*f»r*s
5iy 198. he maker fome ex*,
itioni into Part ma i 20a

goes* to Phoenicia -to meal
topfttra* i&rf. bitf injttrioufe
ttmeut of- O&avia, &<& hit
kes rrimfeif matter of Armei-
, and. returns to Alexandria,
ich he* enters^ in' triumph*
. he celebimtes there ttte cox
rtioir of • Cleopatra, and her
dren> 20iv opetmipeureTJe*
en ^ariar and* Ant homt; 20&
. Anthonyput8*ofea}accom«
ed« by Cleopatra, 208, he it
el y defeated in a lea- fight
Lciiurn* atio. all hi* troops
meter nherafelves to Casfar;

iic returns, to Alexandria,
he- fends? arnbafiadors td

. of. peace with Caerfesr, aizy
feeing Woifelfbetrajffidfby

pat rat, he fends to challenge

1 r tor a fingle combat, 21 5 ,
ving Cieopatm hacf ftiited
If, he faHs upon his fwor<H

he expires in Cleopatra'*
, ibid* that prince fo ce4o~
s his funeral with great'
ificence, 2>ie>

>a, Phifot»*'srniftrefs> ac--

him- w Alexander, VT.

*i the* daughter oft *«**'

itt&fi wrii*ofnf riitnv viL:-

AtatffcpBia, city-hmPe by/ Antigo-
nqs^ Vlf. 144. and 1 <deftroyetL
b>Se**uctts> 150

Ahtrgonus, one of Alexander's,
captains, divide* the empire "Of?
that- prince wrrti* the reft* of
therfti V4*«, 5. ho makes wara-
■ataft Bumenes», and* befieges*
him in* Nbra, 39. he marches
into Pintlla againft Alcetas.
and^ Attalus, 40. hfc' becomes
verypowextfhl, 44. he revolts.
agamrVtfce kings, and continues
tho war whh Eumenet, who
adheres to them, 59, He is de-
feated by that captain, 74- h*
gets- Eumenes into his hands
by treachery* 80. and'rids hini-'
felf'of'him in prifbrr, 81. a."
league is formed agahrit him , 83*
h& takes Syria- and Phoenicia
from Ptolemy, 85, and makes .
hlmfelf matter of Tyre, after a
lbng^fiege-, 80. he marches a r
gaioft CaBander, and gains great;
advantages oyer him, 88. he
~conclades»a treaty witir the con-
federate princes, 97. he terms
, the- defign* of retnftajmg. the
liberty of 1 Greece, 102. he be.
fieges- and takes Athens, 103,
*c. excefftve honours paid
h»m* therei lOfr. he afltimes
the title of king* 115. he
mattes prorations to invade
Egypt 1 , no. his etiterpTtfe i»
unfurjtoeftfui, i&d: he lofes a
great' battle ar Ipfus, and is
fcUled in it, 14$.

Anfcgomts- Gonatxrs offers him-
felf as an hoftage.for Demetrius.
Kw-fathcr, Ylf. ru* 9 . lie efta-
blifhes himfelf in Macedonia,,
206. Pyrrhus drives him out of
if, 239. he retires into his mari-
time* cities, iiid: he fends troop*
td tne-atttoiHhe Spartans againflC
Fyrrhns, 244. he marches to.
the al8ftsmce~of Argos, befiegeoT
by rliat prince, 248. he takes

the

INDEX.

the whale army and camp of
pyrrhus, and celebrates the fu-
neral of that prince with great
magnificence, 249. he betieges
Athens, 254. and takes it, ibid.
his death, 282

Antigonus Dofon, as Philip's
• guardian, reigns in Macedonia,
VII. 289. the Achaeans call
him in to their aid againit
Sparta, 339. he occasions their
gaining feveral advantages, 345,
&c. he is victorious in the fa-
mous battle of Selaiia againit
Cleomenes, 352. he makes him-
felf m alter of Sparta, and treats
it with great clemency, 3 59. he
.marches againit the Illyrians,
and dies, after having gained a

victory over thenv 360

. Antigonus, nephew of Antigonus
Doion, Philip's favourite, dif-
covers to that prince the inno-
cence of his fon Demetrius, and
the guilt of Pecfeus, VlH. 367.
"Philip's intentions tnrefpect to
him, 369

Antigonus, a Macedonian lord

. in the court of Perfeus, VII,

238

Antigonus, the brother of Anf-
tobulus J. is appointed by his
brother to terminate the war in
Itursea, IX. 263. at his return
his brother puts him to death,

ioid.

Antigonus, fon of Ariitobulus,
II. is lent to Rome by Pompey,
IX. 277. he is fet upon the
throne of Judaea, 279 he is
beueged in Jerufalem, 281. he
furrenders, and is put to death,
. . 282.

Antimachus, officer in the army
of Perfeus, IX. 38

Antioch, city built by Seleucus
upow the O routes, VII'. 150

Antiochus, lieutenant of Alci-
biades, attacks the Lacedaemo-
nians with ill conduct, and is
defeated with great lofs, IV.

118.

Antiochus I. furnamed Soter,
reigns in Syria, and marries
Stratonice, his father's wife,
VII. 193. he endeayours to
feife the kingdom of Pergamus,

258. he is defeated by Eumc-
nes, ibid, he puts pne of his fons
to death, and dies' himfelf foon
after, .Hid.

Antiochus'II. furnamed Theos,
. afcends the throne of Syria, VI I .

259. he delivers Miletus from
tyranny, ibid, he carries the war
into Egypt againit Ptolemy, 262.
the provinces of the Eaft revolt

.againit him, 263. he lofes molt
of thole provinces, 264. he
makes peace with Ptolemy, and
marries Berenice, the daughter
of that prince, after having re-
pudiated Laodice, ibid, he re.
. pufliates Berenice, and takes
Laodice again, who caufes him
to be poilbned, 274. . Daniel's
prophecies concerning him, 275;

Antiochus Herax commands m
Afia Minor, VII. 275. he en-
ters into a league with his bro-
ther Seleucus againit Ptolemy,
281. he declares war againit
Seleucus, gives him battle, and
defeats him with great danger of
his life, 282. he is attacked
and defeated by Eumenes, 283.
-he retires to Ariarathes, wjio
foon after feeks occafion to rid
himfelf of him, 284. he takes
refuge with Ptolemy, whqim-
prifons him, 285. he efcapes,
and is aflaflinated by robbers,

ibid.-

Antiochus III. furnamed the
Great, begins to reign in Syria,*
VIII 3 . fidelity of Ac haeus in
refpect to him, '■ >d. he appoints
Hermias his prime m milter,
ibid. Molon. and Alexander,
whom he had appointed gover-
nors of Media and Periia, revolt
againit him, 4~ he marries La-
odice, the daughter of Mithri-
dates,5» he^facrifices Epigenes,

the

INDEX.

the moft able of his generals, to
the jealoufy of Hermias, 8. he
marches againft the rebels, and
reduces them, 9. he rids him.
felf of Hermias, 12. he marches
into Coelofyria, and takes Se-
leucia, 15. Tyre and Ptole-
mais, 16. he makes a truce with
Ptolemy, ibid, the war breaks
out again, 18. Antiochus gains
many advantages, ibid, he loles
a great battle at Ra'phia, 20. he
makes peace with Ptolemy, 23.
he turns his arms againft Achas-
us, who had revolted, ibid.
Achceus is put into his hands by
treachery, and executed, 25.
expeditions of Antiochus into
Media, 119. Parthia, 121.
Hyrcania, ibid, Badria, 122.
and even into India, 123. he
enters into an . alliance with
Philip to invade the kingdom of
Egypt, 128. and feifes Coelofy-
ria and Paleftine, ibid, he makes
war againft Attalus, 151. upon
the remonftrances of the Ro-
mans he retires, 152. he reco-
vers' Coelofyria, which A rift o-
menes had taken from him, 154.
Antiochus forms thedefign of
feifing Afia Minor, 155. he
takes fome places there, 189.
an embafiy is fent to him from
the Romans upon that head,
190. Hannibal retires to him,
194. the arrival of that gene-
ral determines him upon a war
with the Romans, 210. he
marches againft the Pifidians,
and fubjecls them, 214. « he
goes to Greece at the requeft of
the ^tolians, 228. he attempts
to bring over the Achseans in
vain, 230. and afterwards the
Booetians, 233, 234. he makes
himfelf mafter of Chalcis, and
all Eubcea, ibid, the .Romans
declare war againft him, ibid.
he makes an ill ufe of Hanni-
bal's counsels, 236. he goes to

6

Chalcis, and marries the daugh-
- ter of the perfon in whofe houfe
he lodger, 2^37. he feifes the
ftraits or Thermopylae, 238, he
is defeated near thole mountains,
and efcapes to Chalcis, 239. on
his return to Ephefus, he ven-
tures a fea-fight ,and iofes it, 246.
his fleet gains fome advantage
over the Rhodians, 249 . he lofes
a fecond battle at fea, 250. con-
duct of A ntiochus after this de-
feat, 253. he makes propofals
or peace, 255. which are re-
jected, 256. he loies a great
battle near Magncfia, 261, Sec.
he demands peace, 264. and ob-
tains it, on what conditions,
265. in order to pay the tribute
to the Romans, he plunders a t
temple in Elymais, 295. he is
killed, 296. character of Ami-
ochus, ibid. Daniel's- prophecies
concerning that prince, 297
Antiochus, the eldeft fon of An-
tiochus the Great, dies in the
flower of his youth, VIII.
215. character of that young
prince, < ibid.

Antiochus IV. furnamed Epi-
phanes, goes to Rome as an
hoftage* VIII. 266. hje afcends
the throne of Syria, 375. dif.
pute between that prince and the
king of Egypt, 379. he marches
againft Egypt, 382. and gains
a firft victory over Ptolemy,
ibid, then a fecond, 384. he
makes himfelf mafter of Egypt,
ibid, and takes the king himfelf,
ibid, upon the rumour of a ge-
neral revolt, he enters Paleftine,
385. beliegcs and takes Jerufa-
lem, ibid, where he exercifes
the moft horrid cruelties, ibid,
tec. Antiochus renews the war
in Egypt, 386. he replaces Pto-
lemy Phi lo meter upon the
throne, and with what view, v
390. he returns to Syria, ibid,
he comes back to Egypt, and

marches

*2t*EX.

.Popilius, <the .Raman amWTa-
xlor, ablates him t04|uitit, 393.
■Ant»arhiis,» iacenid < at -wliat
.bappoaed .in Sfypt, vent*, his
rage lyioa the Jews, VIII.J95.
the orders .^poltoAius, ope of
»his Ktoejals tedeftjoy jeHtfa-
.Icjji,.J9 6.. cruelties coo*i#*Ked
•these by>thatg*Aecai,t4A/.sAn-
tiochus eadeavours 'to abolim
the wadaipef the true Ge» at
JerulaJfai, J97. he -enters Ju-
ilaea, a*d commit* hatfiWe-cru-
jelties, 400, r*c. ..he celebrates
..games at Daphne, : near„An-
tiocb,4©7. feveral ofhi&gene-
-*ajs defeated Jay Judas Maoca-
baus, &kl. Ac. he goes to Per-
iia, .attempts toiptander the
temple of felymais, and is
fl»nwfuUy.«apulfed,4i5. upon
rcceiviug.advi£e *>f • the .defeat of
his armies in Jwfcea, -he sets
mt.i ottantly -with defcgn to «k-
enninate the Jews, /to/, he is
•ruck by the hand of-Gaoxm
is, way, and dies in the>m»ft
cquiiite torments, 416. Da-
el '& prophecies oonc^caing this
wee, 41 S

xJms V. called Eupator,
:ceeds his father Antracous
iphancsin the kfQftdcan of
ia, WC. ii>6. • he .continues
war with the Jews,*67.. his
?rais tad . himfeJ 1 in peribn
defeated i>y .Judas • Macca-
s, i4>8, he mates, peace with
ew $,,aad destroy s ihe Ibrti-
ons of the tempfe, i?0.
tns.difoorrtcn ted with Eu-
, 178 his foldiers deliver
tp to Detnctrius, whapats
.* death, 179

is VI . ittmamed Tbeos,
ed upon the thnneoi Sy~
Tryphon, IX. 194. he is
a ted ioon after, .196

s VII. furimmed vSi-
Tiarrics Cle*>pa«fa,. wife
:trius, and is proclaimed

*fcB*f£ftfa<**l. JR. fc*,
thrones »Tigi)huii, .*■© is ^
*04iaadi,a02. henankskn
JntiM»*i2.JKn^j«taa%
eaoifes .in jrrnfalwn, »iW. fe
•city. capitulates,-* 13. he tins
his acms jigainft.Parthu, 114.
where, hft.pariftes, 115. aha-
toeesef this ponce inifcntng,

116 I

*A»tie«aius.VlII. famawflCnr.

pus, hcgjns to jdgniSyra.

IX. '^24. ;he>raarac» Trypo^-

the daughter of i**y f«a, -^

of Egypt, *£«/. Jicdrfatssoi

. expels, aefaiaa, iW. insm^

Cleonatga gndewoug Apoifa

hiao, and is patfaatd:awi

025. Antiochus reigs* »*

*imervpeace,ito/. wsraewtfi

.thatpr'Msee^idfiis hwtberin-

'twehroof ^Cpaicasn, tot,- * te

two brothers sJmderfiie «'F

of Syria -between than, - D

Grypas ,eoaijies 'Selcea» w

daughter *f Gieottita, .*«**•

•sews the war agaaeft to** 5 *

♦ther, 238. he.isaffaffifa»* b 5

oaoof bis vaflak, #»

Antiochftts IX. .stfaumai ik

CyMcerian^aaakes war »?»*

his hnothfr Amtiochus Gr^«
•IX. *a7. he«»nicsClQOpff*i
whom' Lathymshadrqtf^ '

jW. after le*eral.battta *
comes to an acoQBiawdiQon

with his bracher, and ^

*the .eowpire ef *y*» wtl l

him, $29. fceogoes to Ae aKl

^f the:S«maritens, aad is **

Xucoes%ful in ahat «ar» ^

rafter his toother's detfbjf

;«ndeavQHrs to .paffel's -to** 1

of his tdosaaiws, -A39- '*

lofes a battle laaaioil *<*»«*

the; ion of Gryjais, 4ri»«f"*

bimtodeath, **

Mtioohus CX. fsirnafltfd ^

.Jtes.Aan of AwtiocJuiS tkeCf-

zkeaiao,. caufes ibimtitf t0

ciw««nad khi^of jSiyxia,.*^

pels Seleucus, IX. 24° K

INDEX.

ns &. battle againft Antiochus
1 PhiRp, brother of Seleucus,
J. he marries Selena, the wi-
w of Grypus, 240. he is ert-
ely defeated by Philip, and
liged to take refuge amongft
b Parthians, 141. by their aid
returns into Syria, ibid, he
again expelled, and retires
to Cilicia, where he ends his

vs > * 243

ochus XI. fon of Grypus, en-
avours to revenge the death of
s brother Seleucus, IX. 240.
j is defeated by Eufebius, and
owned in endeavouring to pafs
ie Orontes, ibid. &e A

ochus XII. furmmed Dyo-
jrfius, feifes Ccelofyria, and
igns fome (hart time. I X ; 141 .
ochus XIII. called A fiat i-
is, fent by Selena, his mother, *

Rome, IX. 245. on his re-
irn he goes to Sicily, and re-
jives an enormous affront from
etres, 246. he reigns fome
me in Syria, 250. Pompey
ep rives fcfm of his dominions,

ibid.
ipas, or Antipator, Herod's
ther, excites great troubles in
adaea, IX. 272, &c. he (ends
oops to aid Csefaiybefieged in
lexandria, X. 181

i pater, Alexander's lieute-
int, is appointed by that prince
► govern Macedonia in his ab-
nce, VI * 24. he defeats the
aced«emonians, who had re-'
sited againft Macedonia, 161.
lexander takes his go v ernment
om him, andiorders- him to
>me to. him, 27 k jfufpicions.
f Antipater in refpeci to Alex- V
ider's death, 285. Anti pater's
tpeditions into Greece after
lexander' $ death, VII. 12. he

defeated by the Athenians*
ear Lama, to which/he retires,
j. he ftirrendert that place by
apitulation, ic v he ferfts A-

V«I; X.

thens, and puts a garrifon Into

*it, 18. he puts Demofthenes and

Hyperides to death; he gives

Phila, his daughter to Cratcrus

' in marriage, 2$ . he is appointed

regent of the kingdom of Mace.

donia, in the room of Perdiccas,

38. death of A mi pater, 45 '

Antipatsr, eldeft ion of CaflTan-

der, V 1 1 . 1 58 . di fpute between

that prince and his brother

• Alexander for the crown of Ma. w
cedonia, ibid, he kfl Is his mother
Thefialonica, who favoured his'
younger brother, ibid. Demc-,

' trius drives him out of Macedo-
nia, 159. he retires into Thrace*
and dies there, nbU y

Antiphon, courtier of Dionyfrus.

• Witty faying which co# him
his life,' V. 43.'

Antony. See Anthony.
Am/iis, king of Egypt* T. 24!
Aornus, a rock of India, beficged*
and takerrby Alexander, ' VI .

220
Apamia, the daughter of Antio^
chus Sbter, and widow of Ma-*
gas, VII. 262

Apaturtae: Feats celebrated at
Athentf; IV. 128

Apaturlus, ' officer of Seleucus.
Ceraunus, fcrms a confpiracjT
againft that prince, and poifons
"him, VI II. 2. he is put to
death, ibid*

Apega, infernal machine, invented
-byNabis, VIII. 117^

Apelles, courtier of Philip VI 1U

• 41. abufes his power, ibid, he?
' endeavours to' huntble and en--
: ttave the Achacans, 43. he pe«

-rimes miferably, 61

Apelles, Per feus' s accomplice in.

accuflng Demetrius, is fent am»
- bauador to Rome by Philip,

VIM. 364. after the death of

Demetrius, he efcapes into
* Italy,
A pel Its,- officer * of Antiochus

Spiphanes, endeavours to make
Q Mattathias

untax.

^MatVarfiias fa^rin^c to idols, A : poUonhis, 'governor if
VI II. 39a. 'Matttthias lulls ' fyria and Phoenicia, i

C«fc
mucks

h ! m wit h a 1 1 his fol lowers, ibid. ' agai" nft Jonathan, and « defeat-

Apetnron, Athenian library e- "ea, IX. iSX.. nc foam a pk

rectal by kirn at Athens, X. agaJWl the life of Ptolemy Phi-

ioo lomcter, • , ; . '^
Apts, ox adored under that name A'poIIg plumes, phynoan of Ai-
by the Egyptians, killed by tiochus the Great, discovers to
Cambyfes, II. 361 that prince the <»rnpu7Kxfo(n.
Apis king of A*gos, . fit. 11 ed againft liim by fiqro*,
Apollo, Temple ere#ed' in ho- .VIII. 11. faliuaty advice wlbdi
nour of him at Delphi, I. 50 " he gave Antiochus, 14
\poUocratcs, ckleft Ion of .Pk>- Appius-{ Claudius) Roinawoafal,
ny tius the Younger* commands is Tent into -Sicily to aid the Ma-
in the citadel >f Syracu/e, in mertines, II. 4. hedefeaotte
the room of his father, V. Carthaginians and Sypcuians^.
77. he furreriders tnat place to App&s (Claudius) Roman f«*
Eton, and retires to his father* tor, prevents "the fenate im

ljj. accenting the offers of PUjiw,

)bf Moras, of AtriphipoUs, - VH. i»

Mie of Alexander's officers, VI. Appius (Claudius} Roraaa, cob-

. 137 ' mands a body of troops, ioiis

oUodorua, friend of Cleopatra, beat near Uicana, ajsuaftvhkh

ivours the entrance ol that he marched with deugntopl«-

rinccfs into Alexandria, and der it, IX /?

\ what maimer, X- 181 Aj>nes attends' tlie throne of l-

11 odor us governor of Caza gtypt, I, 159. fuccefs oHte

r Lathy rus, defends that place prince, Uid. Zedekiah, ki$"

linft A kxandjtrfannaBBSy I % + J ucbb, implores his aid, 16a. *

').. he is' afladhnated by bis ' declares hurifelf protector iftf-

tfccr Iyiimaoiiu^, j&U* ntk % ihut % Egypt revolts anaft

onides, officer in Vhe arntfy him, 26 i. and tfets Aroaiu ;*

.umenes, occafioiis the lofs ' the throne, 262. he is _

battle, VtT. v 39. h*Ts feifed ' to retirejnto Upper Egj^**^'

J>ut' to death, ibid. Amalis defeats himinahattk,

nides, magistrate of &y* m Which tie is taken pnioser,

%j X." 51. his wife dif- and put to death, ,- ***

V in the affembiy of the Aq-uifius ^Manius 1 } Roman p.t>

e, <3 \c\iriful, is defeated ro a batik ky

/£/</. Antipohus. fends of that p^etfplej

ith an army a^aJnft }eru- Xracus, I*aeofiaeuK>nia,n .«imi»l»

virfa orders to deft roy that ■", ml \ t ,. i% IV. i|»

96. his cruelties there, Ace'us, b»e of ihe Spartan eytei

; is defeated by Judas is jre-inftat^ fy the^cAtf*

eus, and killed u the and carries accufa&ros againi*

407 them to tome, Vlll. 314. tfc

' AAwbs

*>•££*:.

Hm ta.die, Antus the Younger. fo.n 0C.1V

"■-' '■■■ greii Arittii, j-. rtic!" uu'^ttme

ofthe ALnalaflsi'VlIl. ji). Phi-

lin.cfljfes.tym to be ppironed,

■ '' "73.74

Atbices, governer of the Mtjiej,

for Sald-ar.apaluj, revolts agiinft
that prince, and fturids -tint
kingdom of the Modes, 'II.

'. f^s^ftnf^cclsanhultejiby
: Rom^is. , 3ii

:s, , ^raifXftirl of 'Cleomenft,
*ns ar Sparta, ' VIl. $40.

•es, lord of Media, U ap.
imed liy tyros to keep Pan-
.ca ptif^ner, II: 375. paflion
1I0H fce conceives ' 'of (liat

ncefs, WJ. go^dnefsof Cy.

sip tefrjejft rtfhim, 176. he ' brother Cyrus, ' lV_'i7»

es that princri jteit fervice in Arbela, city of Aflyria, famous

ingai'afpj'arrtorieft the'Af- for. .Alexanders victory over

fiWIt " "' " "' '" V7 ', Paw*. . "VI. Mi

us, loo. ,*>!; .^Upiat efeines AToeTdasV Alexanders lieutei

im Sicybni w" vrifi the fifty ' nant; : 'Provinces that tell to

A&antidai YH. 19a. he'de- his lotiftefthM piince'sde^th.

vers that cirj-ftbrn the tykii- ' ■* 'V('l k s»«

r, /*((/ '" "1 Jlrchagathut, fpfl of ^nthgetes,

icAel . ""'command-, in Africa afierhia

;afesi : ■ fether'i departure, '(. 33?."ho

i 'Alexander, VI. 140

, : Af<Jiel3us,gpneraI for AntigoBuS,

'diirches aijaihfl braids, who

befieged-CSrini-

S.S

f! :■

•fs at' i

S««ft .^ _. _— '

'ledirrcnes, £jnj of $ptma, '
avis fevenl advantages over
!"}.' 'flfj- 'Arat«!'s r envy df
bit prince, 33^. he calts in '
imisoWv lod'tM ABhaarts
giiiift "'the' IJceifamonlaos, '
40. he marches againft the
Etonians, and ii dclcauprr ne*r
v --hyW. **lt aj rhilip'B

beuJgfil-CSrinth, and ii taken

prifcjier, Vll. Joi. Aralus fets

'it'lfbtrty, "

By sJri
by tfie '

,a:

/irjoii'for A

iciles, PiiUiftt'sf minrfter, _,
^..SeisdeqlaiMriAioi;ciW t '4S.

- fajne cautaln^ Wft at

tltt'ofi-*-!) it. awj "lien at
Orchomenbs, 91. he efcapes (o
Chakfs, 92. and has an inter'
\Jew witA'Sj-tUi neir Deliym,
94. Archelaiis goei ove( to
Mur-ena,' i9i. he engages; the

H-- Tie ii dccl.ircil rJiWccrit, 46. AiijhcLius, Ton ef th£ fofljiel, U

ie accompanies' PhiHa"fc|o ' ipadfc Hjgh-prleft JCp,d foyenfign

*;wlit hiie^peditiensVai'nJt ■ Of Horfiani, X. ltfi he rnatrie*

lie *ibliab),'t;-ced;cinonianr, Berenice, qutert of Egypt., 171.

ind Eiyins, 47! ' PhiSp cadfes
lim to he prifoned, 7*. liia
runeral fclennJtieil ' m»gnin.
ttnily, 73

qiieett St E-gKpj, 171.
kUtfd in a. bajt,Le with il^e
Romans, ' .173

'Arohel'aus, fbn oT the latter, "en-
joys the lame dignities as' his
C* lather.

' INDEX.

lather, IX. 331. lie marries the Achxans to declare for At.

Glaphyra, and hat two Tons by tiochus, VUI. 231

her, A/. Archilochus, Greek poet, '»•

' Archelaus, fecondfon of Archc- ' venter of Iambic verfes, 111

bus and Glaphyra, afcends the 75. character of his poetry, M

throne of Cappadocia, IX. Archimedes, famous gcomctn-

33 1. Tiberius does him great cian, X. 17. be^ invents ma»J

ferviceswithAuguitus, 332. he machines of war, 18. wodi-

' draws the revenge of Tiberius gious cited* of thofe machinr,

upon himfeif, 334. he is cited 41, 42. be is killed at the

to Rome, and why, ikid. he is taking of Syracufe, 56. his (am*

very ill received there, ibid, he ' discovered by Cicero, 57

dies foen after, ibid. Archon, one of Alexander's of-

Archias, Corinthian, founder of fleers. Provinces that fell »

Syracufe, III. 360 " him after that prince's death.

Archias, Theban, is killed by the VII .V

confpirators at a feait given by Archon is elected chief magte

Fhilidas, one of them, to the of the Acfiseans, IX. #>• **

Bctotarchs, V. 116 refotution which be mate «»

Archias, comedian, deli? en up ' people take, £

the orator Hyperides, and fevc- Archons. inftituted at AtbenS, n •

xal other perlons, to Antigonus, . 36$. their function, W

VII. 20. Ardys, king of Lydia, II. tf ■

Archibius, His attachment to Areopagus: its eiUbiahn»rt^-

Cleopatra, X..222 364. authority of that la*

Arch daraia, Lacedemonian lady : iM. Pericles 4 weakens IB *■

Heroitk action of her's, VII. thority, . d 5

242. fhe is put to death by or. Aretas, king of Arabia P***

der of Amphares, . 329 fubmits to Pompey, 1*

Archidamus, king of Sparta, HI. Arete, daughter of Droop 6 **

307. he laves the Lacedaemo- % tyrant, firft married to kfl^

nians from the fury of the He- ther Theoridea, and *ftery^

lots, Ibid, he commands the to her uncle Dion, ;•£

troops of Sparta at the begin- Arethufa, fountain famous jfl £

ning of the Peloponnefian war, bulous hiftory, \\i

" 370. he befieges Piatsea, 390. Argpus is placed by d* 4j"T

Archimadut, fon of Agefilaus, c nians upon the throneofM^"

gains a battle againft the Area- ' donia, V. 25 1. is defow °>

dians, V. 154. his valour du- Philip, , *£

ring the fiege of Sparta by Epa- The Argilian, a name #***?

' minondas, 171. He reigns in ' flaw who discovered Pi f*l

Sparta, 194 as'a confpiracy, I Z

Archidamus, 'brother of Agis, Arginufae: lues famous fa J*

efcapea from Sparta to avoid the ' victory of the Atheju^J^

fury of Leohidas, VII. 330, f the Lacedaemonians, iyW

Cleomenes recalls him, 333. Argo, king of Lydia, N' 2 }*

he is aHaflinated in returning Argos, foundation of that Mr

Iwme, , 334 dom 9 III.. 11. kings of W*\

Archidamus, ambaflador of the ' M4. -war between the A#y

•jEtolians, endeavours to engage and Lacedaemonians, L *Lj

4

47. Ai»w s cno^-voufs 16 At)witl«i, 116

ieAchxan Xriaraihes VI, sees 10 Koine,

u.... r..„ •; wm'-ivhY, Vf.. .11. "he ftfjfri

1 io'rcijnqurijjg bii&tlier'SMfe.

. - . ... r . . - „, .1* th F ffiioop qf CaOTj-

\4. jgos- i«iroideri to FM- ' j&cia, /fc^ if JflicVs the «IIi.
ides, dnppfPruljp'sgeijeraTi, * *ace.witlitEcRijniani,'j'<SiV. he

lit. ifi. 'AWbw •** ; *(hio^ b5 deiwHus,

ajn ^ib(hf n«W* of Naptt £!?•' "« imp-lores aid of 'the

j;. itthiewi off (he yoluf of ( Kpnunt, Wf. Analus rjs-elt»-

lat lyranj, *U(i if-ijipaKs 'U Mjlhes flip agoa the throne,

berty, f04 . jA/ heenteMinttacbnfeiletacy

w, fcinzof Arps, III. 11 ' i^ainft Detnetrius, jafi. ' he

sus, 'bf",Ai«iafldj|i*, W#o- DiareMs to aid (H Romans a-

|^i» .^W«U»'Caer»?f of- . fainA Ariflonkus. am u'filled'

eip^ofhjpj , S. j'S ' iri (hit wari ji?

^>a (pitfc W lAflt prince's to oe iflaffirtateil. iW.

■jtjj, iW. ' Hie P'«lM offer AiUratheft

iu the wwiiof Serf* >?3. ' jlje thm

; 'rtfu/ei it, ajid'fu^sa.irefry Mithrida

jth thrtrl, . j*4- . jfljwn"*

laepesjArabj^n, de^eites fod AVUrpthw

trys Crams, i»*'f» f^*!*

jBtiea,, lyng.of. Caon^lafia,. iiSaJi'

■athes II. fin, of tbi Weft, .finnadifj

giw mm'. C^pMdbaih' IX. - it with

1. he is defeated in £ battle gairjt "h

.Pccdicm*. .w#a .feifc hi* " wigrisal

. 31J. he afcendi the throne man),

M.afcritMi'S tf/jf- 'Aria/foes,

»thes IV. Jung .of Capua- Mnemoii
locja, wpfi», jAnikijoUi, ther'Ud:
ightec ,ef Juwojliui the

eaf, , Y 11 . rffr. fr» tyrant ^rid^i), baft*.
>» B«i»t We -.UJFm-.hini . tor rexantter, is

a gnu fine -.u§(oiv,hini . for , TexaSider, is' declared Itjpg' of

'inc. mwA r* Jfilfe-V'r **i .' Ww^w* ajkr the a&ih f

•hrtax.

* caufes him to be put to death, UfHlteajrti, officer in the coartrf

Vn.tv 4 • bchus, . y.m

Arirnazus,' Sogdian, ' governor of Arifteas, citizen of Argos, gives
Petra Oxiana, refufes to fur- Pyirhus entrance into that citr,
render to Alexander, VI . 194; VII. 147

' he is bcfieged in that place, 105. Ariftaenus, chief magiftrate of tk
he fubmits to Alexander, who ' Achaeans, engages them to dt-
puts him to death, 197 ' dare for the Romans agamft

Ariobamnes, fatrap of Phryjia, • Philip, VIII. 159,4c.

— -"- 1 Arraxerxes Mnempn, Ariftides, one of the generals of

the Athenian army at Mtnthw,
refigns the command to Mil-
tiadesy III. 155. fcrtffta-
guilbes himfelf Ut the tank,
157. he is banifhed, 163. *"
recalled, 195. he goes to Tk-
miftocles at Salamin, and per.
fuadeS him to fight in that flat
a \z. he gains a femous tw«J
Over that general at Pjattfr
228. he terminates a diftra*
that had arifen between «*
Athenians and I^cedajwonw,
233; confidence of the A»
nians in Ari/rides, 249- ** 5
defcenfion for that people, *<•
he is placed at the head of tt
troops fent by Athens to *
liver Jtfav Greeks from there-
fian yoke, 252. his «nW
in that ' war, 253; *f
charged with the r adinnuBJr
lion o£ the public itvenjA
261. his death and ch*»g>

under

aicends the throne of Pontfus,
I. 159 he revolts agatnft that
prince, v »^94

Ahobarzanes 1. is placed upon
the throne of Cappadocia by
the Romans, IX. 329. he is
twice dethroned by Tigrarjes,
ibid. Pompey re- inflates him in
the quiet pofleffionof the throne,
, . IH4.

Ariobarxanes II. afcends the
throne of Cappadocia, and is

' killed Ibon after, IX. $29

Ariobarzanes III. reigns in Cap.
padocia, IX. 329. Cicero fup-
preues a confpiracy forming

" againft htm, ibid, he fides with

* Pompey againft Caefar, 33 1 . ttye
. latter lays him under contribu-

* tion, ibid, he refufes to ally
with, Cfcfar's murderers, ibid.

* Caflius attacks him; and having
taken him prifoner, puts him
to death, ibid.

Ariobarzanes, governor of Per.

iia,for Darius, pofts himfelf at Ariftides, painter, great eft* m *J
the pafs of Sufa, to prevent ' his works, JO*

Alexander from pafling it, VI. Ariftion ufurps the gov*ni*»

• 144. he U put to Bight*, 145
'Aruiagoras is eftabUihed gove'r-

• nor of Miletus by Hyitoeue,
III: 130.be joins the Ionian* in

' -their revolt againft X>ariUs, 133.
he goes to Latectehidn for aid,
136. |>jut ineffectually, 137. he

at Athens, and acls wh*g«J
cruelty, X. 79. ,he is }**jf
in' that city by Sylh »
he is taken; and put » •**

Ariftippus, philofophef, *fr*^P
to hear Socrates, IV. *•¥

ftoes to Athens, ibid, that city Ariftippus, citizen of Arp*»f*

Santa him fame troops, 138.
? is defeated and killed in a
battle* 140

4jjA inder, a faoth&yer m the
pain of Alexander, VI « 129

in

cites a feditiofl «i *.— , (
VII. 245. hebecornestyrs^w
it, 30& he is killed** t W*
309. continual terrors m *&*

IffDEX!

bulia I. fan of Jtfhn Hvr-
us, fucceeds his father in
high-priefthood, and fove-
$nty of Judaea, IX.'»6t. he
lmes the title of king, tf/V.
caufes his mother to be put
death, #/</. then his brothel'
tigomiSi Md. he dies foon
er hirrifelf, 464

Dbulus fl. fort of Alexander
tinseus* reigns in Judaea, IX.
2. dityufe between that
incfe and Hyrcanus,273 . Poin-
ty takes cognizance of it, ibid*
riftohultis's. conduefc makes
m his enemy, 274. Pompey
ys him in chains, 275. and
nds him to Rome, 277

tocracy; form of government,

III. 15.
tacrates commands the left
ins of the Athenians at the
attle of Arginufae, ' IV. 124
fodemus, chief of the Hera-
Uda*, pofleffes himfelf of Pe-
aponnefus, III. 17

ltodemus, guardian of Agefi-
iolis, king of Sparta, IV. 241
ftodemus of Miletus' is left
t Athens' by Demetrius, ■ VU.

104

ftogenes, one of the generals
if the Athenians at the battle
»f Arginuue, - IV. V 14

ftogiton confpires againft the
y rants of Athens, III. 66. his
leath, ibid. itatuet'ereeVd' in
ionour of him by the Athe*
liana, ' ' '68

iftomache, filler,, of Diqn, is
married, to TtHbnyftus, the tj+
rant, '• ' #. aa

tftomachns, tyrant of Af$os,
VII. 307, his, death, •• joS
iftomenes, Meilenian, otters his
daughter to be facrificed fbr ap-
pealing the wrath of the gtfds,
I. 140. lie' carries the prize of
valour at the battle of 1 thoma,
144. he irete&ed king of the
Meflenians, ibid. Jk beets %he

Lacedaemonians, 'and (acrifices
fhcee hundred of thtfm in honour
of J u biter of Ithoma,' Hid; he
facrinces him (elf foon after upon*
his daughter's tomb,* ilidt

Ariitoraenes, fecorittof that name,
king, of Meflene, gains a vic-
tory ' over the Laccdaemo*

- nians^I. 146. bold aclion of that*
prince, /*&/. he is beat by tht
Lacedaemonians, 148. hisdeatl) r

• '■! . . 1 . . I4 *

An/luuieiibs, Acarnanuin, • is*
charged with the .education of
Ptolemy Epiphanes, VII ft
137.' he qualhes a confpiracjr
formed againft that prince,.

• 193 . P tolemy puts hhntodearth*.

ibid.
Arifton; of Syracuft, comedian,.
' e B fcorers the confpiracy formed:

by . Andranadprus againft hjs-
; country, ; ' v X. 3*

Arifton, pilots Cbunfel which

he gives the Syracufans, IV. 83
Ariftona, daughter ' of Cyrus;

wife of Darms, * JH.95

•Ariftonicus poflefles himfelf of

- the dominions of Attalus, jX»
209. he defeats the conftfl
CnfiusMucianus, and takes him.
priloner, ibid, he is beaten and

- taken by Perpenoa, iSfd. the
* ' confui fends him to Rome* 2*0.

he is pnt to death there, *i 1
Ariftophanes, famous poet, * I.
109. character of his poetry*
ibid. &o. fauks with which he
may juitly be reproached, ibid.

• efttracls front femet>fhts-pieeesv

in
Ariftophon> Athenian captain,,

accufes Iphtcrates of tteaieAfc

, . . . % y ^

Ttriftotle, . Philip charges* him
with- the edheation- of Alexv

• ander, V 258, 259. his appli-
cation in forming that prince*
VI. 5. fufjpkionsof htm inYe-

•» fpe&t* the death of Alexander,
2*5^ fcteofhie works, X499

Annenes

fijwtopf. Cm of Kabij, gpe^an ineitt4»^tn>tmi}viW. A*

boitage to Rome, VIII. 408 * ttony, at the requeftof Cleo.

^rmcuu, piovinc*iJ£AiU, I. ^9. P#ra, csutfes hei.io $ put*

it was governed by kiagti - 160 deaUj, W

^rpnaxad, nazne given (y the 4rfinqe f ipife oild«ps.,£ccAp-

Scriptiffe to Fhraprtc*. See niia.

Phraoxte*. ' '* A*"^ i**nip of Phrjpju oca-

Arrichion Placratiaft f Comsat fipns tl)e jfvefeat .of.&e P«fcni

of that Atljleti, I.7S V the Granlcuv VI. V- te

fltUcs, U oftjar^ See *r. kilUbip^lf ^^h^fj«if^

uxences Mfrcpwn. Art. See, Ati£-

j^cfaces I. governor of Parthiafbr Xrtabanus, pneje, of . Ptaps,

.Anticehu*, tfuincs tUUdeof '/ We* hmfplf to ^ a*?*

lung, IX. 2*5 fang f F^rt^a, a^tf is WW

4rfcceslt. ki^ of Pafthia, takes foon after, I?-"*

' Media from Amiof hip, VIII. Attaba^us, brother rf Darius,

119. ho ~f attains a wax with endeavours %6 $ vert, ifcat pas*

. «F PFlflP* !*• **S- Scopes *---••- <•- - -*-**-

to an accommodation with An-

oih his cjxterprjfe aa#&

qohiw,tt^t20.S5iw*

arbiter between ttie two —

ffbajriu* Saftfrt*.?»fr

Cou/je to

thai
tea*

$wchus, who feu** hjja #

Seaceabie pq&fljpn of % kj»g-

^ffajnes, natural fon of Art^x-

£r*es; Mnenpon. is auammjfcj

by hisfcrothec Ochus, V. 197 . ,

jMfcs reign* in Perba ailcr $p Arta*janus, tfyrcanian, &&&*

dffr of Ochus, V. 229. ?a- t^gu^ta^fcexxss, «f*f

**&*** f"tf|rt*\ of Ptolqrny fclf >| Artoxenks, .|°

1 A/ggu^ 44 (Berried $o. Lyi^ma- ^.aabarzanes, after the <kun<»

. . *>)*?»> fca*rta>ice,Vll. if i. fcarius* ' difpiue> $* f*fif

. ft** th* <feat>h pf. tfiaf f c$ce • of Re^pa, ^u& £ejxtf. UV

Lee .pother (peraunjia nuffies - j 6j. Jie continues inaau^lP

; jfcr, y i$8. fatal fequol of *at )ii^ ^raO^r^ a»d \ofa J* *%

, fnflinage, »*9- ^e i* i^iiW in *> fepipe at .tl^ l»tuc «

M^r Sjunotlvap ife /f V. Salainin, . *■•

JWjnoe, aAot^sr daqght^r of ArtfWzane^ j^ /ff ^«Jf*

^ Ptolemy Laj&u§, fliarri^ }ier . »tene, fubmits to' Anwcau 5 !

r 4^ F^Je^ Jf AladeJnJws, . .. ; , . • . -J?^

VII. 255. death or that prin- Aitabiaus. Perfian \oi^om

'*&* 1 ' • ' %» rKaTinni ^f ftriap

^no> , fiA« .a#idj yfifi pX^o- ; * i«. ^^ ^ «ui»(%f. » *
Hjenjy kilometer/ VIII. 20. general; i^/Z^ he efcapf *»

A^^ee, daughter of Ptolemy
. ^^ftqa: C^eiar^ fcitteifte in
„. JH»,%<W^ X- ***• P»ft A« firo.
. «Mwia «Wfh «f 5CTf t*i *«3.

<.»..

general, .._ _^ _,
A4^ after the battfcof $ ^
ajr. . Xerxe« gives him *
; iojnr^94 pjf ^..ci^^.^
Minora jm4 '.wi^i »>»*h»t. v»*i
..^. ^^rfo>pe& d^l

* faaagfurgj •• <« ■ a 9 l

. i

sN

INDEX.

Artabazus, governor of one ofihc .
provinces of Afia for Ochuf, :
revolts againft that prince, V. .

203. fupported by Chares the
Athenian, he gains feveral ad-
vantages, ibid, he is overpow-
ered and retires into Macedonia,

204. Ochus receives him again
into favour, 227, &c. his fide-
lity to Darius, VI. 153

Artagerfes, officer, of Artaxerxes
Jdnemon, is killed in the batUe
of Cunaxa, . IV. 176

Artainta,niece of Xerxes, III .242.
violent paflion of that prince for
her," 243. fatal Jfequel of that
paQion, 244

Artaphernes, governor of Sar-
dis for his brother Darius, is

- for compelling' the Athenians
to re-initate Hippias, 111. 71.
he marches againit the iiland of
Naxos, with defign to furprife
it, 133. he is. befiegcd in Sar-
dis by the Athenians, 138. he
difcovers the confpiracy of
Hyftteus* 140. . he marches

* agairut the revolted Ionians,

Artaphernes, ambaffador of At r
taxerxes to the Lacedemonians,

; nr.iaftp.

Artarius, brother of " Artaxerxes

. Longixoanus^ . III. 293

ArtavaXdes, king of Armenia,

• IX. 2??

Artaxerxes I. furnamed Lonl

gimanus, by the mitigation of

Artabanes, Kills his brother

Darius and afcends the throne

of Perfia, III. 269. he rids him-

felf of Artabanes, 270. he de-

itroys the party 01 Artabanes,

273. and that of Hyltafpcs his

elder brother, iHd+ hegtvesTho-

miftocles .refuge, 277 , his joy

for the arrival of that Athenian,

ibid, he permits E^&ras to return

to Jeruudem firft, 4hd then Ne-

hemiah* 29V alarmect by the

concjueits of the, Atfiejuaas, jue

forma th^WproffendingTht--
, jn$ocle*jnto Attica at Ac head
of anarmf , 287. Egypt .revolts
againft him* 299. lie reduces it
to return «Mts obedience, * 29*.
he gives up I strife to hit mother
contrary to the £mh of treaty,
293. he concludes a treaty with
the Greeks, 312. he dies, IV. 1
Artaxerxes II. furnamed Mne-
nton. Is crowned king of Portia,
flV. 145. Cyrus his brother-at-
tempts to murdex him* 1464 he
. fends him to his government of
I . Alia Minor, ibid, he .marches
. againft CyrUs advancing tode-
■ ' throne him, 171. gives mm bat-
tle at CunaXa, 172^ and kilk
him with his own hand, 176.
he'cannot force the Greeks- in
his brother's army tofurrend^r
themfelves to him, 1834 He
putsTiflap hemes tadeath, 25 1 •
W concludes a treaty with- the
Greeks, ftSQ, he Attacks. Eva-
. goras king of Cyprus, 255,. fcc.
he judges the amir of Teriba-
zus, his expedition againft the
Caduflans, 265, ice,

Artaxerxes fends anambaila*
dor into Greece to teconcile the
ftates, V. 1 52 . he receives a de-
putation frorh the .Greeks, i$j*
honours which hte pays -to
Pelopidas, 155. he undertake!
. to reduce Egypt, 186. that oat
. terprife mifcarriea, 188. he me-
. ditates a fecond attempt againil
i Egypt* 19Q. moft «f the^ . pro-
vinces of his empire revolt! a-
gainft him, 194. troubles at the
court of Artaxerxes qdnoernirtk
tiisfucceflb**, 195. death of that
prince, «9T

Artaxerxes. III. before called
-Ochus, $eeOohus. -
jArtaxias, king of Armenia, VIII.

40I

Artemedorus jqvefted with .th*

fupreme authority at Syracuse,

.', X>2,
A<»«^ra.

tKBPfe

fettf : 1& TrU?, ^'arthaginiani to
- 'fc'etrie.to Remand pe^ce, II

Artettfifa, queen of Halicarnaf-
flft* iupplfeXjMtelfeOTtoops

. festttftpstil^agalnJfrQreece

< Ji*. jgp; hfflvo»imgr- ii> the

: : battle of Saftrfai *' • »ij

Ar^erpifa, wife- oT ^Mwfofas,
.ouffns i» Oait*«&r-tri*.dekth rfflaibaV -JtetfrrtftVs grawj6 .
of net fcuAand* «V; ai6. ho- ~ commands in 'Cartl^e, dc-
noun iheu-CMU»s to the memory ring t he liege of that, city by
of Maniofatf, Wdk (he tafces *' ^'jip, *rt.- -139. aether Aw

. Abodes, .1 1.7 . her irtqptli . '. 2 1*9 drtttial cau fes irim t? be put Jo

^Utemife^promo*Tdryo# fiubcea, *' . deaih, ~ -45

fatuous- for the tttfbr* of -the 'Afdrphal, -Carthaginhn jprnl

191

fon.

Qwctai.04cat.tho Peribns, fll.

Aftenon, Syria* *arttrwt<Hieea
, J .a n ofro c m akes him play, Wl.

•AltPxans, tttiuitk of Dajius
. VcxtHms, dbnns a oonfpiijacy
agaiaii that pmce, IV. 6. he
is put to dearth ihid^

Arts, origin and'pfogiefs of the
. arts, II. 414. 'arts h&ifbed
; Irons Sparta 4>y Lycnrgu*, ijlL,
. 41 * «nck placed m hsriour at
Athens, fry $o1oa» '• 58

Aityphius, (on of *fegabffus, Aihes ;

is condemned tb die; ai)d
wHcrtfoe^H/yo. thcCart^
ginians appoint him genem of
ttie hoops -without their wills>
139* he caufes another Afdm-
bal, v^ljo com n^ods f within tte
city, to be put to death, #>.
his cnwlty to, the Roman jn-
fonetf, 'ihifT. after the tatin$ of
the city he entrenches ninjfeif
in the temple of ££o>pWJ r
%±g. he fiiT^n^en>«ft«»
8cipio,.7*ftf. tragical end ofte
wile and cftildreh, ; '" J5»

Ochna, jv; 3 .

Sprothetifccfcatatj*
lent amoHcft theTOW»

nUhment amortgi

hical; defcriftfcaw

Ajcki, geographical defcripwtw

.' «r%/-wS^*contorf»

the cnu^of .the, fcjenas, IV

be.^&ffbcated inalhea,
Ajaipiacs. See-Augur*

Aaymfaav ning ** £pirus> V.

..'., . 1 . . • ^94

Afe Jing of Judalv defeats (he .^

< array pffcara^ng of *Ethioriia* aVhanietoraws: Brainy W

t I. 147 ♦ reientaJuoW, «' IX. «

Aflmhal, HMrulcaJ*s Jon-in- Afoaftf', celebrate^ .C0JJ&*

• Jaw, commands the Carfhagi- -' Ml. 327r%,marjies rencjtj
nian araayitt Spain,. H. 40/hr

. hujJds Gapthagena> '*'<& he is.

Juiied tpeacheroiiifty by a Gaul,.

41
^{fimoai^ fimained C^lyis, is

made priioncf » Sardinia

* the Romans,. ■ . II:
AjCdrubai, Hannibal '•brother

ceives orders from Carthage" to

tiarohito4taty to the aid of his
' brother, 1 1 . 9 1 . he fets forward
1 *nrfi*deiea4Eid, '92-. lie fofes a
, ^nsat battle na^^he- riven Me-
. taurus, and is killed ^n it, 93
Cifco's brother, com.

337. accufatipn formed ij
Herat Athens, ikfd. herg<
knowledge becaiwps herbdnf

SnTa'-by Aft>ic, ferpent whofir^ite ij W'

therjse'- AlbW, governor for Artaxer^tt
" ' the neighbourhood of Capp^

• docia, ' jfevqits igatnft t|»

prince, tv: m*'**'*!!;

riirtied! foon after^ * ' w -

Aflur," fon.o/ Shim, . *to 8} va

bis name to Arfyrfc Ij^V"

1

.:,:r

INDE

*•:

LL*-.

origin of ^ «ame» *H. Athw»m '©rParurtfeeiiMj bafts

o. si... ' ;, ' 1[ ,^eW*»ttdift iMfcths, - 1. $3

is ' firft empire of tfce Athefiitm, .cftttrffcr of, Ptolemy

lans/ 1 1 ; 4 "j 7 £.. -duration. *>f -. .E Y«rget«*».S*e# <» Jurtifa Mnfry

smpir©, ,/iAf. Hpags of *be f ^e**f *t**p*fitpe,. ?H; agy

ians, 1 7 8,<fcc.> frcoruj era- Aliens* : Athtinmns . . Foundation

)f the /A&yriaiis, both <>f of: the kingdom \of Atjierte,

" fc ' HI.. Ifetingsjftf Afttanv &M.

tfcc arctone , fufcced them, *5.

.tPracp-U fhofoe/ Hgiftator, 48.

j.then Solon, Sl.-Pinftratua, t.y-

Mne of- Attest, 6s, Ac, the

jft theniafis reftwor their liberty,

•66, Hrpnjas dtttwtptsfitn yam to

j^eftabWh the tyranny; «fo.

. +he Atiieniattsv in tJuajbit&itn

Witti the iomw». burn tliecfcy

<af &*rd», x^/UariJa? prepares

. to avenge that tnCult, r*£ A.

( mj>u? Athenian eftp^hslarrhtit

'tiro*; .144. &«am*s herald? are

; pjut to death {hete, : 1$*. the

.Athenian* ttn4cf.Mihiflde^ gain

,* famolis.vi&ory -omrther 'Fer«

iiaris .at Matothoo, UtiS: motte.

rate reward graate&MQt'ualfe,

veh and ,. Babylon, «0J
?riion of that empire by

ls .t ... ., , . . . ,.. **9
>f AmphIpolit A flaoots put
tp's right aye, V. i<&.
prince- puts, him to death,

..... , 'Mf.

»gy, Judicial, iatfeh&d pf

fcicnee, ....,-. It; 410
any. Nation tfeaf applied
ifcfvaa firft to ife d.,*'t#.

es, king : of tfre. ,Medos,
d in Seizure A^u#nfts«
*33- Ke gives fii* d&ijghtrr
narriage. to Caffibyibs fcing
PerQa, ^34. caufes Cyrus
grandfat to come to hits

"»,.,. . . »5*

iedes, <tep*tcd fo Rorne by
Rhodtans, endeavours to
cafe the anger pf the innate,
. . k .l^. «9i
is, juifg pf.Sgypt, *»thor
le law concerning Awn*, J.
. fairtous' pyramid built by
order, .&#.

s kipg *f Scyt/h'w, is-defeat-
►y Philip; agaanft-whoin he
declared*;. . . V.3O9

sew* general of Apiigp-
, is fent.foy. *hat uptinee »-
jft the *tabathfeaj*;Apat»ans,
I. 95- J* .peAfli* jfl *t*t

edition,. iffl.

ai»j . diwghtisr of ^ennanis .

Budocia* , -

taeus^ brpthcr .of 'E\wb«b#s,
fo»t l ambaffibdoc by tlpt
jcc t^ftome* Vl 11-317
le^s, - #>verm>r 4or Amt^-
s in JwdaBa^«*S«ndrm;Ko
bltfrv <JU» jirimie^ jeJigipa
hem, Vni. 39S

**i

The 5Afthenian*, ameketf ty

Xcruts, choofeThembtoolerj|c.

,«errfl, WI. 194. they ittfigmfee

, .honbUnsi corhnwndhr^^rifleet

. td*^Laoed4einoJii&ns,a97>*ncy

, are reduced .to abandon their

c city* 409. Athens is* burnt by

, abe Per&uts, aa t /ixtttlr iff Stu

iamin, - iff which-the Aflienfahs

. tkcqunelftfflmtegknry^ii.'tftiey

abaa*lon^herrcttya fecdndtinfe 9

c **$ . rtbe At?hen»ns^ai«l ' Law.

. dawiionratfseutthirPerftiUjarmy

•to. "pieces near ^latsefie; *$i.

/.tUcyideCcatitfKrjPwfian' ttort ^t-

r the fame|aiB&neaTMyoale 7 'a^,

w.-tiMy ireifaitd the ciwflls "of their

1 >ctty, A4^*«the tioirtn^and xjr^fclie

/G redts AtgefteraJbtauifefemMl^o

-theAthchuuis^ ^52

Tf*eAtheraians,inWetGirnon,

tf^in jl ddubfce ▼idory.oter the

^ernaits near then tet?Btrrytne-

idan 9 MIL ^'rt*y iupfrrt

the

INDEX.

the Egyptians in their revolt
: tgalnft Perfia. 190. 'their con-

• fiderable lofles in that war,
292% feeds of diviBen* between
Athens and Sparta, 307. peace

• re-eAablimed between the two
Jbtes, 310. Athenians gain

, feveral victories oter the Per-
fians, which ebliges Artaxerfces
to conclude a peace highly

. glorious for the G|eeks, 311.

. jeaLoufy and difference* between
Athens and Sparta, '3 24. treaty

. of peace for thirty years be-
tween the two Hates, 317. the

. Athenians befiege Samos, ibid.
they fend aid to the Corcyrahs,
530. they befiege Potidaea, ibid.
open rupture between Athens
and Sparta, 336. beginning of
the Peloponnefian war, 369.

. reciprocal ravages of Attica and

Pelopoimefus, 373

Plague of Athens, VI I. 37*.

. The Athenians feif* Potidas*,

.386. jhey iend forces againft
the ifle of Lefbos, 394. and
make themfelves mailers of
Mitylene, 399. the plague

.breaks out agait* at Athens,

• 407. the Athenians take Pyhis,

• 40JL and are -befieged in it,

< ibid they take the troops (hut

• up in the ifle of Sphacteria,
•, 408: they make themfelves
. mailers of the ifland of Cytheo,

IV. 8. they are defeated by

< tbe.Thebans near Del ium, 10.
truce for a year between Athens

. and Sparta, 11. the Athenians

, am defeated near Amphipolis,
ij. treaty of peace for; fitly
years . between the ' Athenians

. and Lacedaemonian*, 17

The Athenians, at the infttga*

tion of Aicibiades,renew the war

. againft Sparta, IV. 16. they en-
gage by his advice in the war
with' Sfctty, 28: Athens ap-
ponts .Alcibiades, Nicias, abd
Lamachus, generals, 3*. trium-
phant departure of the fleet, 41.

it arrives in Sicily, 43. the
Athenians retail Alcibiades, and -
condemn him to .die, 45. after
fome actions, they befiege Syra- "
cufe, $*. they undertake feveral
works that reduce the city to ex-
tremities, 62. they are defeated
by fea and land, 65, - Sec. they

• hazard a fecdnd battle by fea,
and are defeated, 80. they re-
folve to retire by land, 84. they
are reduced to furrender them- *

• felves 'to the Syracuians, 88.
■ their generals' are. put to death,

89. consternation 91 Athens up-
on this defeat* 9a*
The Athenians are abandoned
by their allies, IV. 93. the re-
turn of Alcibiades to Athens Is
t concerted, 99. the four hundred
inverted with all authority at*
Athens, ioa. their 'power is an*
nulled, 106. Alcibiades is re-

• called, ibid, he occafions the
gaining of feveral great advatt-

- tiges by tlie Athenians, 107.
the Athenians elect him gene-

' ralifiimo, 112. their rieet-rsde-*
feated near Ephefus, 118. the

• command is taken from Alcibi-
ades, 119. they gain a great

" victory over the Lacedaainontans

• near the Arginufae, 123. they
' are entirely defeated by the

latter near iEgoipotamos, 134.
-Athens, befieged by Lyfander,-

- capitulates and furrenders, 140

Thirty tyrants inftituted to
govern Athens, by Lyfander,! V»-
153. me recovers her liberty,
157, Sec. me enters into the

• league formed againft the Lace-
demonians, 238. Conon re-
builds the walls of Athens, 250.
the Athenians aid the Tbeban

. exiles, V. 123. they repent u>
pfefently after, 132. they re-
new the alliance with the The-
banst 134. they declare againft
the latter for the Lacedsemoni-
ane, 153. many of the Athenian

allien

INDEX*

ss revolt, 204. generals em-
yed to reduce them, Ibid.

alarm of the Athenians,
afioned by the preparations

war made by the king of
fia, 2 iq. they fend aid to the
galopolitans, 215. andafter-
ds to the Rhodians. 218
The Athenians fuffer them- .
;cs to be amufed by Philip,
. Demofthenes endeavours
^ain to roufethem from their
largy, 273, Sec. Athens joins
Lacedaemonians againit Phi-

296. the-Athenians under
^cion drive Philip out of .,
bcea, 297. &c. tbey oblige
t prince to raife the ficge of
Lnthus and Byzantium, 307. ."
y form a league with the
cbans againft Philip, immo-
ate joy of Athens upon tjhat
rice's death, 332. the Athe-
ns form a league againft
-xander, VI. 13. that prince
dons them, 18. conduct of
; Athenians in refpect to Har-
us, 265

humours and joy at Athens^
>n the news of Alexander's
th, VII. 9. the Athenians
rch againft Antipater, xa.
y are victorious at firft, 13.

are afterwards reduced to
init, 18. Antipater makes
ifelf mafter of their city,
r . P hoc ion is condemned to
by the Athenians, 47. Caf-
icr takes Athens, $4. he
kes choice of Demetrius Pha- '
is to govern the republic,
'. Athens taken by Deme-
is Poliorcetes, 104. excef-
: honours rendered to Anti- .
ius and his fon Demetrius by

Athenians, 106... Athens
ieged by Caffander,, and de-
?rcd by Demetrius, 141., ex-
Ive flattery of Demetrius by

Athenians, 142. Athens '
ts its gates againit Demetrius,
» r ol. X.

150. he takes that city, i£$.
Athens declares againft Antigo-
nus Gonatus, 254. and is taken
by that prince, who puts a gar-
rifonintoit, z$^

The Athenians carry tfyeir
complaints againft' Philip . to
Rome, VIII. 137. that prince
befieges their city, 141. decrees
of Athens againft Philip, 149.
me fencrs three famous philo-
fophers upon an embafly to
Rome* and wherefore, IX. 121.
Athens taken by Archelaus, X.
80. A riftion makes him felf ty-
rant of that city, ibid, his cruel-
ties there, 81. it is beiiegedand
retaken by Sylla, ibid. Sec.

Government of Athens, IV.
334. foundation of the govern-
ment inftituted by Solon, 355.
inhabitants of Athens, 358.
fenate, 361. Areopagus, 364.
magiftrates, 366. aflemblies of
the people, 367. other tribu-
nals, 369. revenues of Athens,
375; education of vouth, 376.
different fpecies of troops, of
which the armies of. Athens
were compofed, 387. 'choice of
the generals, V. 336. equip-
ment of gallies at Athens, 237.
exemptions and honours granted
by that city to thofe who had
rendered it great fervices, 241.
orations pronounced by order of
the ftate in honour of thofe who
had died' for their country, ^25.
of religion, I. 30. feafts of the
Panathenaca, 23- Bacchus, '36.
and Eleufis, 38

Peculiar character of the peo-
of Athens, IV.' 398. eafily jen-
raged, and foon appealed, ibid.
fometimes ungrateful to. tneir
generals, and thofe who had
ferved them beft, 119. humane
to their enemies, 158. tafte of
the Athenians for the arts and
feiene'es, 401. their' paflion fof
^thetepref en tations .of, the thea-

R tre,

INDEX.

4re, I.92. common dander of
the Athenians and Lacedaemo-
nians, IV. 404

Athlene. Etymology of the word,
I. *6. exercifes otthc Athletae,
67. trial through which they
pafled before th«y $mght, Hid.
rewards granted to them when
victorious, 83

Athlofrhetre, their fiindum, I. 66

Athas, famous mountain of Mace-
donia, III. 179

Atofia, wife of Artaxerxes Mne-
mon, V. 196

Atoffa, daughter of Cyrus, and
wife of Cambyces fir ft, and after
of Smerdis the Magus, I J. 369.
the is at )aft married to Darius,
III. 94. Democedes cures her
of. a dangerons d« Item per, to r .
ihe perfuades Darius to fend
him into Greece, and why, io».
ftie is called Vafhti in Scrip,
ttrre, 106

•Atraeus, fon of Pelops, king of
• Mycenife, HI. ia

Attopateg, ore of Alexander's ge-
nerals i Provinces which fell to
him after that prince's death,
VI 1. e. he caufes himfelf to
be declared lei ng of them, 3 8
\Attalus I. ting of Pergamus,
VII. 283. war between that
prince and Seieucus, VI 11. a.
Attalus joins the Romans in
the war againil Philip, 77. he
gains feveral advantages over
that prince, 129. he dies., 170.
his magnificent ufe of his riches,

Ibid.

Attalus II. fumamed Philadel-
phus, prevails upon the Achae-
ans to revoke their decree a-
gainft his- brother, IX. 40. he
comes ambatTadoT to Rome,
97. he reigns in Cappadocia as
guardian to Attalus his nephew,
117. war between Attalus and

t Prufias, 1 18. death of Attalus,

202

Attalus III. fumamed Philome-

tor goes to Rome, ww ntyi I
IX. 1*9. hcafeeikbthetlintt |
of Cappadocia, after the detk !
of his imcle, afcd cttrfes ten to :
be much regretted by his ikes,
107. he dies, an* by his will
leaves his dominions to the Ra-
man people, *°9 ■
Attalus, Syractrfen, tffcww
the intelligence held by Mar-
ceiltxs m Syracufe to Epcyte

X.47

Attalus, PhiKp's licowant, b

lent by that prince into Afe

. Minor, V. 3rf, manage of

his niece Cleopatra with P%

ibid. Alexander's quandwia

Attahis in the midftof thefeA

328. Alexander catrfes Mm «

be aflaflmated, vll +

Attica, divided by Cecreps into

twelve cantons, III. !*• **

Athens.

Atyadae, descendants of Atys, II.

i'A
Atys, fon of Creefns; pena-
lities of that prince, II •*#
his death, *•

Augurs : Puerilities of that »■
ence, !• 4S«

Augaftus. See Ctefar Aup* 15 -
Autophradates, governor of ty-
dia for Artaxerxes M«e»*
is charged by that prince w»
the war againil Datames, I».
»73 . he h defeated, 'M »
retires into his government, i'\\
he joins with the province; 0'
Alia in their revolt againft Ar-
taxerxes, V. 154

Axiochus, Athenian, trite* Wf
him rhe defenee of the gen*""
condemned to die after the tot-
tie of Argimtfse, IV. «'

Axithea, wife of Nicocles, kf
hertelf, VII. >9

Azarias, one of the three He-
brews , miracirloufly prefer** 1
in the midft of the names, II-

i"

Azotusy a chy of Pakftine. I «5J

*, Baal.

INDEX,

1.

*l. See Bel.

►el, defcription of that tower,

II.91
►ylon, Babylonians ; found**
ion of the city of Babylon, II.
7%. description of that city,
85. kings of Babylon, 103. du-
itioa of its empire, 305. (lege
nd taking of that city by Cyrus,
14. it revolts agaiuft Darius,
II . 107. that prince reduces it

> obedience, 110. deftruclion
f Babyiou foretold in feveral
ins of the Scripture, II . 305.
irfe pronounced againlt that
ty, 318. eagernefs of princes

> deftroy it, 319. The Baby-
nians laid the fir 11 foundations
aiironomy, 41 S
hidas, eunuch of Mithridates,

X. 113
his, governor of Mefopota-
ia under Amiochus Epipha-
s and Demetrius Soter, i&de*.
ited in many engagements by

das MttMpmtfs *&< t?$ijft&* -
bis, whofe defendants reign-

atCoiintH* Lit. 15

ius, feafta inftjtuted at Athens

lonour of him, 1 . 36

lyl ides,, Greek poet, III.

354
ana y province of Upper Aiia,

I. 27
a,, part: of old Spain, I. 305.
s, euauch- of Ochus, corn-
id* a^ktaMihmeat during that
tee's expedition againft E-
t, V. 224. he potfons Ochus,
. he places Arfes- upon the
ne of Perfia, ibid, he caufes
priace> tor be put to death,
places Darius Codonctaau*
rv the- throne in his ftead,
he falls into the hands of
cattder, VI. 165. he gain*
aicendant of that prince^
by his intrigues he caufes .
ae^t* be put to death, 261.

Bagtphanes, governor of the eita-
del of Babylon,, furrenders to-
Alexander, VI. 136

Bagoraaus, Artaxerxes's eunuch;
is put to death by order of
Xerxes, IV. a.

Bala. See Alexander Bala.

Baleares, iQaadsr Why fo called*

I. 30J
Balthazar, or Bsl&aazar, king
of Baby km, called alfo La-
bynit, or Nabonid, II. 219..
he is beficged in Babylon by
Cyrus, 314. he gives a great
{edit to his whole court the fame
night that city is taken, tiid*
he is killed in his palace, 317*
his death foretold in Scripture,

3'4r

Barca. See Hamilcar, furnarned.
Borca.

Bariina, wife of Alexander, V\l.
7. Polyfperchon, puts her to-
death, * 9S

Bafket. Proceffion of the ba(ket
at Athens, I. 42-

Ba&ards : Law of Athens againft
,them» Iff. 38;,

Baftaraoe-, people of Sarmatf* «*
Europe; their character, IX. %

Battalion, Jacred, of thcTnebans v

V. 137

Battles and Combats celebrated in-
ancient hiltory. Near the coaftt-
of Myle, II. 5. near Ecnornus,
7. of Ticinus, $.8. ofTrebia,
ia. of Thrafy menus, 67. or
Cannat, 75. ofZama, roo. of
Thymbraea, 287. of Mara-
thon, III. 152. ofThermopy*
lae, 200. of Arternifium, 205,
of Salamin, 212. of Pfataeas*
aa£. of MycaLe, 239. of the ri-
ver Eurymedon, 284. of Argi-
imiaBylV. 123. of jEgofpota-
mos, 134. of Cunaxa, 172, of
Leudra, V. 141. of Mantinaea.
172, &c. of Cheronaea, 319,
of the- Grannicus, VI. 28. of
litus, 50. of Arbela, 129. of
theHydafpes, 225. Ipfus, 237..
Ra. of

INDEX.

•f Selafia, VII. 35a. of Raphia,
VIII. 19. of Caphyia, 29. of
Elis, 81, &c. of . Odtolophos,
145. of Cynofccphal, 172. of
Thermopylae, III. 200, of
Mwum Corychus, VIII. 246.
of Elea, 249. of M>onel'us,
252. of Magneto, 258. of Bcth-
lura, 414. of the river Peneus,
IX- 27. of Pydna, 70. of Leu-
copetra, 139. of Cabrrae, X.
112. of Arfamia, 134/of Ac-
tium, 210

Bee, name given Sophocles, I.

100

Xe! f divinity adored by the Afly-

rians ; temple erected in honour

of him,' II. 191

Eelegis, king of Babylon. See

Nabonaflar.
Bclgius, at the head of tlfc Gauls,
makes an irruption into Ma-
cedonia, VW. 200. he defeats
C traumas, and is defeated him-
felf, " " ' 201

Belus,* name given Amenophis,
I. 234. and toNimrod; II. 178
Belus the A fly rian, II. 178

Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Soter,
V*II. 155. afcendant of that
princefs over her hufband*, ibid.
Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy
Philadelphus, marries Antio-
Vhus Theos, VII. 267% Antio-
'chus repudiates her, 274. Lao-
dice caufes her to be put to
'death, 275

Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Ever-
getes, VII. 278. Ptolemy Phi-
lopater caufes her 'to be put to
death, VIII. 15. Berenice's
hair, VII. 278

Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy

Xathyrus. See Cleopatra.
Berenice, daughter of PtolemJ
Auletes, reigns in Egypt during
her fathers abferice, X. 165'.
.Hie marries SeleucusCibiofactes?,
and then caufes him to be put
to death, 172. ihe marries Ar.

chelaus, ibid. Ptolemy puts her
■* to death, 174.

Berenice, wife of Mithridatcs, X.
it 3. unhappy death of that-
princefs, 1 14

Berofus, hi dorian, VII. 260

Bellas, chief of the Baclrians,
betrays Darius, and puts him in
chains, VI. 150. he aflaflinates
that prince, 134. he is feifed
and delivered up to Alexander,
182. that prince caufes him to
be executed, 19}

Beftia, (Calpurniusjis fentby the
Romans again ft Jugurtha, II.
6 9 . his conduct in that war,

ibid,
Bethulia, city of Ifrael : Siege of
that city by Holophemes, II. *

229
Bias, one of the feven ages of
Greece, III. 84

Bibius, commander in JE. tolls
for the Romans, IX. 136. his -
conduct in that province, 397
Biblos, city of Phoenicia, VI. 70
Bibulus (M. Calpurnius) is ap-
pointed by the Romans- to com- .
mand in Syria after the defeat •
of Craffus by the Parthians,
IX. 316. his incapacity, ibid, *
Bifalttt, people of Thrace : Va- .
liant adtion of one of their kings* '

III. 199
Bhhynia,, province of Afia Mioor, •
I. 28. kings of Bithynia, 157.
Mithridates poifcfles hirafelf of
it, X. 79. it is reduced into a
province bffhc Roman empire, *

169

Biton and Cleobis, Arrives, tno«

.dels of fraternal friendship, II.

»40»

Bocchus, king of Mauritania, Ju-

gurtha's father-in-law, II. 173.

he delivers up his fon to the

Romans, ibid.

Bceotia, part of Greece," III. 31

•tinjult prejudice agajnfiV t£at

country, V. 179

Boeotians.

iut. Sfee Theha*; Burmi^.glafs^ by the mtfmr «f
ch, prkfdtgttl magistrate of which Archimedes h feud ft>

>es, V. ia6 hate burnt the Roman feet,

governor of Stone for the X. 45

of Perffe, III. 2*0. his en* Bu&rb, Icing e# Bgypt, 1 . «* >

:>f bravery, a&i Bmlris, brother of Amcnopht*,.

retan : Hie ftratagem and infemoos for hn. cruelty, 1. 241

>n to A^nsene, V1H. 24 . Bybiot, city- of tfce ifte of Profot

»r, Carthagiaian, general, pitis, III. ***

rs himfcif tyrant of Gar. Bjrzafttram, city of Thrace, deft.

■y I. 3*9"- ** » I" 1 * *> vtre& by the Greeks from the

1, 337 pwwrof the Ptrfians, III. *c*

res Cmwrtefia* country is fubmk* to the Athenians,

& to MtthrkiatfM, 3fc. 1*2 EV. 1 k>. firgt of Byiam'nun by

commander of the Car- Bhs&p, V, 505,
nians in Sardinia, is mor-
el by the mercenaries, II. C.

36 C Ami* M y city of Asia* famous foe '

lans, Indian philofophers* Kweuikit's viftory oyer M*-

234. then* opinions em- tfcrklates- X. 1 la-
ments, and manner of liv- Cadiz, city of Spate* I. 305,

235-, &c. Cadmus, Phoenician, feifei Ba»—

ide, fomtty of Mtietus*. fix, and builds Thebes there,

ed by Xerxes in the Upper I'll. 13. it was be who intro-

, and destroyed by Alex- duced the ufe of letters in.

r the Great, VI. ifci Greece, 1.241

is, Lact&emtomah gene- Caduiians> people of Afyria: they

dtfVmguifhes btmielfat the fubmit to Cyrus, II. 280. re-

of Pytos, III. 408. hi* volt of the Cadnfam agaioft.

drtrons into Thrace, IT. S. Artaxetxes, IV. 266. Tiriba-

takes AmphipolU, 9. ho fus makes then* return totheitr

idsthafcp*aceagainftCleo*y duty, 267

reoeires a wound of which. Cariyti, name given to the city of

es, ■ 14 Jerusalem by HtrodofiityK 25^

s, geneial of the Gasdo, 'Ccsfeftisy Uranhv, 0* the moony.

is an irruption into Fart*- goafteJ&of «fce Carthagaaiaiw, h.

nia, VI L 200. Macedonia* 974

and Greece*. 20?. he pe* Caefat» f Julius J his> power at

s in the laft enterprlfe, ibid. Rome, 34. 140. he reftares Pte*

hi, quarter of the city of fctny Auletesv **4. he goes tb.

andria^ 31 . i&f Bgypt in hope*(rffiaitifl^Pbm*

ialia, city ball t by Alexia-* pry tbeiev 178. he malcrahin**

V4. rr JfeAf judge between P to Lemyami

lalur, war-herfe, bacfeed' by hie lifter Oeapattovi So. €a»* '■

;ander, VI. 10. wonders- few's paiflbn&r that pnneeTs,.

ed ofthat hordei i*wt *frf> 1^5. battles between hi*

of the dead in the earth,* tmeps and the Alexandrians** *

33.b.vmaisofltmgsamoBgft 1*3, he gives the crown of B-

Scythians, I II . 1 12 . care of gyp* t» € leopatra and; PtoLemyy

ancients to* procure burial sS£. hft confirms the Jows in*

fcttadf. V*. jasfc tfces* pri*ilegtsy 19a, l»e> gains*

K S a great.

INDEX.

i great yi&ory over Pharnaces,
and drives him out of the king-
dom of Pootus, 190. he is killed
foon alter, 19c

Csefar f Odavius) afterwards fur-
named Auguftus, joins with
Anthony and Lepidus to avenge
Caclar's death, X. 191. he quar-
rels with Anthony, 20 1. he
gains a great victory over him at
the battle of A&ium, a 10. he
£oes to -Egypt, 214. hebefieges
Alexander, ibid, interview of
Cae for and Cleopatra, 219. he is
deceived by that princefs, whom
he was in hopes of deceiving,

221

Csefario, fon of Julius Caeftr and
Cleopatra, X. 189. he is pro-
claimed king of Egypt jointly
with his mother, 202

Cara, city of Pontus, taken from
JMithridatesbyPompey, X. 154

Cairo, its famous cattle in Egypt*,

I.- 170

Calanus, Indian philofopher,
comes to the court of Alexan-
der the Great, VI. %%t. lie dies
voluntarily upon a funeral pile,

261, &c.

Calcidoeus, in the name of the
Lacedaemonians, concludes a
treaty wifhTiiraphernes, IV. 95*

Callas, fon of Harpalus, officer in
Alexander's army, VI. 25

Call ias, citizen of Athens, is cited
before the judges upon account
of Arlftides, III. 264. he is
appointed plenipotentiary for
Athens to Artaxerxes, 1 1 1 . 3 j 1

Callibius, Spartan, is appointed
governor of tjie citadel of A-
thens, ■; , IV. 141

Callicrates, Spartan, kills Epa-
^riinondas in the battle of
Mantinaea, -, V. 175

Callicrates, deputed by the
Achaeans to Rome, betrays
tjtem, VIII. 331: he prevents
the Achceans from aidihg the
two brothers^ Ptolemies, agajfcft

Antiochus, 391. he impeaches'
all the Acnaeans, who had
feemed to favour Perfeus, to
the Romans, IX. ioj

Callicratidas . fucceeds Lyfands
in the command, of the Lace-
daemonian fleet, IV. 120. he
goes to the court of Cyrus the
Younger, 122. he is defeated
near the illands of Arginufs,
and killed in the battle, 114,

Ik.

Callimachus, polemarch at A.
thens, joins the- party of Milti-
ades, III. 154

Callimachus, governor of A-
mifus for Mithridates, defends
that city againft Lucullus, and
then fets it on fire, X. 116

Calippus, Athenian; auafiinata
Dion, and fcifes the tyranny of
Syracufe, V. 90, &c. he is
foon after aflaffinated himfelft

Hid.

Califthenes, philofopher in the
train of Alexander, VI. 208.
that prince caufes him to be
put to death, 210. chara&rof
that philofopher, 211

Cailixenes, Athenian orator, ac
cufes the Athenian gencnls
falfely in the fenate, IV. n*.
he is punifhed foon after, 130

Calpucnius Beftia. . See Beftia*

Oatvinus (DomitiUs) commands
in Afia for Caefar, X. 183

Calumniators, or Falfe Accufers.

- Puniihment of them in Egyptt

I. 19S

Cambylus, general sin the fervice
of Antiochus, betrays Achaeus,
and delivers him up to that
prince, VIII. 24

Cambyfes, father of Cyrus, king
of Perfia, II. 249

Cambyfes, fon of Cyrus, afcends
tjie throne of Peffia, II. 355.
he enters Egypt with an army,
356. and makes himfelf matter
of it, ibid, his rage againft the
body o&Amajis,, 358. his ex-
pedition

INDEX.

pedhto'n againft Ethiopia, Tbid.
on his return he plunders the
temples of the city of Thebes,
360. he kills the god Apis, 361 .
he puts his brother Smerdis to
death, 362. he kills Meroe, his
filler and wife, 363. he prepares
to march againft Smerdis the
Magus, who had ufurped the
throne, 367. he dies of a wound
which he gives himfelf in the
thigh, x ibid.

Camifares, Carian, governor of
Leuco- Syria, perHhes in the ex-
pedition of Artaxerxes againft
the Cadufians, IV. 265*

Canaanites : Origin of that peo-
ple, I. 231

Candaules, king of Lydia, II.

, 2 3$
Candia, ifland. See Crete.

Canidius, Anthony's lieutenant,,'

X. 210.

Cannae* city of Apulia, famous
for Hannibal's victory over the
Romans, II. 7^

Cap his, Phocaean, Sylla's friend,
is fent by that general to Delphi,
to receive the treafures of it,
X. 81. religious terror of Caphis,

ib\d.

Caphya, a city of Peloponnefus,
known by the defeat of Aratus,

VIII. 29

Cappadocia, province of Afia Mi-'
nor, I. 29. kings of Cappado-
cia, 160. it is reduced into a
Roman province, IX. 33$,

Capua, city of Italy, abandons the
Romans, and fubmits to Hanni-
bal, II . 82. it is befieged by the
Romans, 86. the tragical end
of its principal inhabitants, 88.

Caranus, firft king of Macedonia,

III. 15

Carbo : oppreflions committed by
him at Rome, X . 93

Cardia, city *©f the Cherfonefus,

V. 291

Caria, province of Afia Miner, I. #

Caridemus, of Or»a, is baaiflittf %
Athens, VI. 18. he is perfe.
cuted by Alexander, and retires,
to Darius Codomanus, ibid, his
fincerity occafions his death,

Carmania, province of Perfia, VI *

256*
Carra?, a city famous for the de-
feat of Craffus, IX. 301
Carthage. Carthaginians. Founda-
tion of Carthage, I. 398. its
augmentation, 301. conquers
of the Carthaginians in Africa,.
ibid, in Sardinia, 303. they
poflefs themfelves of the Ba-
varian ifles, ibid, in Spain,.
305. they land in Spain, 306.
and in Sicily, 308. firft treaty,
between Rome and Carthage,
309. the Carthaginians make an
alliance with Xerxes, Ibid, they
are defeated in Sicily by Gelon,
3ir. they take feveral places in
Sicily under Hanhibal, 3ij.ancV
Imilcon, ibid, they make &
treaty with Dionyfius, 3164.
war between the Carthaginians
and Dionyfius, I. 318. they
befiege Syracufe, 319. they are
• defeated by Dionyfius, 320. the
plague rages in Carthage, 32J.
fecond treaty between the Ro-
mans and Carthaginians, ibid.
the Carthaginians endeavour to
feize Sicily after the rereftabliflu *
mentdf Dionyfius the Younger,
324. they are defeated b^ Ti-
moleon, ibid, war of the Car-
thaginians with Agathoclesjt at
firfl in Sicily r I. 328. and after "
in Africa, 330. they fuftain a
war in Si«ly againft Pyrrhus,
340. The Carthaginians are
called in to aid the Mamertines,
who give them poffeflion of thei r
citadel, II. 3. they are driven
out of it by the, Romans, 4.
they fend a numerous army into
Sicily, ibid, they lofe a battje,
which is followed with the.

taking

nmex.

1rinW£ or Agrigentuiit, their
place of arms, ibid, they are beat
m fea, firft near the coafr. of
Myle, 5. and after at Ecnomus,
f. the)' faftain the war againft
Kegulus in Africa, 8. punirti-
apent mm^foNry-them upon rhar
gbaeraJ, 17. they lofc a battle
at fea, m fight of Sicily, rl
ardour of the Carthaginians, hi
duflm ce of Urybagww, their 'fleet
h entuely desVatjed' near the
Idand Agates, ty. they make
a- treaty of peace with the Ra-
ttans, which terminate* this
war, 14. war of the Carrhagi*
■tana with the mercenaries, 2#
The Carthaginians are oblU
gtd to abandon Sardinia to the
Remans, IF. 37- (hey befiege
and take Saguntum, 45 . war he-
ttveen the two ftates again, 46.
The Carthaginians pals rhe
Rhone, 49. then the Alps 53.
their entrance into Itafy, 57.
they gain feveral victories over
site Romans, near the Ticinus,
j& Ac. nearTrebia, 62. near
Thrafyme&e, 6?v they lofe;
Jevend battUs in Spain* 74.
tfftey gain a famous victory over
the Romans-atOtnnflt, 75. bad
fticceft of the Carthaginians,
96. Sec. they are attacked in;
Africa by the Romany 05.
they recatt Hannibal fforoltaiy;
ibid, they are entirely defeated
at Zaina, 100. they demand
'peace of the Romans, ibid, and
obtain it, 101. differences- be-
tween the Carthaginians and
Maffinitl*, 123. thiid war of the
Caithaginiansand Romans, 130.
CarthagefendrdepUtieyto Rome
to declare that it fubmits to the
difcretion of the Romans, 1*34.
the latter older the Carthagi-
nians to abandon their city, 136.
the Cartnagimans refolve to de-
fend thetnferves* 139. the> Ro-
mans ijefiegeCaxthage, 14a, ttif

taker^'atKr CflEiifbnmedf byScijpAoY
15c it is rebuilt by Csefan
155* the Saracens deftroy it
entirety, ibkL

Carthage formed upon the
model of Tyre, T. 269. retirie*
of the Carthaginians, 271. their
barbarous worihrp* of Saturn^
*73« government of the Car-
thaginians, 277. fufleter, 27K
fenate; 279- people, ifo. tii-
banal of the hundred, ibid, de-
feels in the government of Car-
thage, 7&-Z. the courts of juftfee
and the finances refbrmed by
Hannibal, 284. wife euftom
Of tie Carthaginians in fending
colonies into different countries*.
285. commerce of Cartham.
fHe principal fource of its riches
and power, ibid. dlfcovery of
the* gold and m*ver mtne» in
Spain by the Carthaginians, fe-
cond fburce of the riches and
power of Carthage* *S& mili-
tary power of Carthage, 2W.
arts anc? icience* in little effaent
these, 291. characters, maimerst
and qualities of the Carthagi-
nians, 295

Carthagena, city q( Spain, 1 1 . 40.

Carthalo, cominanaer of the:
auxiliary troops of the. Carthe~
ginians, declared guilty of trea-
ftm, and why, II. 130

Canandcr, general of tne Thrav
ciatts* and 1 Pasoniaas, in the/
army of Alexander, Tf . 25

Cai&tnder, fbn of Antipafcer, VI.
2S5. provinces' which fell to>
him after Alexander's death,
¥11. 6. he puts- Demades and
his fon to death*, 42*. he is aflb.
elated with Polyfper ch en in the*
segency of the kingdom of Ma»
cedonta, 43 . he takes Athens,.
54. and efitablifhes Demetrias
Phatareue ixr the government of
it, ibid, he puts Olympias to*
death, 66*. he confines* Rexaaa>. -
the* wife of Alexander, with-

AicxiHvtep

INDEX.

exander her fon, in the caftle '
<Vmphipolis,67. he re- inflates
e city of Thebes* 68. he en-
rs into thik league formed
ainft Antigonus, 84. he con-
udes a treaty with him, and
eaks it immediately, 88. he
ats to death the young king,
lexander, with his mother
oxana, 98. he beueges Athens
t" which Demetrius roiiorcetes
ad made himfelf inafter, 141.
he Matter obliges him to raife
he fiege and defeats him near
Thermopylae, ibid. Callander
on eludes a league, againftAnti-
;onus and Demetrius, 143. af-
e r the bat tie of I pfus, he divides
:he empire of Alexander with
:hree dther princes, 147. death
>f Caffander, 153

.irUnder,Macedonian,byPhilip's
Drder maifacres the inhabitants '
of Maronaea, VHI. 315. that
prince caufes. him to be put to
death, . 316

lilius (Lucius) Roman general,
is defeated by Mithridates, X.

- ' - 78-
iftius, quaeftor ef Craflus's ar-
my in the war with the Parthi-
ans, IX. 295. he puts himfelf
at the head of the remains of
that army, and prevents the
Parthians from feifrag Syria,
316. he forms a confpiracy
againft Csefar, X. 191.. he is
entirely defeated by Anthony,

ibid.

at, veneration of the Egyptians

for that animal, II. 356

latara&sof the Nile* I. 180

:a,to (M. Portiusj'furnamed the

Cenfor, ferves as lieutenant.

general under tl;e conful Aci-

lius, VIII. 238. his. valour at

the pafs of Thermopylae, ibid.

he fpeaks in favour of the

Rhodians in the fenate, IX.

103. he obtains the return of

the exiles for the Achaeans,

113. his conduct in refpeci

t» Carneades, and the other

Athenian ambafladors, 12 1. he
is appointed by the common-
wealth to depofe Ptolemy
king of Cyprus, and to cori-
fifcate his treafures, 258 i

Cato, fon of the former, atts
prodigies of valour at the bat-
tie of Pydna, IX. 77.

C. Cato, tribune of the people,
oppofes the re-eftabiihment of
Ptolemy, X. 168.

Caythaeans; people of India, fub-
jeered by Alexander, VI. 234

Cebalinus difcovers the confpi- ,
racy of Dymnus againft Alex-
ander, VI. 171*

Cecrops, founder of Athens, III.
1 2. he inititutes the Areopagus,

ibid.

Celenot, city of Prirygia, famou*
for the river of Marfyas, VI.

Cendebaeiis, general of Antio- *
chus Sidetes, is defeated in Je-
rusalem by Judas and John*.

IX. 202. .

Cenforinus (L. Marcus.) conful,
marches againft Carthage, II.
*33. he notifies the ienate's.
orders to that city, 136. he
forms the fiege of Carthage, 140

Cerafus, a city of Cappadocia^
famous for its cherries, IV. 200

Ceres, godded Feafts inftitufrjd
in honour of her at Athens, I.

3*

■ Cerethriu9, one of the generals

of the Gauls, who made an

• irruption in G reece, VII. 20a.

Ceryces, priefts at Athens, 1 . 37

Cefar. See Caefar.

Caftus, otifeniive Arms of the Ath-

letae, I. 71 '

Cetthim, fon of Javin, and father
of the Macedonians, II I - 7.
Chabrias, Athenian, without or-
der of the commonwealth" ac-
cepts the command of the aux- '
iliary troops of G reece in the
pay of Achoris, V. 186. he is.
recalled by the Athenians, ibid.-
he ferves Tachos again without
the confent of his republic,

191. th&

IKMX*

•91. the Athenians employ him Ounnhs a cfeoftn tegiflaaw a?

in the uar again* their ailios, Thsminn, III. 363. he kite

204. he dies at the fiege of . aim&lf open his hsmog brake

Chio, 207. ptaifrtf Chabfias* one of his own Wws, 3*4

295 Chfti^orHuntins; excfcifemwfe
Chssrepbon, difcipie of Socrases, ufcd anoi«ft the ancients, IV.

IV. 1S6 3IC

Chxroaea, city of Bcaoiia, famous Chelidaaida, cbiiffhter of Las-

for Philip's viciory over the A. v tycbidas, and wrfe of Ckos*.

thenians and Thebans ; and for ran, VII. 140. her paffion fee

that of Sylla over the generals Adotsies, /£*.

of Mithridates, V. 3 19 Chelonata, wife of Cleomferffv,

Chalcioieos, a temple of Minerva, VII. 334 her teadernrf* Jbrfer

at Sparta, Vil. 320 huiband, 3*J

Chalcii, city of jEtolia, HI. 5 Cheops and Cephfoenus, bias? of

CJialdaeans, addicted to the Audy Egypt,, and brarfcert, eoaaUf

wf' judicial astrology, II. 441. inhuman and impious, I. 144

the led 0/ Sab-cans formed of Chtio, one of the feven fesjts of

them, 429 Greece. Ill- *J

Cham, fon of Noah, worihipped Chilo, Lacedotmomaiv attempt

in Africa- under the name of . to ufcend the throne of Sparta*

Jupiter Amnion, I. 131 but ineffectually, VIII. 4a

Chares, one of the generals 0/ ChiriiophnsV Lacodatrnonian, *

tiie Athenians in the war with cJiofea general by the moss

the allies, V. 207. his little ca> that made the netrear of tk

pacify, 208. he writes to Athens Ten Thoufand, IV. am

againft his two colleagues* ibid. Chkaeaa, deputy (Vans tbe Mm*

hjs fullers himfelf to bo cor* liens to Sparta to

ruptcd by Artaboius, 203 . he is city to enter, into the treaty coo-

recalled to Athens* 204- he is csuotetmriuteRsonmauB) VfiL

fent to the- aid of the Chcrfone* T7

Ux&r 302, the cities refuse to Caeaipe*, rives of Babyl«oia,nv

open their gates, to hira* 303. mou» for the {Sood r on fs of ift

K. is defeated at Cha*oae»by waters, VI. 139

V hi lip, 3 19 C beshi x, nsafiiresof cons among*

Chares, of Lindus, makes the the ancients, III. 40S

Coloflusof Rhodes* VII. 135 C noma incorporated withy UM§ s dr>

Cha/ilau& made king o£ Sparta by 1.97

Lycurgus, III. %% Christians : the vefufal of the

Chariots armed with fey thesmueh- Jew* to work; ijt iabwhtbirthv

ufed by the ancients in battles. temple: of Belus* a tenon «# m+

II. 390, flructkm fot many Chrrrtlans,

Charitimi, Athenian general, f up- VI. at*

ports InannT in his rewit Chryftptes, commander iff the

againft the Perfians, III. 290 suracy of Cyru& at the battle of

Charon : His beat ; origin of Thymbuya, II. 290V

that fable, h 21a, Chynaiadantu. 9se~Savaeufe

Ch'swai, Theban, receives Pete. Cicero fM. Tullsus> hit rfltfit*^

pidas and the confpirators into exploit* in Syria* IX. 31** at

his houfe, V. 124. he is efe£ed reiufes a nwrniph, an* why,

teota^cX . JQja a*fc b ? bib-cnedi* heauTet

INBfcX.

Pompjm/ to be aypb'm tad gene-
ral agaiaft llrthridates, X. 140.
Ins counfel to Letotulus, noon
aneinftsting Ptolemy Auletes,
170. he cafcoarers the tomb of
Jfc returned*?, 56. parallel be-
4rweea Cicero and Demoilhenes,

VII. 22
:ilicia, province of Afia Minor,

I. 29
" illes, Ptolemy's lieutenant, lefes
a battle againft Demetrius, who
takes aim prisoner, VII . 91
Cimmerians, people ef Scythia.
They are driven eut of their
country, and go to Alia, II.
237. Halyattes king of Lydia
obliges them to quit it, ibid.
Cintea, fen of Milftiades, when
very young, (ignalizes hrmfelf
by bis piety to his father, H I .
1 6 a. he encourages the Attie-
«nans by his example to aban-
don their city, and to embark,
209. he-drttinguifhea himfeif at
. the battle of Salaorin, 2*9. he
commands the fleet fern fey the
C reeks to delrwer their allies
from the Perfian yoke, in •con-
junction wirii Ariftkies, 252.
the Athenians place Cimon at
the head of their armies alter
Themiftocles retires, 279. he
makes Several conqweJfcs in
Thrace, and fettles a colony
there, 2&«*. he makes hiivriflf
tnafter of the ifle of Scyros,
'where he finds the bones of
Thefeus, which he brings to
Athens, 2* 1 .'his conduit -nthe
divifion of the booty with the
allies, 282. Ctmen gains two
victories over the Perfkns, near
the river Bury medon, in oneday,
«€j. wonthy trie wfeich he
makes of the riches taken from
the enemy, ibid, he makes new
conquefts in Thrace, 2 $6. he
marches to- the aid of the Lace-
daemonians, attacked by the
Helots, 308. he is banifeed by

the Athenians, 309. W qtrttt
his retreat, and repairs to his
• tribe to fight the' Laced zemoni*
ans, ibid, he is recalled from
barufhrnerrt, 310. he re-efta-
hlKfaes peace between Atiicns
and Sparta, ibtd. he gains
marry v i & o ii e s , which obrfgeth*
Periians to conclude a treat/
highlv glorious for the Greeks,
31 1. Iie^hes during the contfu-
fionof the treaty, 312. chaxac&t
and praife of Cttnon, 279. uffe
winch he made of riches, -28*

Cineaa, Theflalian, famous orator,
courtier of Pyrrhws, VII. 212.
itis con verfat 1011 with that
prince, Hid. 213. Fyrrhus fends
him antbaffador to Rome, 22^.
his conduct during his ftay there,
« i . idea which he gives Pyr*
rhus of the Roman fenate, r£i4.

China, bis opprenlons and cruet*
ties at Rome, X. 93

Cios, city of Bythima. Pbilrp's
cruel treatment of the inhabi-
tants of that rity, VIII. ijo

Clares, city of Ionia, famous for
the oracles of Apollo, I- 4f

Claudius (Appius) SceA ppius .

Claudrus (Cento) Roman dflicej;,
is fent by Sulpitrus to the aid of
Athens, VIII. 139. he ravages
tiie erty of Chaleis, ibid,,

Claudius (C) fent. by the Ro-
mans into Achate : his conou&
mtefpett to that people, IX.

109

Ckzomense, city of Ionia, II I . 18

Cleades, Theban, endeateurs to
excu fe the rebel lion of his con n-
tfy to Alexander, VI. 16

Cleander^ Alexanders lieutenant
in Media, aflaffinates Parmenio
by his older, VJ. 179

Clearchus, Laeedsemontan cap-
tain, takes refuge with Cyrus
the Younger, IV. i*6^ he is
. placed at the head of the G-reek
troops in that prince's expedi-
tion againft his brother Attax-

erxesj

INDEX.

<erxes, 16ft. he is victorious on
his fide at the battle of C unaxa,
17$. he commands the Greek
troops in their retreat after the
battle, 184. he is feifed by trea-
chery, and fent to Artaxerxes,

. who caufes him to be put to

' death, 189. praife of Clearchus,

190

Cleobis and Biton, brothers,

' models of fraternal aff'e&ion,

II. 240

Cleobulua, one of the feven fages
of Greece, III. -85

"Cleocritus, of Corinth appeafes
the difpute between the Athe-
nians and Lacedaemonians after
the battle of Plataeae, ll 1 . 234

Cleombrotus, king of Sparta,
marches againft the Thcbans,

; V. 140. he is killed at the bat-
tie ot Leu&ja, 143

Cleombrotus, ibn-in-law of Lc-
oniclas, caufes himfelf to be
elected king of S parta to the pre-
judice of his lather m-law,
VII. 320, 321. he is dethroned
foon after by Leonidas, 324. and
baniihed from Sparta, 325

'Cleomenes, governor of Egypt ibr
Alexander, . VI. 278

•'Cleomenes,. king of Sparta, re-
futes to join thelonians in their
revolt againft the Perfians, III.

* 137. he marches againft the

. people of jEgina, 151. he ef-
feds the expuliion of his .col-
league Demaratus from the
throne, ibid, he reduces the
people of iEgina and dies foon
after, Mid.

'Cleomenes, fon of Leonidas, mar-
ries Agiatis, VII. 330. he af-
cends the throne of Sparta, 332.
he enters into a war with the
Achaeans, 333. he gains many
advantages over them, ibid,
&c. he reforms the govern-
ment of Sparta,- and re-efta-
blifhes the ancient difcipline,
334. he gains new advantages
over the Achseans, 336, &c. he

fends his mother and childretr
hoftages into Egypt, 346. L
takes Megalopolis by furprii.
347. he is defeated at Selana hj
Antigonus king of Macedccu,
. 357 &c. he retires into Egvji,
359. Ptolemy ' s reception 01 hi:.-.
361. he cannot obtain permi:-
fion to return into his country,
VIII. 33 . unfortunate death of
Cleomenes, 35. his charade:,

Cleon, Athenian, his extraction
III. 374 T by his credit with ite
people, he prevents the conch-
lion of a peace between Spars
and Athens, 410. he reduces
the Lacedaemonians, (hut up ia
the ifland of Sphaderia, 412. be
. marches againft BraGdas, aid

. advances to the walls of Air-

. phipolis, IV. 9. furprifed b*
Braiides, he flies and is kiilt-d
by a foldier, 1+

Cleonnis commands the tnrj*
of the Meflenians in the £;:t
war with Sparta, I. 140. iik:
the battle of I thoma, he dis-
putes the prize of valour wi:i
Ariftomenes, 142. he after-
wards difputes the crown with
him on the death of kinglu-
phaes, 144

Cleonymus, Spartan, being dis-
appointed of the throne, retires
to Pyrrhus, and engages him to
march againft Sparta, VI 1. 24c.
hiftory of this Cleonymus, «.-.

.Cleopatra, niece of Attaius, mar-
ries Philip king of Macedonia,

V. 3*$

Cleopatra, Philip's daughter, is
married to Alexander king or"
Epirus, V. .330. Antigonus
caufes her to be put to dean;,

VII. ico

C leopatra, daughter of Antiochus
the Great, is promifed and
then given in marriage to Pto-
lemy Epiphanes, VIII. 155.
after her hufband's death flie is
declared regent of the kingdom,
6 and

INDEX.

and, toer fan's guardian, 336.
death of that princefs, 37 X.
Cleopatra, daughter, of Ptolemy
B'piphanes, makes an accom-
modation between her brothers
Fhilometor and E verge tes.

and wife, of LathyrtK, 1$ re. *
pudiated by her hufband, IX.
%vf. ,(he gives herfelf 5 to Anth*.
chus the Cyzicenian, ibid*
Tryphsena her filter cauies her
to be murdered, 228

VI Ui 37&« after the death of Cleopatria, daughter of Lathy rus. **

Philometor her husband, fhe See Berenice.

marries Phyfcen^IX. 190. that Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy

prince puts her away to marry
one of her daughters, 218. the
'Alexandrians place her upon the .
throne in Phyfcon's ftead, 219.
fhe is obliged to take refuge in >
Syria, 220

Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy ■*
PhilomehHyis married to Alex-
ander Bala, IX. 186. her fa-
ther takes her from Alexander,
and marries her -to Demetrius* *
188. whillt her hufband is kept
prifoner by the Paxthians. fhe
marries Antiochus Sidetes, 202.
after the death of $idetcs, fhe
je turns to Demetrius, 2AO, Ihe
caufes the gates of Ptolemais to
be (hut againft him, 221. (he
kills Seleucus her eideft fon,
223. me dies of ppifon which
lhe would have .given hcj
fecond fon Grypus, 225

K2 leopatra, Philometor ' s daughter,
marries Phy£cpn, IX. 190. after
her hufband' s death, me reigns .
in Egypt with her fon Lathy rus,
- whom lhe firft obliges to re-
pudiate his eldelt lifter Cleo-
patra, and to marry his young-
eil lifter Selena, 226. fhe gives
Iter fon Alexander the kingdom
of Cyprus, 229. ihe takes his
wife Selena, from Lathy rus,
drives him x>ut of Egypt, and
lets his younger brother Alex-
ander uppn the throne, 234. lhe
aids this prince againft his bro-
ther, 235. ihe marries Selena to
Antiochus .Grypus,. 238. Alex-
ander caufes her, to be put to
death, 241

Cleopatra,' Phyfcon's daughter,

Auletes, afcends the throne
of Egypt in- conjunction with '
her eldelt brother, X. 175.- lhe
is dethroned by the young king's .'
guawjians, 176. fhe raifes troops
to re-inftate herfelf, ibid, lhe
repairs to Caefar, and with what
view, 1 8 1. Cgefar eftablilhes >
her queen of Egypt, jointly
with her brother, i$8. lhe puts
her brother to death, and reigns .'
alone in Egypt, 191..- after
Caefar's death fke declares for
the Triumvirs, ibid, lhe ,goes to
Antony at TarfusJ 19.2. lhe car*,
ries him to Alexandria, 196. *her >
jealoufy of Odavia, 198. coro-
nation of- Cleopatra and her >
children, 202. fhe accompanies
Antony in his expeditions, 203*
the Romans declare war againft
her, 207. lhe Hies .at .the battle
of Allium 209. and returns to
Alexandria, 210.. lhe endeavours
to gain Auguftus, and defigns to
facrihee Antony to him, 21 u »
lhe retires into the tombs of the
kings of Egypt, to avoid Anto-
ny '6 fury, 216. that Roman
expires in her arms, 217. lhe '
obtains permiflion from Caefaf 1
to bury Antony, 219. lhe has -a
conversation with Caefar, ihd m
to avoid fervingas an ornament
in Caefar's triumph ihe dies by
the bite of an afpic, 221. cha-
racter of Cleopatra, 194. 213.
her arts to keep Antony in her
chains, 200, the tafte fhe re-
tained for polite ■ learning and
the fciences in the midft of her
excefles, 198%

S Cleophe,

I-WDBX.

Cleaphr, «n*fc*r •©! Attkeaitiia, ftfjihiMstea, X w^, -m*. fib

Jtiftgof tfct Maaagfet MigMA 4ificourfe oeeanons tfcearmyt*

•tar Clio death -of *er fm, VI. mdlt agamft kwctrthrs, are.

*i*.mertmvMto*to*lexaMfer, ^areAer orelodius, tttf.

jwhojfe-aaftate* her uYtoertami- OomKew, genets! of the • Gattts*

ftions, ««o <c*!fcdjfH>y Perfeus toftuaii*

Cleophau* *Afha*Mii ••rater, am- IX. So

mates the Atheni a ns eg»i f*ft the Ctwdoa, « maritime tftty of Afia

Lacedemonians, tV. 1109. his 'Minor ,&monsfor'<?i>non's vwr-

chanaAer, iM. teey over *he Lacedaemonians,

C Haiac, citizen .«f Sfteytiti, • is put . l V. ^43

to do»tfe*by Abanlifes; VII . 19a Ce%uvthe*Iaft km of Athens,

CkiniM, Gvee* *f the Mead of Iff. 13.

.Cos, eonHnaftds the d&gyptiaac Cttlefyria, -province of Alia

in their revolt agfthnVQchtts, "Minor, I 50

and is Julie* m a battie, V . **$ . Coenvrs, one of Alexander's cop.

Chftften**, tyrant of Sioyon : t*ms; fpesk^toinriitnlTehatt df

tiis met bod tn the* ohetee of hi *is foWiers, VI. 145 . bis death,

Jba+nvtlaw, 'MI.<a? 444. fctepreHe, 245

Ctiftlttfits, of tbevtmHy-of fte C«4chfe, piovmce of A3a, I. 27

aUmxonbtx, fanaa a tiacVien at Colonies, advantages xterived from

Athens, lit. 70. he 4s obliged tfcemby the ancfcnjs, i. 284

to quit that ■'place, tout returns Colcffus of Rhodes, Defcriptton

Aon after, tbd, of k, VII. ^35. fate of that

Chtomachtts, Carthaginian phi- famous ftatue, 563

lofbphar, I. 201 Combats celebrated -by the an-

Chtus, one^f Alexander's cap- cients. See Battles.

tatne, laves the -life of that Combats, public ones of Greece,

Since -at- »«he battle of the I. 60. «ifcc. why encouraged,

raoieuft* VI . -30. Alexander 64. rewards panted to the

give* him the government of vigors, 85. dififeren.ee of -the

thopfovino»s*f Artabafus, rg%; Greeks antf .Hermans in their

and kitU'hrnl'thefemeday at a tafte for thefe combats, 87.

faaft, *99, Ice. difputes for the prizes of poetry

Clitus, commander of Anfipater's - 92

licet, gains' two victories over Comedian. The -profeflxon of a

the Athenians, VII. 15. Ami- comedian not diihonourable a.

genus takes the government of mongft the Greeks, 1.6,-. &c.

bydia from him, 4$ Comedy : tt* beginnings and origin,

Clodius, 'Roman, is taken by I. 107 comedy divided into

pirates, a»mtt whom he has three claflTes ; tftc ancient, the

been femyVx. 157. he reouefts middle, atuHhe newy Hid.

BtotemyiiagofCyprus to fend Coooh,, Athenian £enera!,is -flm*

l|im fnoney-'fiirpeying his ran- U V^Y CylHcrati^'inthfc-jiort

fem, iitd. in Tefeittment to ofM^ty^ene,:IV•. rt6. ho isdejt-

Ptotany, he obtains an order vered-foon after, i<fof\ die r e t i r e s

horn the Roman people for into Cyprus, after the defeat of

dlfpeffisfimg him of his <tomi- . the Athenians at JEgpfpotamos,

mens, 1$% a^.'hegoes^toArtsxerxes, whtf

Clodius (Wppiu*) -is -font by La- makes hjm admiraljijf hit fleet,

*u|fcs tp Tigranes, tex deman d 14*. he^efcats-the Lacedaemo, '

6 nians

ItfMiX.

aians JKar Cnidos r 343*. he. re- Cow,*** VrtjPfcf Bejftje* fSNDous

bnikis the walls or Athens, 250, fcr-thw vkiocy of. Afe&att* over

lie ii Ipa^ by, the- Atheeiaiarte the-Thebae*, IV. 24^

TereJUaXut, wlifriiuppik)n*^m, £am># (of Cras*-) meehim of

25 k deaths Coaon, *W« ira- ,^ar«< H. 6-

munities: gcantad by the Athe- .Co*, iUand of (freeee, Hippo,

niaos to himfelfand his children, ciates'$:cey»tty* III-. 379

V. aaj? Cetis, bcotbarrt Ofwk*, otaii

Conen, of Same*, natfcematieian* bkhkIs the a*»y agjanft the

Vlit a#B AJbaiiiiM* X. 15*. Ponfpeyt

Conqueror* : £n. what nuanflPthe kiiU him in a battle, ibid.

conqueror*. iV kukb beailei in Caroii, .«i >gtfttat»f of* &e*Q» XV.

hiitory ate> to, be. cottjadeisd, 1 . 349*

6, Sec. Coi*a**v ve*y warlike netieA of

Conful* Aqe*Vuk- Solemnity of . Me4i%4toJ£ctedfcy/AJe*aader^

that, fatting e»t ugoo. exotdi- W. 272..

ti&as, IXv 22 Cothe»< name of the pott of CO*

"C&rcyra, ifond in the Ionia* fea, _thage, II. 14I

with. a city of the. ia*iv» name, Cbtta,, RtirMia-cMlfal,.i» defamed

IT!. 4. it* inhabitant* p/onife by> Mithrktatcay X. 106. hit

aid. to. the Greek* againft the cru£jkti»*afeHcFj*j€a< 12a

?erfiaat, ift|* difpute between Com>« king of the Odryfor in

Corcy<a-and GotiBthf 330 Tl*ace> dteJeees for PeritQe,

Jfrrinth, city ; of- Greece; itaȣf- aejinA the Rojbm*, IX. 15

&ieatJc*xjis^gweriuaeitt,iUl. Cbttk** fftventiefi o! Couriers,.

1$, andCoroyr^whi^oacatibns II. 132*

^ th«Peloponnefianw»lrjinv3^9. gopflftfr or Rftift&t E*crcik of

Cbrimh fencU aid to the $>ya- it* !>* tb* Graft* (V 74- of

cu&ns heikged- by, the Atfee- , the ljfte>i«eev 76. of thfr4ftorfe~

nians, tV. 152. enters- inte a rae% ;«;; of the> chawpt race,.

league againft Sparta* %&> is 7*

befieged hy Agefilaua*. 249; fcranaas* triflf «f Alhe*s f III.

firnds, Timolcon to the a&of 12

Sxracufc againft Dionyfitia the ftrauiis, conful* marches againft:

touaget, V. tf. i* oblige* th* fanhiefify l«v a**, ft*

by the, peace of Antafeideew to pXundefd the temple of Jefu-

itethditw her»gMrilon from Ar* ^frlein, 2$$t aojQ. he- oojmnjie*

gos, 115. g$ve*. 4fcxao*>* the hi*r inarch againit the Par.

freedom of the city, VI* 974. tbtte»t *%\ he w entirety d*»

ernef* into tit* Acrnean league* &M<4- new Garret, a*#> the

vlt. $07. ia&lHrth* deputies Pa#thjeae» iinder. uretenee; of

ien| byrMetellua/tD afwiait tlie bji i»ter?raw, 4hife epd fcilL

. tfoul^ca, IX. 136. the- Remans hitRv - J 1 ^

deftroy Corinth entirely, 140. CraiSiSi fca of th» frirnor, ac-

6eripfcmi*t. periiaBif eiApioyediOi . ^ofitpaftie^ his father in hivepc-

^heatrkaiceprtCe^tatione,}, ipo pedition again ft the Patthiaas,

$«fno|if t Roman ladv, m«the?<of IX. 2>q. h* peoihei in the/.

thrCracchi, reject • Phyfco»^ battWofCam*, loy

proppialtpinafry»her, IOC. 1^4 Cmterai, one of the principal

Cbrnfilia* Jfoajpty's wife,, ifes. q&W* of \le*a*id*r, draws ©^

laer hUfband aflaffuiated before the rum of PKilotas by his dif-

hereyes K X^ 13%. courfe, V.L 174. he fpeaks to»

& 2. Alexander

INDEX.

Alexander In the name of the pher, his embafly to fcome,

army, and upon what occafion,
248. that prkice gives him
the government of Macedonia,
which Ami pater had betbre,-i7i.
provinces which fell to him af-
ter Alexander's death, VII. 5. 1^
he marries Phila, Antipater's Crocodile, amphibious animal a-
■dau^hter, 2$. he is defeated dored in Egyjpt, "1.^7
by liumcnes, andkilled in the Crcefus, king of Lydia, II. ijS.

IX. 121

'Critolaus, one of. the chiefs d

• - the Achseans, animates then

-againft the Romans, IX. 154,

* Sec. he is killed in a 'fettle.

battle, 34, 35.

Crafteiiclea, mother of Cleo-

• ments king of Sparta, is fent

by her fen as an hoftage into

"Egypt, VII. 345. generous fen-

Timents of that princefs, ibid.

•Crirefipolis, wife of Alexander,
the lun of Polyfperchon, cor-
rects the infolenoe of theSicy-

• o!iian», -who had killed he^

• h.iiUmd, and governs that city
with wifdom, .; VI I» 69

Crei'phontes, one* of the chiefs of
. the Heraciidae, re-enters Pelo-
. ponnefus, where- Meifenia fells
to him by lot,. III. 17

Crete, iflahd near Greece, defcripl
- tion of it, III. 5- laws' of Greece

• instituted by Minos, IV-. 345,
&c. the Cretans- refufe to join

• ' the Greeks attacked by Xerxes,
til. 193. they paficd for the
greateft liars of antiquity, IV.

35/

his conqueits, ibid, his means :*
try the veracity of the oracles,

245. deceived by the anfwerot
'the oracle of Delphi, he under.

takes a war with the Periucs,

246. he lofes a battle agairi
Cyrus, 273. he is defeated near
Thymbrsea, 296. Cynu be.
fieges him in' 'Sardis, 299. and
takes him prrfbner,300. nivrhat
«ianrter hte efoaped the punih-
ment to which he hadheen con-
demned^ 302'. character a( Crtfr
fus, 243. his riches, 238? bis
protection of the learned, M
his -reception of-. Solon, iM* ^
conversation with that philofo-

-«4>heri 23^9. on what occaftonlfc
dedicated a ftatue of gold, in the *
' temple of Delphi, to thewonaa

• who baked his bread, i- S9
Cromwell. His death compEwd

• with that of Dionyfius the Ty-

rant,

V.sl

Crifpinus (Q.) fucceeds Appius, Croton; city- of Greece, built by

who commanded with Marcel- * Myfcellus, • Hl/jfo

' lus at the fiege »of Syracuse, Crowns granted to the viclorious

• X. 47 " l combatants in the games of

Critias, ene of the thirty tyrants -Greece, • Mi

at Athens, caufes Therarrienes, Ctefias, of Cnidos, pracWes

. one of his colleagues, to be rphyficin Perfia with great re-

put to death, IV. 153. lie
prohibits the inftruclion of the
youth by Socrates* 155-. he 19

- killed righting againft Thra-
fybulus. * 156

Crito, intimate friend of Socra-

■ putation, IV. 215. his works

< place him in the -number of the

-hiltorians, ♦ «W.

Cunaxa, city famous for the battle

•between Artaxerxes and te

brother Cyrus, IV. 17*

tes, cannot perfuade him to ef- Cyaxares I. reigns, in

M*6a,

cape out of prifon, IV. 315 II. 229. he forms the fiege of
Critolaus, Peripatetic philofo- Nineveh, ibid, an irruption «

biig*4 bin* to hdfe the fioge,
»?»» hcbnffttgen Sinvanh again
aaaaf talk* it, *}ii his death,

C^HjDdres II. cnthni in> Scripture

f>aaftu«>tiic ftfedn, afcftMk the

tiaYunar of Media* Ii * 234.. he

ifeant* todnanfid' aid of 'flnrfia

• anjniti** tfan Aftrinan, i$?> ex-

fHDalmoawf Cyatema and Chrus

ngaudk the gnMonians* S70.

^ttxiwta^awJbtasMiaJitctt to

Qy ruriti onwriage* atfto kit a*es

- to- Babylon with tfca* prince,

antfc&frna in ccneon \fhh Mm

the plan of tato whota monarchy,

ja«. defcth'of G peoucm $j 5

OytcliMkiay prtTidam oi tkraf.

fenntany of tb* Aehaeans .tasM at

Argos, eluatos Phttipi**; gro-

pndhi, VIII. 14*

Cylofi, known bf' taWngithe-ci-

taftelar Athens** 111. 3^$

.Cytoafcgirua, Jadfaeuian* M ii»tnha»

castas flattanefs agataft tho Pex-

fians in a lea-flgfrt with them, .

Hi. 157

a?yniibn, fiAtf . of Apfifetae, *f-

emtes the pfifcein the Olympic

avians, an* U p/oefcuated vie*

tdrioua, i, 83

Cynofcephalas a hillmTttiaffWy,

fitfnons for the *i4U>rf .■ of tlie

RoiMUiaovnk Fkilip, Vil U 17 a

eyprttsv iflanrt in tfefe. MfcdStOflra-

oean, detiimd f>ora the Penian

y©*« by thr OreotSf 1 1 1 . 232.

•otolt^ff ttiatiflaiwt.agMttJt O.

chut, V. sao. it fu bmtl% 333 .

hotribtr andblocxjy tragedy that

vfttfbs thaw at the deaah of.

Nicotic*, V*>. &*,-%,

ttypMus* Cotlnthianv iafutaat» fu-

preanaaarthoriryatGbfkrrth^tfnd

trattfariu.irtohi*fcm, III-. 15

Gyvem^ cte jrupan thecoift of the

Medtoerrnncaiu la what man.

nw^difputobctioehHthfccity

and Carthage, , ennojatntafg sheir .

limits, is. terminated,, I. 503 .

Cyhx^Dlitv dtp of Soajttaitt, <tt ^
firoped by Mtnancarf -VI, 18;

C»ru»/fbii;of Cambyte f toi*a» of,
Peru*:: Birth of that prince,.
II. 149. his education, *W.
tangoes to thoxourtioftitc gratid-
fahevAftptnes* 251. rdsw*um

. into Reffia* 25-5.. b* matches
tothe a|d of hi* unotoCfanaxes
ajainft the> Babylonians* 057.

- he rerfucw the k^ctf Armenia,.
46*. hb gain* a firft advantage
oner CiovTita, and tte Babyloni-
ans, 273. hit'ctmduA t*> Pan.
tinea; af5< beohfelltng** th*
Mag of the Afiyriana to* ingle
combat, 280, he returns to Cy-
axares, 281. that prince gives
hhntfts tdaUtntrterln rtnniago,

282
Cyras msiahti to meet the
Mtytafttantj »**. ho pin* a
famous vtftnty over them and
Cjorfnsotth* battle of Thyme
brata* an4. hn mnken hhnfelf
mater wSanfliy ao4 taken Oite-
fua-prifoner, 300. hnatfVaffcea-
to Baby Un, 304, and takes «s.
3J»5. condueVif CyVu^aftetthe
taking of Babylon, $**. hr
ftaws hiaiftif with great pomj^ -
tothe now ly-oo*rtjue?ed ptfopiei
32s, hegoe^to Fetiia, 331. at
H)a.n»aiirnrh»:«iaMies Cyancntes.
VoJBatofUHb, aMl-fomift thoplan.
ot.tharwholn^iMiatnliy, in eon-
enw wfcti hhvii 33*. aflat tb«>
dtatll oT ey^nMan, hcfe^ns
u»«v the Me*** and- Pwfl«s„
3^ he paffca a fiun»n>e«Wi in >
Jtarour of the^Jainsv 33^ laH.
^eatnof 'Cytuai 3421 hi*4e«fh, .
and difcourfe with his clittttten .
bntoH hi* death, 345. ptatft
and o ha a act e t ol* Qrtwy 345,,
tte. hi* oontfcntai attention t&*
iMnlM thesDivtnity the ^tbipfhip-»
hB thought clue to hinv 349.
daflrfencnt of HettMotas- an4
^enophon in refpe& to. Cyrus
tiie Greats 35*

5 1 Cyrus,.,

INDEX.

.Cyrus, the younger fen of Da-
rius, is made governor in chief
of all the provinces of Alia Mi*
nor by his father, IV. 7. his
lather recalls him, 131. after
the death of Darius he forms
the defign of aflaflinating his
brother, '145. he is fent back
into Alia Minor, 146* he.fe-

. crecly raifes troops agaiait his

t brother, 165. hefetsout from
Sardis, 169. the battle of Cu-

. naxa, 172. he is killed in it,
176, praife of Cyrus, i$o

Cythera, iflaod of Greece, facing
Laconia, IV. 8

* .

D.
D.cmon, or . familiar fpirit of

- Socrates, IV. 283

Damippus, Syracufan, fent by E-
picydes toncgociatewith Philip
king of Macedonia, X. 47.

Daraii difputes with Ariftomenes
the fucceflion to the kingdom

. of Meflenia after the death of
Eiiphaes, I. 144

Pamocjes learns by his own ex-
perience that the life of Dio-
nyfius tlie tyrant was not fo
happy, as it feemed, . V. 50

Damocritus deputed to Nabis by

the iEtolians, VIII. 211. his

.infolent %nfwer to Quintius,

224. he is made prifoner of war

at the fiege of Heraciea, 242

Damocrtius, chief, magiftrate.of
the Achaeans, cauies war to be
declared againft the Lacedae-
monians, IX. 133

Damon, friend of Pythias. Trial
to which their friendship was
put, V. 49

Danaus forms a defign to mur*
der Sefoitris his brother,. I. 241.
he retires into Peloponnef us,
where he feifes the kingdom of

. Arps, . ibid.

Dancing cultivated by the Greeks,

IV. tfp

Daniel, . prophet, is carried to

. captivity, to Babylon, II. 211.

he explains Ncbucadooofor's

. firft dream, *i2. andthefecood,

2 1 7 . he is raifed to the principal

offices of the fiate, 213. difcotts

the fraud of the priefts of 3d,

and caufes the dragon to be

. killed, a 18. vifionsofthepro-

. . phet Daniel, 338. he explain! »

* Bellhazzar the vifion that prince
. had at a banquet, 210. k »

made fuperintendant of the af-
fairs of the empire, 331. bcu
.. thrown into the lions' den, 33 j.

• at his requeft Cyrus giants the
edia, whereby thejewsarepir-
mi t ted to return, to Jerattleni,

. 335. Daniei'sikillinarcJiita.

: ture, 337. reflections upon «*
prophecies of Daniel, ■".

Daricks,. pieces of gold An** *

. Darius the Mede, H. &

Darius the Mede: Cyaxaies II.

. king of the Medes, is fo am
in Scripture. See Cyaxaies.

Darius, fon of Hyftafpes. He
enters into the conf piracy ap**
Smerdis the Magian, U.fr
he runs him through* 1 "! 1
fword, 371. he ii .** W
of Perfia by an arti^ce ot h^s

, groom, 37*. the eiteem he ao
quires by his wifdom and pm-
dence, 373. he quits the nan*
of Ochus to affume that of Da-
rius, III. 94. marriages ot Da-
rius, ibid, his method /or tmi-

. mitting to pofterity the mannet
in which he attained the Xoic-
reignty, 95. order which «
eftiblhhes in the adminiftia^B
of the. finances, ibid, his mode-
ration inimpofing tribjire** #*
the tferfians. give him the re-
name of the Merchant, 97- r
fends Democedes the phyf/fl*
. into Greece, 100. he confine
the^edia of Cyrus in favour tf
the Jew*, 104. his gating

.:«»>«*.

torSylofan, whom he re-efta-
"k>liihes; king of Samoa, 106

Darius reduces Babylon after
3- **ege. of twenty months, 107.
expedition of l)arius againft the
Scythians, 120. Artabanus'sre-
xxionftrance to Darius, ibid. Sec.
t>arbarQus anions, of Darius to
t He three cbilarki/of Oetufus,
1 2r^. Darius conquers ' Injlia,
1 3 1 . he conceives the defign of
making himfelf mafter of Nax,us,
*33*.~ the Ionians revolt againft
Darius, 1 34. hejre-eftablilhes the
Tyrians in their ancient privi-
leges,, tf/i/. refentment conceived
"by Darius againil' the Athe-
nians, who had lhared in the
burning of Sardis, 139. his- ex-
pedition againft Greece, . 143.
lie fends .heralcjs into' G ree.ee,
to found the'iftates, and to de-
mand their fubminl'on, 151. his
army is defeated at Marathon,
152, fee. Darius refolves to go
in per fan againil Egypt and
Greece, 164. '.he choofes his
fuccefTor, 165.'. his death, 168.
his epitaph, ibid, his chara<jter,
ibid. Sec. difp.ute between two
of his foris for, the crown, |66
Darius, the. eldeftf fori of Xerxes.
' His marriage with A rtainta, III.
242. he is murdered by his bro-
ther Artaxeptes, 270
Darius Nothus takes arms. againft
Sogbjianus, and puts him to
death, TV. 3. he afcends the
throne of Perfia, and changes
his name from Qchus to Dari,us,
ih. he caufes his brother Arfit.es,
who had revolted againft him,
to be fmotllered. in allies,.' 4.
puts a ftop to the rebellion of
Pifuthnes, ibid., and punifhes
the treafon of Artoxares his prin-
cipal eunuch, 6, he quells the
revolt of Egypt, 7. and that of
Media, ibid, he gives the go-
vernment of„Afia Minor to Cy-
rus,, his younger fon, ibid, the
ir&ru&ions he gives him on

t fending mm *q hi* gQienuptntr

xi 6. Darius recalls Cyrus* ta
_ /court, 131. death of Darius
Nothus, 143. his memorable
[ words, to Artaxerxes, his fuc-
,. ceflbr., at his death, 145

T>arius," fon of Artaxerxes Mue-
. mon, confpires agauut his fa-
. thers life, V. 106. his conipi-
racy-is difcovered and punhhed,
; « ibid.

Darius Cpdomanus is placed by
Bagoas upon the throne of Per-
fia, V 229. he lofcs the battle
of the Granicus againft Alex*,
ander, VI. 28. Sec. he orders
Memnon the Rhodian to carry
the war into Macedonia, 39.
\ Darius refolves to command in
^ perfon, ibid. Caridemus, his
free remonftrance to Darius,
45 » &c. march of Darius 's aiw
my, 47. famous vi&ory of
Alexander over Darius near the
cityoflfTus, 50, Scg.

Darius' s haughty letter to
Alexander, VI. 68, fecond let-
ter of Darius to Alexander, 96.
Darius . receives advice of his
wife's death, 118. his praye,rto
the gods m pon being told in what
manner fhe had been treated" by
Alexander, 1 19. Darius proposes
new conditions of peace to A-
. lexander, .which are not accept-
ed, 123. iamous battle of Ar-
. bela, wherein Darius is defeated,
j 27, Sec. retreat of Darius after
.tliat battle, 134. hequits Ecba-
tana, 1 50. his fpeech to his prin-
cipal officers to induce them t«
march againft the enemy, ibitt.
hs is betrayed and laid in chains
by Beflus and Nabarzanes, 15a.
unhappy death of that prince,
154. his laft words, ibid.

Darius, king of thc # .Medes,; is
fubdued by Pompey, X. 15&
Datames, Carian, fuccceds. -his
father Carnifarcs in the govern-
ment of Leuco,- Syria, IV* 269.
. he reduces Thyus, governor ' of
' JPaphlagoriia,

Ktt&£X.

* hither he had retired, 197. he
ff taken ©rtfbner to an expettl-
*H* ajniorrthc Parthtatts, 19.9.
lie rrmries Rtxiopnrra, daughter
tifMkhtfcfotes, fcingrr flarrnia,
ibid, he makes iiietfedual at-
ttmjtts to return into bis fctag-
tknn» 114;. he- recrmrr* his do-
minions; *r6. he is dHterted in'
8 tttetttc bt Altxaudrr 2ebtoa,
ni» Mis death, U>id.

•ertitfffirr Eucharw is etta-
MMM ttiij at Damafcus, IX.

Rtaccttter, phyfictati <rf Crtte.
«*; fcectrres Marios; Itl. 99.
ibbotf of that pliylktan, 100.
lie returns mm Greece, ioj.
he fettles at Cmtona, where lie
tturtfet the daughter of Milo
rtieAVHiet&i &id K

Uemochares, one of the nnia-
fherei* tt A#t> king of SpartaV

VII. 326, *c.

©emecle*, fbrmmtd the Fair,.
VJI. tyr. throw* tomjftf;! to
eradethrvtohflceof tTemetthis,
hm> a vtrffc! of boiling write*
prepared for * bath, <H

Befnopbantes, general «Jf the
httittottfe Ha*an», is titled by
Pltilbp<cmex> before the city, of
Eib, V«l. 81

Hemoftjiems fe chofcn by $he
AtherKarre commander ofa fleet
ftrthe aid of Nlcias in Sictfy,
IV. 6g. tie makes ati attempt
astinft ^yntnile without Thccefs,
77. he i* rejductd to furrender
atdifttetiwi u> the;Syracufan$,
S8.. he is. put to death, 9*

Dernoffhenes the Orator, A-
bridgmetit pf his life to the tifne
i\ Men he begins to appear in the
tribunal of harangues, V. 230.
fcc. hi? apjtears for ttte fifft tiaie

" in public; atid^ etifcourages the
Athenians* agtfnhV the prepara-
tions IbrWaT of. A>taxej xe s , 2 1 2 .

r jhis-oratfcmin ftvour ofthePfre-
|tiofo1itavir > .2X4^ lie. (pe*U for

the* Rhorfianftvtjft. btfHfc
aud OGcalioiis the fafluga
taw for the emiiamtoioi fc
Wfaicfe aaauls another tr
heavji upon, tke gperesciur-
2^9, lHs.«Uk©ai(e-i&4ekw
the law (haftgpateiescf-
tibut* »«»*c.

DctnottheiMB, upa *»•*
Of Philip 1 * attempt * ^
Thertuopyija, bnangon &
Athenian*, and attiau»tkrn
a£atcft tliat j»n«e» V. 2^ be
is leot ombatfador tD P*i4-
2$2 ► hL» cnatiwwjjjontfce j*«.
it^ tfca* up^theClwfc**
a»*. I)jLTOoitbeiw pofl* w
Athenians to decjare for «
taoedranooiaos a^°^ ^f

*9<5. hi* l^W^JSJv 1 *.
oration to fruiUa»d»M** c
Phiiin'*letter to the Axiwjtf.
IP?. Jjiis advice after rim**

• «*f mattBarbi thatpnaa.g
4bc. heiifent uppnaftonW/
to Thebes; 3^. he ?*■£
battle Qiv'Ojcrpn«a, $» ■■
citedto atrial ^ we *fff
wbo acquit him, ^JTv"*
$jEeat hooouw* 3W-£^
acouiea ltim, 3*5. P* -1 !.
Derpoftheoea. t* bit #>**,

' 5Z7. hk immoitenuc J« »

Prulip'&death, g **
0emofthenof aa«a«» *r

. peqpJe wrt***~£!l
14. he/ prevents the. Aw *:

fo>m dcUveriu. u£ ** "*

' to Alexander, 17, DawA^f

fuTers himfelf to- fct ««»f

ed by Haruaiu*, a66, ij <J

damned and baj;iifljfd» »*•*

' « retailed from *■*■*•

' Vll. n. l«q*ii» ajw*-

' fore the wriTal" of A^J'

.!>.' he f ii condwDdd w^

ibid* fie pyU an ead-» ™

' life by ?>4Toa f ii, theAthw*;

. ejeaa^latueofbafsto^ '

D^yilidaf> .iwnaiocd titfj

receives tbt- $«nnuw °* "

INDEX."

to mEkehimfelf known in Alia Demetrius of Pharus^ prince of
Minor, 86. he lofes a battle at Illyria, YH. 306- he advifcs
Gaza againft Ptolerny, 89. he s Philip, king of Macedonia, to
gains one Toon after* againft CiU carry the wax into I taly, V 1 1 1 .
les, the fame Ptolemy's rieute- . 60.

nant, he is fent by his father to Demetrius, fon of Philip, king
Babylon againft Seleticus, 95. " "' ■»•-*- * —

lie make* Ptolerny raifethe fiege

©f-Halicarnaflus, 97. he makes

himfelf matter of Athens, 104.

and re-inftates th* democratical

government, 106, 'See. ^exceflive

gratitude of the Athenians to

him, tfh'd. he befieges Salamin,

i'i2,*"&cv and takes it, 114. he

receives the title of king, 115.

his conducl in war and peace,
118.

Demetrius forms the liege of
Rhodes, VII. 120, 8tc. he

makes Callander raife the fiege of

of Macedonia, is given as an
hollage to the Romans, VIII.
1S3. the Romans fend him back
to his father, 244. Philip fiends
Demetrius ambaffador to Rome,
316. bemet rius j uftifies. his, fa-
ther to% the Romans, 337. h«
returns into Macedonia, 33^.
Perfeus's fecret plot againft hia
brother Demetrius, 343. he ac-
cufes him to his father, 344«
Demetrius' s defence againft the
accufations of Perfeus* 355.
Philip caufes him to be put ,to
deatl^, . . 3^

Athens^ T41. excefllve honours "Demetrius. Soter, . after having

■whieh ht receives in that city,
ibid-, hemartK^Detdamja, 14a.
he is proclaimed general of the
Greeks;, and initiated Trrto the
-great and leffef myfteries, ibid*
he is defeated' at the battle of
•Jpfus, 145. Athens Ihuts het
gates againft' him, 151. he takes
that city, 15G. he forms the de-
signs of fubje&ing the Lacedae-
monians, 157V&C. he lofes al-
moft at the fame time alt his
dominions in Alia, ibid. Deme-
trius called in to the aid of A-
lexahder; Caffafider's fon, De-
metrius deftroys him, and is
proclaimed king of Macedonia,
159. ^he makes great prepara-

been long an hoftage at Rome,

* demands permiifion to return

into" Syria hi vain, IX. 16s.

he flies 'from Rome, 17$. »he

afcends the throne of Syria,

and receives the furname of So-

l ferijrom the Babylonians, '17$^

he makes war againft the Jews,

ibid. &c. he places Holopherpes

upon the throne of Cappadoeia,

iSz. the Romans acknowledge

him king of Syria, ibid., he

' abandons himfelf to. feaftyng

' and voluptuoufnefs, ibid, con-

,* fpiracy againft him, ibid, he

endeavours to engage the Jews.

' in his intetefts, 184. he is killed

in a battle, 186

'j

tions : for recovering his father's Demetrius Nicatox, fon of De*

metritis Soter, claims th«
crown 'of Syria, IX, 188. !he
marries the daughter of Ptolemy
Philornfcter, ibid, he drives._A-
lexaxider the ufurper out of Sjy-
ria, and remains in quiet- nof-
feflion of the throne,. 189. Jo-
nathan fends him aid agaiijft tgie
people of Antioch, 193. lie is
driven out of Syria, 19*4." 'ft is
manner of living at Laodicea,

whither

emprre in Alia, ltd. he is
bblige&'fo abandon Macedonia,

- x6t. -he furrerideh Himfelt* to

• Sele\tdus, Avho' keeps* him pri-
fener, l68,-&c. his deatji, 170

Demetrius, brother of Ahtigomia
Gohatus,. is put to death in
Apamea's fced, - VII. 261

Demetrius, fon and fucceffbf of

• Antigenus Gonatus/ 1. 134: 'his

* deadhir-*-- * - VII. 305

INDEX.

mppears before the walls of the
•city, 72. fuccefb of his enter-
prise, ibid, he defeats the troops
of Dionyfius, 74. ingratitude of
the Sy ram fans to Dion, 76.
he retires to LeonthiYn,' ?8. lie
'k recalled by the Sy'racufans,
80. he. delivers Syracufe, and
pardons his enemies, . 84, Sec.
Dion enters the citadel, which
*is furrendcred tohim by the fon
'of Dionyfius," and is reconciled t
.to his wife Arete, 87. reflection' l
"upon Dion's modefty, ibid. Sec.
lie fullers Heraclides to be put
*to< death, 89. Calippus con-
ceives the defign of auamnating
Dion, and puts it in execution,

ibid. Sec,

Dion, ftmous phrtofopher, fent
by the Egyptians ambaflador to
Home againft Ptolemy Auletes,

X. 167 '

Dionyfius the 'Elder, tyrant of
Synicufe : his peculiar charac-
tereftic, V. 3. means which
he ufes for poffefling himfelf of
the tyranny, 4, &c. he is ap-
pointed generaliflimo with un-
limited power, 11. he fucceeds
in having guards aftigned him,
ibid, and eftabiilhes himfelf ty-
rant, ibid, attempts at Syracufe
and- in Sicily agaihft him, 13',
&c." he makes preparations fof
a war with the Carthaginians,
18, Sec. the people of Rhegium
refufe to ally themfclves with
the tyrant, 21. he marries two '
wives* at the fame time, ibid.
his friendfhip and deference for'
Dion, 22. he befieges srnd takes

Sicily, 32, See. he punifhes the
inhabitants of Rhegium, 35,
Sec. violent paflion of Dionyfius
for poetry, 37, 42, Sec. reflec-
tions upon' that tafte of his, 39.
he fendi his brother Tliearides
to Olympia to difpute the prizes
of the chariot- race and poetry,
40. new enterprifes of Dionyfius
againfl: the. Cartnaginiani, 46.
he carries the prize of poetry at
Athens, ibid, death oi. Diony-
fius, 46. hi 6 character,' 47, Sec.
Dionyfius" the Younger fucceeds
his father, V. 51. his conduct
in the beginning of his reign,
53. his. good qualities, 55. Di-
on induces Dionyfius to caufe
Plato to come, to his ceurt, 56.
iawhat manner Plato is received
there, 5$. wonderful change oc*
cafiohed by the pre fence of that
philofopher, ibid. Dionyfius ba-
nifhes* Dion, 62. he difmiflVs
Plato, 63. he preflTes 'him to
return to Svracufe, with which
Plato -complies, 66. Dionyfius
grants Fla^o pcrmiffion to return
into Greece, .68. embafly from
Dionyfius to Dion, who had
pofTcfied himfelf of Syracufe,
72. defeat of Dionyfius' s troops,
75. method which he ufes for
rendering Dion fufpecled, 76.
he retires into Italy, yg. nc re .
afcends the throne, 95. Icetas
obliges him to (hut himfelf up
in the citadel of Syracufe, ioo.
Dionyfius treats with Timoleon,
who fends him to Corinth, 103.
Sec. wife anfwer of Dionyfius to
a itranger, V05

Motya, 26. he is defeated at Diophanes, Achsean, compels Se-
fca, 28. the Syraqufan troops leucus to raife* the nege of
gain an advantage over the Car-' Pefgamus, ' VIII. 249

thaginiansin the abfenceof Di-' Diophohes, chief of 'the colony

onymis, 29. new- movements at
Syracufe againft him, 30. he
entirely defeats the Carthagi-
nians, and obliges them to quit

fent b/ the Athenians into the
Cherfohefus, makes an irruption
into the lands of Philip king of
Macedonia, V. 292. he is ac.

cuW

INDEX.

cu-fed by Philip's perrfioners,
and' defended by Demofthcnes,

ibid.

Difcoboii. Thofc who exercifed -
themfelves in throwing the dif-
cus, I; 73

DlX'cus. King of athletic combat,

1.73

Diltribution of lands iniiitutecl at

Sparta by Lyqurgus* 1 1 1 . 25.
reflections upon that inilitu-
tk>n, 37

Divinity. Idea of the Divinity
implanted in the hearts of all
mankind, VII. 205

Dodanim, the fourth of the ions
of Javan, III. 8

Dolphins, machine of war, iV.

74
Domitius yEnobarbus . fent- com-

niiifioner by the Romans into

Achaia, where he commits the

moil enormous oppreflions, \X .

109, ice.
Donations. How regulated , by

Solon, IH. 57

Dcrimachus, general of Jhe JE-

tolians, VIII. 40

Doris, country of ancient Greece :

Origin of its inhabitants, III.

16
Doris, wife of Dionyfius the £1-

der, V. 22.

Dorus, fccond fon of Hcllenus,

gives his name to Doris, III.

16
Dorylaus, one of Mithridates's

generals, is defeated by Sylla

in the plains of Orchomenus,

X. 92
Doryphori. Body of troops, guards

of the kings of Perfia, 1 1 . 398
Draco, legiflator of Athens, III.

49. his laws are annulled by

Solon, 51

Dramatic. See Poem.
Drypetis, Hrcpheftion's widow.

She is destroyed perfidiouily by
. Rdxana, VII. 7

Duilius, conful, commands the

firft fleet fitted out by the Ro-
Vol. X.

mans, II. 5. he Is the firft of
tlic Romans who triumphed for
a vi&ory at fea, • ~

Dymnus confpires again ft Alex-
ander, VI. 171. he runs bim-
ftlt through wita his fword,

- '7*

Dynafty of Egypt, , I. 229

Dyrracluum. See Epidamnunu

Ecbatana, capital city of Media :
Its foundation, II. 225, 228.
defcription of that city, 226

Ecnomus, a city of Sicily, famous
for a victory of the Romans over
the Carthaginians, II. 7

Education of children amongft the
Per Uans, 1 1 . 249. at Sparta, III.
28. in Crete, IV. 346. at A-
thens r 3&4. ratal effc$s of a bad
education, efpecially to princes,

Egefimachus, officer in Alexan-
der's a rray . Rafhiwfs t hat cofts
him his life, VI. 224

Egeita, city of Sicily : Irs foun-
dation* IV. 30. its inhabitants
implore the aid of Alliens a-
gainit the Syraiufan*, . 31

Eggs, manner in which the Egyp-
tians .hatch them without hens,

\. 219

Egypt divided into three pajts, 1 .

167. Upper Egypt, or Thebais,

168. Middle Egypt, or He pi a.
nomis, 170. Lower Egypt, or
Delta, 1X9. fertility of Egypt,

¥ 222. Egyptian monarchy, 229.
Egypt fubjecW by the Perfians,
II. 356. and afterwards by the
Macedonians, VI. wo

Egyptians, manners and cuftoms
or the Egyptiaus,, I. 194^ of
their kings and government, ibhf.
of their laws, ^9 7, of the priefts
and religion of the Egyptians,
201. ablurd worihip of difiercnt
divinities, 203. realbns fqr this
worlhip, 208. funeral ceremo-
nies, 211. of the' foidicry and
T wan

IKDEX.

*rars of the tgf ptkns, 114. of
the manacr in which they culti-
vated the a rt»andfciences, 215.
•/their husbandmen, ihep herds,
and arti fans, 217

Eion, city of Thrace ; unhappy
fate of that city. III. 280

Elattea, city of Phocis, falls into
Philip's bands, V. 3*3

Eicazer, Simon's brother, high-
prieft of the Jews, exercifes that
©ifice during the minority of
Ouias, VII. 160

cEleazar, one of the fons of Mat-
tathias, Sacrifices himfeif in *
battle 4o deliver his people, I X.

170

lieasar, of the €e& of the Pha-
rifecg, forms a falfe accufation
againft Hyrcanus, IX. 232

'Eledrion, king of Mycenae, I\l.

< iz

Elephants : Defcription of thofe
animals, VI. *i6. maimer of
taking them, • ibid, &c.

•Eleufis, a fmall city of Attica,
where the Athenians celebrated
a feaft in honour of Ceres, I.

38

Clis, province of Peloponnefcis,
Sphere the Olympic games were
celebrated, IV. n6

£iifa. See Dido.

filiza, fon of Jaran, fettles in

' Peloponnefus, III. 7«

filoqnence : Definition of it, II I .
320. of what eloquence united
with the love of the public
.good is, capable, V. 318. how
neceffary it is to a prince or a
ftatefman, 298. it was the prin-
cipal ftudy of the youth of A-
thens and Rome, IV. 381. de-
fects contrary to true eloquence,

V. 326

El©s, city in : the territory of
Sparta, fubjeded by the Lace-
daemonians, I- 136

Slymais, acity of Perfia, fuppofed
to be yery rich, VIII. 415.

•Embalming. 'Manner of embalm-
ing bodies amongft the -Egyp-
tians, I. 2D

Emilia, fitter to Paul us Emiliar.
Riches left by -her to Scipio at
her death, I. iy

Emitius (Paulus) is -ehofencoD-
ful, IX. 5 a. he fets out forMa-

• cedonia, 58. exact and [eras
difcipline which he eftabitfw
in his army, 65. he gains 1 fa-
mous victory over Perfeusno:
the city of Pydna, 74, Sec. he
puTfues Perfeus m his flight, -9.
that prince puts him felf into lu
hands, $2 . • Paulus Emilius n
continued in the command of
the army in Macedonia, 85. du-
ring the w inter- quarters he riila
the molt famous cities of Greece,
$6. trpon his return- to Amphi-
•polis, he imparts to the Macerio-
nians the regulations made br
him felf and the fenate in refpeot
to Macedonia, 19, &c. he prcs
a great feaft there, 91. hefcts
out for Rome by the waj of
Epirus, the cities of which he
abandons to be plundered by
the troops, 93. he enters Rome
in triumph. 94

Emilius, deputy from the Bo-
mans, goes to Philip, who had

» befieged Abydos, and exhorts
him in the name of the fetute
to lay down his arms, VIII.
135. he goes to Egypt to ute
pofieffion of the guardianmip of

• the king for* the Roman peo-
ple itf

Emilius (L. Paulus) is decked
conful with Varro, II. 75- **
is killed at the battle of Can-
nae, 7*

Emilius (Q.) gives Pyrrhusadr
vice of the tleugn to poifaa
him, VU. 230

Empedocles, of Agrigentum, Py-
thagorean philofopher, having
gained the prize in the Olympic

games.

INDEX.

puaxcs, regales the. people, I.

npires. See Kingdom.

ia> a very rich temple in Media,

tvy, a~difeafeef the mind fcajv^;

ever cured,

prince; and treat* fteratiyrvtith
Hyrcanus, IX. 230

Epicrates, potter at Ath&ns :
Plea fan try of that Athenian
upon the deputies that ha.d been*
fent into Peifia, V. 157

>aminondas, Theban, his cha-
racter,' V. 121. his conduct ia
the conspiracy againft the ty-
rants, of Thebes, 124, he goes to
Spatta tq treat of peace, 138.
he gains a great ynftory over the;
Lacedaemonian? near Leu£tra,
141. he ravages Laporaa, 146.
and advances to the gates- of
Sparta* 149. at his return he is>
accufed before the people and
acquitted, 152. he marches
againft Alexander tyient of Phe-
rae^an4 deli.versPeiepidasoiu*f
his hands, 163. he returns to-
Thebes, 164. he is placed at
the head of the Theban army,
170. r4s-fecor4-aitex»gt a$ain#
Sparta, 171. his famous victory
at Mantjuwea* 175, he is- rim.
tali.f) wounded., in the battle,
fflJ. his death, 177- and praiie,

- r ibid,

Speratuf, by the credit of A~
peiles, PifL^ip's jninifter,- is ap-

VII. 77 Epicydes, Athenian : His little

courage and avarice* IIJL 194.
he fufrers himfelf to be brought
over by Themiftocles,. . iAidJi

Epicydes, Carthaginian* lent, ky
Hannibal to , Hieronyrjpus,. re-
mains with that prince, X. 27.
. after the death of HiftFdgtpifau,.
he demands to^retuip to Hanni-
bal, 32. he is elected- magi ft rate
at Syracufe, 35. he marches to
the aid of Leontium, and is put
to flight by Marcellus, 37. he
ufurpsfirpreme authority aft Syw
racufe, after having caujed the
magistrates to be put to death,
3a.. he retires to Agrigefitum,
when lie fees Marcellus marten
of Syracufe, * $*

£pfclarnnurn r or Dyrrac.htits*,: a
maritime «city of Macedonia,

Epigonis.: Signification, of that
.word, . ..VI. 264

Epjpolta^, part of the city of Syra-
cuse, . : IV, $1/

poinfcEjd gjeneral of the Achaj- Epirus : Geoffap^<»Wefaijption>
axis, VlM/44. unjverial con- ef[it T ill. 2* hiftary mf its:
'"" ^ "'" '- ,iings r i 'l. iki

EpUthehes/ of Amphipolis^ of.
fleer in the army of Cynus the
Younger, IV. 177

Quality. It is the fouj of popuk
lar governments, III, 5,",. it is
the bans and tie Qf liberty, 345

tempt of him ,. '62

Ephefus r city of loai^ IIJL i#r

Ephialtes, orator, endeavours to

prevent the Athenians, from

aiding the Lacedaemonians,. I II .

30°
Bphorr, magistrates of Sparta,:

their inftitutjon, III. 24. the^r Ejamvde% one ot the. Athenian

authority,, i&f.

Epkerdus, qf Gyrene : His ge-

iK-rofity to the A-theniaps, V.

242
Epic poem, its origin,, Is 03

E.picratus, one- of the generals

of Aoitiochus the Cyoicenian,

heteag* t£* htftttfts of tfe»t

captains who gained the, battle
of Arginufae, IV. 124. on his
seiurn ho is condemned , to die
with his colleagues, 149 •

E?auftratus, phyfician, famous
for his addrefs and pon&tra-
tion ia. djfcaYejrieg the caufe
H% 9£

INDEX.

• of Antiocbus's ficknefs, VII.

Erectheus, king of Athens, III.

Eretria, ciry of Enboea, fup ports
the I onions in their revolt a-
pinft th« Perfuns, til. 138. it
is deftroyed by tlie Perfians,

153

Xrgimts, Corinthian* fupplies

A rat us with the means of ft i ting

the citadel of Corinth, VII.

299
Efarbaddon afcends the throne of
Allyria, II. 208. he takes
B.;hylon and the country of If-
rael, ibid, he carries away Ma-
nutich, king of Judaii, 209. his
death, ibid*

Efculapius, inventor of medicine,
II. 416. his knowledge occa-
iions his being ranked in the
number of the gods, ibid.

EfdtAi obtains permtlfion of Ar-
taxerxes Longimanus to return
toferufalem, III. 295;; hedif-*
pofes the Holy Scripture* into
' their proper order, 298

Either cnufes the fatal edia of
. Ahafuerus againft the Jews to
» be revoked, II. 384 1

Etolia. SeciEtoIia
Etoliang. See i^tolians. -
Evagoras,. kin# of Sahrrhin, IV.
1*55. 'brief hiftory of that prince,
.256. his war with Artaxerxes
•Mnemon, 257. character and
•praife of Evagoras, 261

JE-vagoras, fon of Ni codes, is de-
; privet of the throne of Sala-
-min by Protagoras, V. 120. he
: demands m vain to be re-in-
. Hated, 224. tragical end of that
"prince, ibid.

Evalcus, general of the Lace-
daemonian cavalry, is killed in
a battle by Pyrrhus, VII. 246
Evander of Crete, general of the
auxiliaries to IVrfeus, is fent by
that prince to aflaiflnate Eufne-
nes, IX. 10. he prevents Perfeus

•from improving the adVantrc
he hid gained over the Rottllc:,
31. attachment of Evander to
Perfeus, 7*. that prince cani?
him to be killed, S:

Eobcea, ifle of Greece, III. 5.
fubjected by the Athenians,
327. Lacedaemonians feife if,
IV. 106. An tiochus takes tiut
lfland, VIII. 234. it is focn
after taken from him by rJt*
conful Aciliirs, 240

Euchidus, of Platseae, undertakes
to bring the facred fire frexn
Delphi, III. 236. he dies 11
his return, * Hie.

Euclid of Maegara, founder of tbi
Megarean feck, his ardour ta

• hear Socrates, IV. :fy
Euclidas', Lacedaemonian. Hi)

brother Cleomenes king cf
Sparta makes him reign wir.'i
him, VII. j 5. he is routed zt
the battle of Selafia, where its
commanded part of the anny,

3J7
Eudamidas, Lacedaemonian, com-
mands in the war againft Olyn-
thus, V. 117

Evilmerodach, king of Bibfion^

II.118

Eiiheus, eunuch t bad education

that he gives Ptolemy Phflome-

tor, whofe governor he was,

• VIII. S84

Eumenes, general in A lexander's

army. Provinces that fell to

• him after that prince*s death,
VII. 5. his marriage with Bir-
fina, 7. he retires to Perdiccas,
who puts him into pofleffion of
Cappadocia, 30. victory of Eu-
menes over Neoptolemus, acd

'then over Craterus and Neopw-
lemus together, 33. he tills
the latter with his own trad
in the battle, 35, lie is defeated
by Antigonus, and retires into
tne caftle of Nora, where he is
befieged, 39. he is bet rayed by
his troops, 80. delivered up to

Antigonus,

• AlottgDim* *&'& rasL put
death*. Si. nraife of EuofteuQs,

iXuuems I. nephew of Phi foe-
res, fucittcU his uncle in the
kingdom of Pergamus, VII.
2>5&. he. gains, a. great Yi&pr*
over Antiochus. Soiec, who
oeone to poflHs hkaAHf of his
dominion*, ibid, ho attacks. An-
tkrchusv Mierax, who was en*

wax*.

to Eunuch*. Thftufe pf*t]?.em in-

tioUiijced by Cyrus in the Eaft,
III. 27. cratftajad 'power wh&h
tliey acquired with theii* princes,

itt<U
Euphaes, king of Meflenia, is at-
tacked by the Laced qemonians,
1. 140. he is, wounded in battte
neat 1 thorn a, 741. adjudges the
pr*zerof valour to Ariftomeries,
144* he dje&of his wounds, Hid*

gaged in a war agaji»fthi&. bro- Eupolis comic goet, I- 11 3

th£r, a8i. he abandons himfelf Burylocjiu*, chief rnagjftrat*. of

tp exceues which occauQned the Magueies, influences them

lus4e»t*u ikidi a^nft the Romans, VIII. 22 1

Euraejoes. IL fueeqed* hie father Eunpjdas heads a detachment, of

Attalus in the kingdom af Per- the.Elaeans to ravage the ter-

gajjuu, YHI. 17Q. he petkfes ritoxv ©f Sicyort, VIII. 40. he

the alliance of Antiochus, 213. fails ktfo the bands of Philip,

be is, heiteged in his capita), by ibid.

Seleocus, 249* the Romans dev Euripides, tragic ppet, I* 101.

liver him,. ikd. difpute between character of that ^ojej, 103^ $$c.

Eumenesandthe R nodi an* eon
corrung the Greek cities of Afia,
2*674 &c. he offers, a conftdera-
txle claim to the- Achaean*, and
with what view, 306. war. of
Eumones with: Prufus, 3^7.
And Phamaces, 335. he. fenpls
deputies to Rome to ccinpiai*

EUuyhkdef* Laced a monian, 15
[ appointed generajiifimo of the
'- Greeks, in preference to The-
miftoclenj, III 1^7- the latter
determines to fiBjht in tne ftraita.-
, of Salatnin, 2*4, the Lacedae-
monians dec roe. him 'the. prize
of valour, 220

qf Philip, 336- lie goes to Rome Eltrydige, wife of .A'mjntas,.

himfelf to inform the Romans
of the fecret intrigues of Per feus-
IX- It Pef feus endeavours to rid
hunfiflfof Qumcnes, ftrft foy af-
jfcfiinatwn, 10. and. then by ppi-
foa, 11, Eumenes gives ear to
thepropofals of Per feus, 60. he
iaXujpeeted by the Roman?, and
cannot obtain permifiion tp en-
ter Rome, 1x5; tfce tenate feadt
c«mmuTione*s to inquire in,to
hU conduct, 116. death of Eu-
menes, 117. his praife, iiid.
famous iibjcajy fonpcUd by.luw
at Pergamus n8

Humolpid*, prieftsof Ce*es,fuc-

king," of Macedonia., prevails
upon Iphicrates, by her in* rea-
ties, to re-inftate her children ■
uppa the. thione of thejir. fa*
ther, . V. 24 9

Hurydice* wife of Aridseus : O-
lympjas caufes her to be put to -
death,. VII. 64^

Rurydicey Athenian, wife of*
Ophelias, .YI.l. 101. ,after her
faifband's death* me marries
Demetrius, 102

Eurydice, wid^w of Ptolemy
Soter, marries her daughter

. • Ftoiemajda to. Demetrius., VII,

ceifors of fiuinolpu^, wiia n>ft Euryelus, an eminence near Syra-

e3fcercifed,that ofi^cQ, I. 40 , cufei, leading to. Epipol a?, IV.

RiUK>»*«» kitift of Sparta, is .51

>Uki» ft ■ fr^ ^ fotf , w >auen, ?^rymedpn> general of the A.

: h W theni^ns^ is.cafiaejj^^ctt nay
T3 "" a great

INDEX.

a great fine, and why, IV. 28.
be goes into Sicily to the aid of
Nicias, 69, he is killed in a
battle. Si

Euryfthenes, king of Sparta, I.

Euriftheus, king of Mycenae,
famous for the twelve labours
which he made Hercules under-
take, III. 11

Eurytion, or Eurypon, king of
Sparta, renounces fome part of
the abfolute power of the kings
in favour of the people, I. 137

Euthy crates, chief magistrate of
Olynthus, puts that city into
Philip's hands, V. 280

Euthydemus, appointed by the
Athenians, to command jointly
•with Nicias, forces that general
to engage in a fea- fight, wherein
he is worfted, IV. 73

Euthydemus, king of Bactria,
makes an honourable peace with
Antiochus, who intended to
dethrone him, VIII. 122

Exemption, or Immunities,

, granted by the Athenians to
thofe who had rendered their
country great fervices, V. 241

Excnetes, of Agrigentum, vic-
tor in the Olympic games, en.
ters that city in triumph, V.

Exiles, name given the citizens
expelled by Nabisfrom Sparta*
VIII. 116. fup ported by the
Achaeans, they commit great
- cruelties at Sparta, 288. they
accufe the Achaeans at Rome,
3 14. confequence of that accu-

. fane*., 328, kc.

F.

Fabid* Maximvs, (Quintus) is
appointed dictator, II. 69. his
flow conduct in refpect to
Hannibal, 70, tec. the people
give Minucius, general of the

" horfe, eqinl power with him,
73. Fabius extricates him but

of a danger in which bis &
conduit had engaged him, -
Fabius Maximus, ftm of Pauh
/Emilius, difUnguifheshimlel:
in the war againft Perfeos, IX.

Fables. Authors to whom the in-
vention of them is afcribed, 1 II
$0. ufe of fables in refpeflto

' the education of children, ikl

Fabricius is deputed by the Re
mans to Pyrrhus, VII. 111 be
commands in the war aoinft
that prince, *t

Faith. It is the fureftbnlwuk
of a ftate, IV. 10. I quail?
effential to a prince, 204. bract
of faith often one of theprin-
cipal caufes of the rnipof em-
pires, II.44S.fc.

Famine in Egypt in the time oi
the emperor Trajan, I. *»

Fannius (C.) Roman officer, fr

• ftinguimes himfeif at the fie?
of Carthage, » 'i 1

Fermiers, or Fanners of Tai*
people little fenfible to nw*.
*V. 375, Sec. their mH ■
humanity, *• '{'

Feftivals, celebrated at Atte* i-

33, tec and at Lafljf**

III. 257

Fimbria, commander of the \*
mans m Alia, defeats the troy
o.f Mithridate*, X, pj. *f W,J
Fiaccus, feifes thatconf^;
my, and marches againft^JJ*
dates, 96. upon being ate***
ed by his troops, helnU»l*j
felfindefpair, X.

Flaccus (L. Valerius) is **
conful, and marches apawjj;
thridates, X. 9 o.hetfki«« db |
Fimbria, K

Flamininus (Qumtius) is depaw

by the Romans to Praia* »•

117. he is elected cooM "}

marches againft Philip king. 01

Macedonia, VIII. 151. I*? 1 "
a firft advantageoverthatpnn«»

156. diffcrentexpeditkwsoff*

minimis in Phocis, i j8- * ]\

conttB ued

IMDEX.

• continued in the command as

- pro-conful, 165. he has an in-
effectual interview with Philip,

- 166. he gains a great vitfory
over that prince near Scotufa
and Cynofcephale, 176. and con- .
eludes a peace with him, 182.
honours and applaufes which he
teceives in the Ifthmian games,

- 1B4. he makes war againft Na-
bis, 196. befieges him in Sparta,

• 202. and grants him peace, 203.
he triumphs at Rome, 208

Flaminius (C,) conful, marches
againft Hannibal, II. 66. he is
defeated and killed near the
lake of Thrafymene, 68

Flattery. Caufesofthe propen-
sity of princes to be feduced by
flattery, II. 242

Fortifications of the ancients, II.

466

Four hundred men inverted with
all authority at Athens, and
abufe it tyrannically, IV. 102.
their power is annulled, 106 .

French-. Ideas people had of the
ancient Gauls, VIII 1 . 292. Sec.
what patted at the liege of Phi-
lipfburgh ought to undeceive
thofe who have the fame idea
of the modern French, 293, Sec.

Friendship. Fundamental law of
it, IV. 219

Fulvia, Anthony's wife, very
,a&ive at Rome for her hufband's
'interefts, X. 196

Funerals. Funeral ceremonies m
Egypt, I. 2io. at Athens, III.

377

G.

GabinOjs, Pompey's lieutenant,
fubjects part of Syria, X. 152.
he commands there as pro-
conful, 171. upon the earned
inftances of Poropey, 'he re-

. eftablilhes Ptolemy A uletesuppn
the throne of Egypt, 172

Gadates, prince of Aflyria, fub-
mits to Cyrus, II. 278

Gagamela or Camel's houfe. place

- famous for Alexander's fecond
victory over Darius, III. iz6

Qal.\, MafiniflVs father, joins
the Carthaginians againft the
Romans, II. tzj

Galatia, or Gallo-Grscia, a pro-
vince of Alia Minor, inhabited
by the Gauls after their irrup-
tion into Greece, VII. 206

Galba : Fine faying of that em-

1 peror, VII. 43

Galley. See Shjp.

Games, part of the religion of the
ancients, I. 60. folemn games.
of Greece: The Olympic, tha
Pythian, the Nemaean, the Ifth-
mian, 62. rewards granted to
the victors In thofe games, 83.
ladies admitted to difpute the
prize in the Olympic games*

IV. %±l

Ganymedes, Ptolemy's eunuch,
fupplants Achillas, and becomes
prime minifter of Egypt in his
place, X. 184. his ftratagems
againft Caefar during his war in.

Egypt* tfi£

Gaos, admiral to Artaxerxes, re-
volts againft that prince, and on\
what occafion, HI. 1^

Gardens. Hanging gardens of Ba~
bylon, H. ,j ft

Gauls. They difpute the paf-
fage of the Alps with Hannibal,
II. 55, Sec. irruption of the
Gauls into Greece, VII. 202^
their attempt againlt the temple
of Delphi, ihid.

Gaza, in Paleftine, befieged and
taken by Alexander, VI. 108?
deftrudion of Gaza by Alexan-
der Jannaeus, JX. 265

Gelanor, king of Argos, III. u

Gela, city of Sicily, IV. 31

Geiliae, citizen of Agrigentum,
his noble ufe of riches, V. 5

Gelon poffefles himfelf of fu-

Freme authority at Syracufe,
II.343. reafons that prevent
him from aiding the Greeks

when

1&U>£X-

r fiRen, attacked bp-Xenes* 193.
he defeats Ham i lea r, general-
•f the Carthaginians. I„ 313.
the Syracufans proclaim him

' king, III. 345. his wife con-
duct during his reign,. 346. his
death, 349. refped which the,

. Syracufans retained for his me-

' mory, ifaf.

praviiKC* where tjKslh&as-
manded heibre* X. 138. t
djfcourfe on hxs afival «$
men! sj:he licenneof Luculhii>
troops, 13;

Glaucias, king, of lUyrium, take
Pyrrhusi under, bik nrowciii".
and re-eftahliJhei him ia fc
dominions* VII- ivi

Gelon, fon of Hiero, ef pontes Glauco, a young Athenian, &•

the party of the Carthaginian*
, againft the Romans, X. 23. he
dies foon after, ib!J.

Cenius Height to which the an,-.
cients carried genius, X. 45

Ceptius, king of Illyrium, be-
comes fuipectedby the Romans,
TX 13. he makes an alliance
with Perfeus, 59. he declares
again ft the Romans, andimpri-
fons their amtofodors, 63. the
Romans fend the praetor Ani-
cius againft him, 'bid. Gentium
15 obliged to throw himfelf at
his feet, and implore his mercy,

fitous of having a»ihaitintK
adminiitration of the $&&
affairs, IV 291. Socrates, if J
converfatioxw obliges himtoaw
his incapacity for them, "*'•

Cobryas, AfTyriaa lad, ptf
himielf and family under tte

. proteitioa of Cyrus, 11. *"•.
he pute himfelf at the had 0:
a body of troops.at thcHs^ *
Babylon, 3 17. Gohryas eeict
into the conf piracy againft Siwr-
dis tha Magiaa, rfi- *» *P
of the. urefeoi given Dtf«»f
the acythiaos, IN- 11 *

ibhi. A nidus fends him to Rome Gobryas> Ferfian lord, cpbmw

with all his family, ibid.

.geometry. People to whom the

invention of that fcience is at*.

tributed, I. zi6

<Sergis, fon of Ariazus, one of

the fix generals of Xerxes 's ar-

my

in. 189

in the army of Artaxer^
U the battle of CuWft 1Y ;

Cod. Aaftuer. 0/ Simoni*!**?
prince who aJked hi* 1 * 11
Go» was, III. 351.01*^

G oj> a'vkoaw ledged bf S«**

IV. ty

feigns, one of th* Paryfaris's wo- _

men, confefies the pojfoning of Goidiaij, capital cityvO* "Wj

Statira, IV. zio. ihe is put to famous fox the cJ^* tw . vi

death, . Ibid. the Gordian knot was tied*^»

Cifgo, fon of Hamilcar, is pu- Alexander cut, , Y j\£

nilhed for his father's ill fuc- Gorgidas,, Athenian, J^ ^

cefs, and is baniihed, I.jn pidas to expel the tyiMts*

Gifgo, Carthaginian, endeavours Thebes, J* y

to fupprefs. the revolt of the Gorgis, fophift, if feat dey*.

mercenaries, 11. 2&. Spend* us, from* tfc* Leontinea t9 . A r!j.

thek general, puts him to death*. to. demand aid agau# l ^? ; /

32 cujaos, . J\.

£ ifgo . endeavours to prevent the Gor#>> daughter of C Je< ?ffJvi'

Carthaginians from accepting
the conditions of peace pro,poXed
by Scipio, II. 102

Clabrio, (f4an, AciliusJ ohtajns
BiU>ynia, aud, Pontus for. &s

fnwt faying of that c* ^

Government. Piflferentli^
government, 1. 24, «^ W T
lie t^e moit p«^>* y 'C

W*

"*N

• f

INDEX*

irievr and end of all govern-
ment, 335

Gracchus (Tiberius) diftmguifhes
himfelf at the liege of Carthage,
11. 151. being tribune of the
people, he propofes a law con-
cerning the wrtT of Attains, and
is kil led foon after, IX. 209

Grandees. Example how little
their friendship is to be relied
on, 183. blind ne Is too common
to the great, 270. miftaken am-
bition fufficiently common to
the great, VII. 70, Sec* See
Princes, Kings.

Granicus, river cfPhrygia, famous
for the victory of Alexandec

• over the Perfians, VI. 16
Gratkude : the principal virtue of

the Egyptians, I. 200.

Greece, Greeks, geographical de-

• icriptton of ancient Greeee, 111.
2. hiftory of Greece divided
into four ages, 6. primitive ori-
gin of the Greeks, 7. diffe-
rent ftafes of which Greece was
com po fed, 10. transmigrations
of the Greeks into Afia Minor,
16, Sec. fettlement of the
Greeks in Sicily, IV, 30. man-
ners and cuftoms of the Greeks,
334* 'Ac. republican govern-

-ment inftituted almoft univer-
fally in Greece, III. 19. Mon-
fieur BoiTuet's reflexions upon
that kind of government, VI.
311. love of liberty the pecu-
liar charade r of the Greeks, IX.
152. . different kind of troops
that com po fed the armies of the
Greeks, IV. 387. mips, and na-
val forces, 3^2. people of Greece
very warlike in all times, 382.
origin and caufe of courage and
military virtue amongft the
Greeks, 384. religion of the
Greeks, I. 23 > of the augurs,
45. of the oracles, 48. famods
games and combats of Greece,
60. difference of tafle of the
Greeks and Romans in refpe^t
to public (haws, 87. difputes

• for the prize of wit, mows, xnd
rep re fc. nations of the- theatre,
90. iiluftrious men whodiflin-
guHhetf themfeltes moii by the
arts and fciences amongft the
Greeks, IH. 71. diale&s of the
Greeks, 18. . See the articles
Athenians and Lacedaemonians,
for what relates to the wars of
Greece with the Perfians and
Macedonians. Greece becomes
a Roman province, IX. 141.
reflections upon the catffes of
the grandeur, decline, and rum
of Greece, 146, &c.

G/ypus. Sec Antiochus Cry-
pus. *

GulufTa, fon of MafiniiTa, di-
vides the kingdom with his two
brothers after his father's death,

II. 165

Gyges kills Candauies, king of
Lyefta, whole principal officer
he was, and afcends the throne.
in his ftead, II. 236. what

• Plato fays of his ring, /A/V.
Gylippus, Lacedaemonian, goes

to the aid of Syracufe* befieged
. by the Athenians, IV. 62. his

• arrival in Sicily changes the face
of things, 63. he obliges the
Athenians, to fur render at dis-
cretion, 88. his fordid avarice
lull ies the glory of his great
actions, 141

Gymnaftick, art of forming the
athletae, 1.66

Gynecaea, or apartments of the

. ladies amongit the G reeks, 1 . 64

H.

Hamus, mountain between Thrace
andTheffaly, VII I. 364

Hair of Berenice, VI 1 . 278

Haliartus, city of Boeotia, fides
with Perfeus, IX. ig.theprflB*
tor Lucretius takes and entirely
demol tikes it, 37

Halicarnallus, city of Doris, III.
5. befieged and taken by Alex^
ander, VI. 34

Halyattes*

|NDSX>

Hatyattf*, king of Lydia^ II.

. %$1. war of that prince with

. Cyaxares, 230. he continues

the iiege of Miletus begun by

his father, z$j. he miles the

• iitgeof that city, and wherefore,*

23*
Hatne&rts, wife of Teriteuch-

mes, I V. 147. cruelty of that •

princefs, .148

Hamilcaf commands the army

fent by the Carthaginians into

.Sicily at the requcft of Xerxes,

. I. 3 io. it ia defeated by. Gelon,

tyrant of Syracufe-, 311,, his

.death, ibid.

Hamilcar, fon of Oyfcon, com-

.rflands the Carthaginian army

. againft Agathocies, and gains a

.great vktory over him, I. 3,28.

he falls alive into the hands of

the Syracufans whilft befie§ix\g

> their city, 3a 6% he is. put to

.death, ibid.

Hamijcar, furname^i Barcba, gq-

. petal of the Carthaginians, 1 1 .

, 25. beldnefc aad ability, of that *

general ^ibid. he. cjpmjrnands the

army againft the t mercenaries,

3,1. aad defeats, them entirely,

34. lie goes to Spain, which he

. conquers in a flaort time, 40. \t

«i$ killed in a battle, ibitf.

Hamilcar,, tyirnamed Rhodianus,

a Carthaginian, goes into the

• earnp of Alexander by order of
Carthage, I. 339. at his return
he is put to death* ibid.

Ifcmruhal,. fon of Oifgo, is placed
at the head of the troops fent
by the Carthaginians into Sicily
to the aid of the people of E.
fgeita, L 31a. a&ions of that
general i/i Sicily, 3,13. he dies
there of the plague,. 3 14

Hannibal cearoiands the. Cjirtha~

.giniaa fleet, and is> defeated

by t he conl'ul DuUius, I L. 5 . he

befieges the mercenaries, in. Tu-

.»is» 34. he foils into, their hands-.

-aad-is.itru^itoU ibid..

Hannibal, rfumamed the Great,

at nine years old goes with fcs

. father fent to* command in Spain.
II .40. he is appointed to com-
jnand there after Afdrubal'*
death, 42. after feveral cob^

r.quefU he befieges Saguntuis*
44. and takes it, 45. he pre-
pares for his march into ltaly^
48. he goes to Cadix, and with
what view, ibid, he begjUis his
march, ibid. his. expeditions as
far as the Rhone, 49. he paifes.
that river, 50". his march after-
wards, 51. he paifes the Alps,
53. he .eaters Italy, 57. he de-
feats the Roman* near the ri-
ver Ticinus, 5$. then atTrebia*
6z. he marches to Tufcany, 65. -
he lofes an eye in paling the A-
peruunes, 66.. he gains, a battle;
near the lake of Thrafymene,6$ .

• his conduct in regard to Fabiuc^
69. his manner of epuricatJug

_ himielf. from, the) wrong iteg> he
had taken, at Ca£tii?iua, 7a. he
gains- a famous, victory aear
Cannse, 79, &c he,fendidegu-
ties to Carthago with the news,
of his. victory, and to demand
re-inforcements, &i. he winters.
at Caoua, 82*. and fufiers the
courage of his troop* to lie.
enervated by the luxury of that
place,. S$.

Bad fuccefs of Hannibal, IK

86. he. dies to the aid o£ Capua,.
heiieged by. the Romans, ibid.
to make.adiverfion, he marches
fuddenly hack againft Rome,

87. after various attempts, be
abandons that enterprise, 88. be
is recalled into Africa, 9$. he
has an interview with Scipio,.
98. foHowedby a tattle hi which-
he is defeated, 100. he e (capes, to

. Carthage,/^, hecaufe&apcace
..to be concluded with the Ro-
man*, &0.1. he undertake* and
eiteds tlw reformation of the
oaiti* of Jju^iceano^IinancAJi, at

GUtfhag*,.

INDEX.

Cithigt, *©7. |wirftiea*yithe *Harpalttsv governor ©f -Babyloft

^Romans* he retires to Amio- • 'for Alexander, quits the fervice !

chus, in. his difcourfe to that of that prince, and retires to

prince, and the counfel she gives Athens, VI.' 265. he corrupts

him, 1 1 2. he retires firft. to «the Demofthenes with his prefent?,

iflartd of Crete, 116. then to 467. the Athenians drive Har-

Pru fists, 1 17. he does that prinee palus out of their city ; ' ibij.

great Cervices, iUdx betrayed by Harpates, fon ef Ticibafus, a(%

Prufias;hepoifonshin>felf, 118. faflinates Arfames by order of

Hannibal's character and praife, * Ochus, V, 1^7

119 Hecatfeus, one of Alexander's

Hannibal, young Carthaginian, officers, caufes Attalus to be

feat to Hieronymus by Han- affaifinated by that prince's or-

ntbal, X. 27 der, ' VI. 14

fHanno, citizen of Carthage, forms Hegelochus, Phyfcon's general,
the defign • of making himfelf defeats the Alexandrians, -and

matter of the commonwealth, takes their general Marfyas pri-

I. 328. he is difcovered and foner, IX. 220
puniihed, ibid. -Hegefipyla, wife of Miltiades,

Hanno, Carthaginian, is placed and mother of Ctmon, UK

at the head of the troops againft 146

Agathocles, I. 333. he is killed Hegetorides, Thafian, expofes his

in battle, kind. life for the fafety of his city

Hanno, general of the Garthagi- befieged by the Athenians, III.

aians, is defeated by the Ro- 186

mans near the iflands Agates, Helena, daughter of Tyndarus,

II. 23. the Carthaginians give aad wife of Menelaus, carried
him the command of their troops away by Paris, fon of Priam,
againft the mercenaries, 30. king of Troy, 1 1 1. « 14
the command is taken from him, Helenas, fon of Pyrrhus, accom-
31. the Carthaginians place - panies his father to the ficge-
him again at the head, of their ©f A egos,, VII. 248. he enters
troops, 35. Hanno oppofes in the city with a body of 'troops,
vain the undertaking of the fe- which occafion? a confuiion, in
cond Punic war, -42 which his father perimes, ibid.

Harmodius confpires againft the Helepolis, machine of war invent-

tyrants of Athens, III. 66. his • ed by £>emetrius, VII. 127

death, ibid, ftatues ere&ed in Helicon of Cyzicum, mathemai

honour of him by the Athe- tician, V. 67

nians, 6$f Heliodorus, prime- minifter to Se-

Harmonia, wife of ThemtftuSj is - leucus Philopator, goes to Je-

put to death by order of the rufalem to take away the trea-

people of Syracufe, X. 34. Aires of the temple, VI II. 372.

Htfpagus, officer of Aftyages, is ' chaftifement which -he receives

ordered by that prince to make from God on that account, 373.

away with Cyrus, II. 353. rage he poifons Se leucus and ufurps

of Aftyages upon discovering the crown, 375. he is expelled

that Hafpagus had difobeyed his - by Eumenes, ibid.

orders, and the revenge he Heliopolis, city of the Lower

Jakes of him, ibid, Egypt, famous for its temple de-

fr dicatei

INDEX.

xJicated to the fun, I . ito.'furious
actions of Cambyfcs there, 193

Hellaiiodica?, name of thofc who
pen if ted in the athletic games
of Greece, I. 68

Hellenus, fon of Deucalion,
king of Theflaly, from whom
the Greeks derive their name

EX^UViC, HI- l6

Hcllefpont, ftrait between Europe
and Ana, III. 1B3

Helots Origin and condition of
the Helots, I. 136. cruelties of
the Lacedaemonians in refpeel
to them, III. 46. revolt of the
Helots againft the Lacedaemo-
nians, 307

Ilciuerodromi : Runners orcouriers
among the Greeks, VIII. 139

Hephaeition, Alexander's .fa-
vourite : Miftake of the captive
princeflcs in reipecl to him, VI.
63. he receives a wound at the
battle of Arbela, 132. Alex-
ander makes him marry Darius's
youngeft daughter, 263, his
death, Alexander's efteem for
that favourite, 271. extraordi-
nary honours which that prince
caul'es to be paid him after his
death, 275-, &c.

Ueptanomis, or Middle Egypt, dc-
fcription of it, I. 170

Heraclsea, city of Pontus : ty-
rants who governed it, I. 162.
deitruClion of that city by Cotta,

X. 120

Heraclaea, in JEtol'iA, befiegcd and
taken by the conful Acilius,

VIII. 241

Heraclea, wife of Zoippus, of
the family' of Hiero, is maf-
f acred with her children, by
order of the people of Syracufe,

. X.34, 3S
Jlcraclidae, or defcendents trom

Hercules. They fucceed the
Atyades in the kingdom of Ly-
'dia, II. 234 they feife Pelopon-
, nefus, and are foon after driven
out of it, III. 11. they re-enter x
Peloponnefus,and feife Laced ie-
jnon, 17. they endeavour to op-

pole the augmentation of tfe
Athenians, who defeat them i:
a battle, ii

Heraclides, minifter of Seuthes.
king of Thrace : His perfdr.

IV. «♦

Heraclides, exile of Syracuit,
comes to the aid of his country
againft Dionyiius, V. 76. the
Syracufans choofe him admirai,
ibid, his envy of Dion, 77. k
is obliged to -call in Dion to the
aid of Syracufe, 84. and to put
"him fe If into his hands, 85. Dicn
rcitores him the command m
chief by lea, 86. Heraclices
renews his intrigues againft
Dion, ibid. Dion is obliged to
fufler him to be killed, $9

Heraclides, Philip's minuter, toa
chara&er, VIII. 151. Philip
facrifices him to gain the atiec-
tion of the Macedonians, i&J.

Heraclides, of Byzantium, is de-
puted by Antiochus to Scipio
Africanus, VIII. 255

Heraclides,. treafurer of the pro-
vince of Babylon, is banilkJ
by Demetrius Soter, IX. 1:9.
he is appointed by Ptokmy,
Attalus, and Ariarathes, to pre-
pare Alexander Bala for pCT-
Ibnating the fon of Antiocsu>
Eptphanes, in order to his

. reigning inftead of Demetrius,
183. he carries him to Rome,
where he fucceeds in cauiu$
him to be acknowledged king

of Syria, «**'• 1*4

Herbefles, city of Sicily, V. 15

Hercules, fon of Jupiter and AJc«

mena, fubje&ed to Euryfth««

by the fraud of Juno, III. u

Hercules, fon of Alexander ami

. Barfina, VII . .7. is put to death

by Polyfperchon, 9&

Henppidas, Spartan : His too ru

gid exacinefs obliges Spithn-

dates to abandon the party of

the Lacedaemonians, IV. *H

Hcrmias, Carian, is declared

prime minifter of Antiochus the

Great, VIII. 3. hi* character,

ALL

INDEX.

ibid, he removes Epigenes, the
moil able of Antiochus's gene-
rals, 8. Achuntics caufes him
to be afiaflinated, ii

Hermocrates, Syracufan, encou-
rages his citizens to defend
themfelves agaiuft the 'Athe-
nians, IV. 54. he is electee} ge-
neral, ibid.

iiermalaus, officer in the train of
Alexander, con fp ires againft'
that prince, Vi. iip. hejsdif-
covered and punilhed, ibid,

Herod, Idumaean, is made- go-
vernor of Galilee, IX. 279. he
efcapes from Jerufakm to avoid
falling into the hands of the
Parthians, ibid, he goes to Rome,
and is declared king of j udaea
by the fenate, 280. he forms the
fiege of Jerusalem, 281. he goes
to Samaria, and efpoufes Mari-
-amne, ibid, he makes him (elf
matter of Jerufalem, and afcends
the throne of J udasa , 282

Herodicus, one of the .principal
perfons of Theffaly ; Unhappy
fate of that prince and hi* Ja-
mil y, . VI II. 340
Herodotus, Greek hift'orian : His
birth, III. 170. applaufes
which he received at the Olym-
pic games on reading his hif-
tory there, I. 90
Herodotus, friend of Demetrius,
fon of Philip, is fcifed on that,
prince's account, VIII. 365.
he is put to the queftion, and
dies in the torments, 3 66
Heroes. Times-moft famous for
the hiftory of the heroes, III.
13. description of moil of the
heroes fo much boafted of In
hiftpry, II. 35 r
Hellod, Creek, poet, HI.. 74
Hcjekiah, . king of Judah, \ is
cured miratfuloufly, ll. 206. he
fhows the amtaqTa^ers of thfl[
king of Babylon hisfiches apd
his palace, ibid. Coo menaces
him by hit prophet, /&^accom-
Voi. X.

ptimment of thofe threats,

x\X
Hidames, Perfian of great quality,
. Statira's father, IV. 147

Hiempfal, fpn of Micipfa, king
. of Numidia, II. 165. Jugurtha
caufes him to be murthered, 167
Hierax, of Anttoch, becomes prime
miniftcr to Phyfcon, IX. 203.
that prince puts him todeathye.
Hiero I. brother of Gelon, reigns
after him in Syracufc, III. 349.
his character, 350. fufpicions
which he forms againil his bro-
ther, ibid, he attracts learned
men about him, 351. his good-
nefs to the children of Anaxtw
. laui, 354. his death, ibid.

H*ero II. His birth, X. 1. he
is chofen captain-general of the
Syracufans, 2. and loan after
elected king, 4. he quits the
party of the Carthaginians, and
. efpoufes that of the Romans,
6. he aids the fUA againft the
mercenaries, 7. his . pacific
. reign,' %i p. he favours agrtcuU
. ture particularly, 10.- diitin-
guifhed proofs which he gives of
. his attachment to the Romans
in the fecond Punic war, 12,
23. he employs the ability of
Archimedes, who makes abun-

dance of machines of wartfor him

. for the defence. of a place,* x8.

gal ley whicr^rchimqde* builds

fpr him, 20. he tfie* at .a great

age, much-, lamented by his

. people, „. : : • .. ?3

Jlierocies, father of Hiero* cfeufes

his fon to be expofed, and then

to be brought beck tp his houjut*

where he educates him with

. greajcare, X. 1

Hieroglyp hies-: Signification t of

. the word* . l/iyt

Hieronymus, Hiero** grandfon,

reigns after , him at Syracitfe,

. and by his vices caufes him^to

be much regretted, X/aj, 35.

. he make* an alliance with Han-

U* sibal

INDEX.

* *

jiiba! f 27. he is killed in a con* reduced to fly, ihii. he, with

fpiracy, 28 Epkydes, poflefs themfelves of

Hierophantes, name given the per- All authority at Syracufe, 33.

fon who prodded at the core* he makes war in the field

mony of the feaft of Eleufis, againft Marcel lus, 46, 49. the

I.40. plague deftroys him and his

Himera, city of Sicily ; its fouu- troops, 50

datum, IV. 31. its deltru&ton, Hipponax, iktyrio poet, known

I. 510 by his verfes againft Pupalaa

Hirniicon, Carthaginian general, and Athenis, III. 77

comes to Sicily, to drive the Holophemcs, general for the king

Romans out of it, X. 46. he of Aflyria, inarches againft the

perilhes there, 50 Ifraelites, and befieges Bethu-

Hippacra, city of Africa, refufed lia, II. 229. Judith cuts off*

at nrft to join the mercenaries, his head, ibid.

II. 29. and joins them after- Holophernes, fuppofed brother

wards, 32 of Ariarathes, king of Cappa-

Hipparchus, fon of Pitulratus, docia, dethrones him, and reigns
governs at Athens after his fa- in his Head, IX. 315. he is
ther's death, III. 66. his tafti driven out by Attatus, and re-
fer literature, ibid, he is killed tires to Antioch, 326. he enters
1st the «otif piracy of Harmodius into a confpiracy againft Detne-
and Ariftogiton, ibid, trius, his benefa&or, ibid, that

Hipparinus, brother of Diony- prince imprifons him, ibid.

Uus, dri*«t Calippus out of Sy- Homer, famous poet, III. 71.

sacufo, and reigns there two Sec. to what perfection he car-

- years, V. 92. ries the fpecies of poetry to
Hippias, fon of Phlftratus, re. which he applied himfelf 73

- tarns the fovcreignty after the Horfe : the Horfe, or the Knights,
death of his father, III. 65. he a comedy of Ariftophanes, I.

. finds meanstofruftrate the con- 109

fpiracy formed by Harmodius Hofea, king of Samaria, revolts

and Ariftogiton, 66. ho is com- againft the king of Affyria, II.

pel led to quit Attica, and goes 204. he is laden with chains by

to .fettle in Phrygia, 68. he Salmanafar, and put in prifon

takes refuge in Ana with A rta- for the reft of his lire, 205.

pheraesv 71. he engages the Hyacinthus, feafts celebrated in

. Per&uss In the 'war againft the honour of him at Lacedsemon,

. Crejks^ a«d> fovea them as a III. 226

guide, 153. he is killed at Ma- Hydarnes commands the Perfians

; mhos, *• righting againft his called the Immortals, in the

, country, 157 army of Xerxes, III. 1*9

Hippocrates, famous phyfician: Hydraotes, a river of India, VI.

Ha great ability, II. 4>7- his 234

diuntereftednefs, in. 379 Hymereus, brother of Demetrius

Hiprjocrates, native of Carthage, Phalereus, is delivered up- to

lis fent by Hannibal* to Hiero- Antipater, who puts him to

t jsymus} and refides at his court, death, VII. 20

t X. 07.' he becomes one of the Hyperbolus, Athenian : his cha-

< principal magiftrates of Syra- racier, IV. 25. he endeavours

.cutis, 35» he marches to the to irritate the people againft

aid 4>f Uomium, 37. and is Wicias and Alcibiades, ibM.

v - he

INDEX.
he is bamflied by the oftraciim, Hyftigeus, tyrant of Miletus, pre-

vails upon the generals of Ionia,
not to abandon Darius* then
employed in a war with the
Scythians, III. 127. Darius
grants him a territory' m Thrace,
where hr* builds a city, 129.
that prince recalls him to court,
ibid. Hylliaeus fecretly fuppqrts
the revolt of the Ioaians, 114.
he forms a confpiracy agakift
the government, 140. he is dif-
covered, ibid, he is taken by
the Perfians, delivered up to
Artapherncs, and put to death,
24a. character of Hyitkeus, ibid.

26

Hypiicratia, one of the wives of
Mithridates : Her mafculine
courage, X. 146

Hyrcanians, people in the neigh-
bourhood of Babylonia, fubject-
ed by Cyrus, II. 273

Hyrcarrus (John} fan of Simon,
is declared 1iigh-prieft, and
prince of the Jews after his fa-
ther's death, IX. 214. he is be-
fieged by Antiochus Sidetes, in
Jemfalem, iKd. and furrenders
by capitulation, 213. be renders
himfelf abfolute and indepen-
dent, 217. he renews the treaty
with the Romans, 221. he aug-
ments his power in Judaea, 229.
he takes fiarrHriai and ririno»
lHhes it, 231. he becomes an

enemy to the Pharifees, 234. he Jaddus, high-pricit of the Jews,
.dies* . &id. implores the protection of G 04

Hyrcanus, fon of Alexander Tan- agaiiift Alexander* VI. 99. ho-
narns, is made high-prieit of nours paid him by that prince,
the Tews, IX. 268, after .the 100. his death, VII. 38

death of Alexander he takes pof- Jalyfus, founder of Rhodes, re-
feflion of the throne, 27 1. he is jprefented in a painting by Pro-
obliged to f ubmit to Ariftobulus togenes, VII. 136
his younger brother* ibid, lie Iambic verfe proper for tragedy*
has recourfe to Pompey, who \ 1. 107
replaces him upon the throne, Jafon, tyrant of Pherae, is de-
2?3» &c. he is again dethroned claredgeneraliifimoof the Thef-
by Pacorus, fon of Orodes, and feJians, V. 158. death puts a
delivered up to Antigonus, who flop to his deigns, ibid.
caufes his ears to be cut off*, 279. Jafon fup plants his brother Oni-

I.

Iacchus. See Bacchus.

the Parthian; carry him into the
Eaft, 280. he returns to Jem-
falem, where Herod puts him to
death, ibid.

Hyftafpes, father of Darius, go-
vernor of Perfia, 1 1 . 369

as, high-prieft of the Jews,
VIII. 37$. he is fupplanted
himfelf by his brother Mene-
laus, 381. he takes J«ruialem
and obliges Menelaus to retire
into the citadel, 3^85

Hyftafpes, fccond fon of Xerxes, Javan, or Ion, fon of Japhet,
is made governor of Ba&riana, " '" * " "*"
III. 245. his remotenefs from
court makes way for his bro-
ther Artaxerxes to afcend the
throne, 269. Artaxerxes under-
takes to reduce him, 272, and
entirely ruins his party* 273

father of all the people known
under the name 01 Greeks*.

III. 7
Javelins, exercife of the javelin.

I..74

Iberians, people of Ana, fubjecled

by Pompey, X- 151

U 2 Ibis,

INDEX.

Ibis, animal adored by the Egyp?
tians, I. 203, 207

lcetasof Syracufr, tyrant of the*
Leontines, caofes the wife and
mother-in-law of Dion to be
put to death, V. 01. the Syra-
cufans call in his aid againlt
Dionyfius, and elecl him their
general, 97. he conceives the de-
sign of making hlmfelf matter
of Syracufe, Ihld. and lei fes great

Cirtofthecity, 99, too. Ti mo-
on, marches aga'mit him, and
obliges him to live as a private

* perfon in the city of the Leon-
tines, 109. Icetas revolts agamft
Timoleon, who puniihes him
and his fon with death, 1 10

Ichneumon, animal adored in E-
gyptt 1. 207

Idolatry : Which the moil ancient
and molt general, 11. 424. See
Religion. * <-

Muroaeans, people of PalefVme :
Hyrcanus obliges them to em-
brace Judaifm, IX. 263

Jealoufy or Enyy, an incurable
difeafe of the mind, VH. «8 r
it fullies the glory t>f thegreit-
tft actions, X. 144

Techonias, or Jcholachim, kinyot
Judah, is led captive to Ba-
bylon, II. 214. he is fct at li-
berty after an imprifonraent
there of thirty-feven years, 218

Jehoaz, king of Judaea, led cap-
tite into Egypt, where he dies,

I- *57

Jehoiachim is placed by Necha*

upon the throne of j ud&a in the

room of his brother Jehoaz, I.

257. he is conquered by Nebu-

chodonofor, II 211. he revolts.

agamft that prince, 214. his

death, #'</.

Jerufalem, city of Paleftine, I. 29.

taking of that city by Nechao,

I. 258. it is befceged by Sena*

cherib, and delivered miracu,

loufly, 1 1 . 207, it is befieged and

' taken by Nebuchodonofor,, 21 1.

its fortifications demolished by.
that prince, Ibid, and rebuilt by
order of Artaxerxes, III. 297.
Alexander's entrance into Jeru-
falem, VI. 101. it is befieged
and taken by Ptolemy, VI 1 .41 .
it is taken and plundered by An-
tiochu s £ piphanes,. VIII. 385.
•its temple is prophaned, ibid.
it is taken,by Antiochus Side tes,.

' who caufes its fortifications tot
be demolUhed, IX. 212-. Pom*
pey takes Jerufalem by ftomv
276. Csefar permits its walls to
be rebuilt, which Pompey had
caufed to. be demolished, 279.
Herod takes Jerufalem, 281

Jesus Chrkt, his kingdom fore-
told by Daniel, II. 339. con-
trail between the kingdom* of
the world and the kingdom of*
Christ, * 341

Jews, maflacre of the Jews by;
order of Senacherib, II. 208.
averfion of the Jews for the Sa-
maritans, 209. captivity of the
Jews at Babylon, and its dura-
tion, 211, Sec. Cyrus's fediA for
their return to Jerufalem, 335.

' the rebuilding of. their city op*
xofed > by the Sarnaritans, 336.

1 Darius confirms Cyrus ' s edicl in
their favour, III. 105. his edict
againfl the Jews revoked at the
folicitation of Either, II. 384.
, the Jews are confirmed in their
privileges by Xerxes, III. 170.
and afterwards by Artaxerxes,
295 . Ochus carries a great num-
ber of Jews' captive into Egypt,

■ V. 223. the Jews refufe to
fubmit to Alexander, VI. 99.
they obtain great privileges from
that prince, 107. they refufe to
work at the building of the tem-
ple of Belus, 282
The Jews fettle at Alexandria
in great numbers, VII. 94. all
thofe who were (laves in Egypt
are fet at liberty, 208. the Jews
♦ fubmit to Antiochus the Great,

YUI. «i$

INDEX.

VI TI. 155. cruelties which they
fuiferfrDmAittiochusEpiphaoeSy
385, Sec. they sain great victo-
ries under Judas Maccabseus,
firft over the generals of that
prince, then over thofe of Anti-
ochus Eupator, and over him-
felf in perfon, 407, 412, 416.
IX. 169. they make peace with

and fopports their revolt agatnft
the Perfians, III. 290. he trea ts
with Megabyfus, general of t he
Perfians, and iurrenders him^lf
292. he is delivered to the irjo-
ther of Artaxcrxes, and put to-
death, 393

Inceft, common among* the Per.
funs. 11. jfa

AntJochus, 171. they gain new Indathyrfus, king of the Scy-

viclories over the generals of thians, attacked by Darius, III.

Pemetrius Soter, 180. they are 125. anfwer of that prince to

declared friends and allies of the Darius, who lent to demand fire

Romans, #/</. they build a tern- and water from him, Hid,

pie in Egypt, 186, Sec. they re. India, region of Alia, divided in

venge themfclves on the inha-
bitants of Antioch, for the evils
they had fuflbed from them,
1 93 . they renew the treaties with
the Romans, 197. they are fub-
jefted by Anrjochus Sidetes,
212. hiftoryof the Jews under
Ariftobulus, 261. Alexander
Jannseus, 264. Alexandra, 268.
Ariftobulus II. 272. Hyrcanus,
277. Antigonus, 281. the fove-
reignty over the Jews transferred
to a ftranger, 282

Imilcon, Ion of Harmo, is lent
lieutenant to Hannibal on his
going to command in Sicily,
I. 313. he takes Agrigentum,

two parts, VI. 213. manners of
its inhabitants, 215. rarities of
that country, 216, Sec. hiftoryof
the commerce with mat coun-
try from Solomon's time to the
prelent, I. 191. very lingular
difpute be tw een two Indian
women after the death of their
common huiband, VII. 74. ex.
peditions of Semtramis into In.
dia, II. 194. conqueft of India
by Darius, It I. 131. then by
Alexander, VI. 217.
Informers. How punHhed in Per.
fia,II. 383. definition of them
by Plutarch, V. 73. See C*.

Imnmators, or Falfe-accwfers.

3 15. he puts an end to the war Ingratitude punifhed moft feverely

by a treaty with Dionyfius, and amongft the Perfians II. 2 50 *

returns to Carthage, 316. he re. Intaphemts, Perfian lord v His

turns to Sicilr at the head of an iofolence and puaiflunent, III.

army, 318. the plague fpreads 97

in his army, 319. he is defeated Iatereft of money amongft the

by Dionyfius, 320. he leaves Romans, X. 117

his troops to the mercy of the Iolas, fecond fon of Antipatcr,

enemy, and retires to Carthage, and cup-bearer to Alexander, is

where he kills himlelf, 321 fufpsded of having poifoned

Immortality of the Soul. See Soul. that prince, VI. 285

Immortals, guards of the Perfian Ion, fon of Xuthus, who gave his

kings focailed, H.398 name to Ionia, III. 17

I mnranities. See Exemptions. Ion, favourite .of Perfinu, delivers .

Imports. See Tribntei or Taxes. up that prince's children to Oc-

loachus, king of Areas, III. 11. tavrat, IX. 82

Idarus, prince of the Libyans, is Jonathan, Jew and Sadducee,

chofen king by the Egyptians) brings over Hyrcanos to his feci

U3 from

IN0EX.

from that of the Pharifee, IX.

Jonathan, brother of Judas Mac*
cabseus, fucceeds him in the go-
vernment of Judaea, IX. 18 u
he accepts of the high-pricft-
Wxxl from Alexander Bala, and

. aids that prince againft Deme-

. triuf Soter, 184. he undertakes
to drive the Greeks out of the
citadel which they had in Je-
rufaiem, 19a, lee. Demetrius
Nicator orders him to attend
him upon that affair, ibid. Jo-
nathan aids that prince agafnA
the people of Antioch, 193.
difgufted by the ingratitude
of Demetrius, he declare* for
Amiochu* Theos, 195. he fuller*
himfelf to be deceived by Try-
phon, who put* him to death,

iMd.

Ionia, province of Afia Minor,
III. 5. from whom it takes its
name, 17

lonians. Revolt of the lonians
.againjt Darius, III. 131. they
burn the city of Sardis, 138.
their party is entirely* ruined, -
142, they throw of the Periian
yoke after the battle of Salamin,
and unite with the Greeks from
thenceforth, H*

{ofeph, fon of Jacob, ■ 1 . 234
ofeph, Oaias's nephew is fent >
into Egypt to make his uncle' a
«*cufe to Ptolemy, VII. 287.
hip csedtt. with Ptolemy, a8*
that prince gives him the farm
ofthe revenues of Coetofyria and -

Paleftine without fecurity, ibid,
Jofiah, king of Judah, marches
againft Nechao, is defeated, and
dies of a wound received in bat- ~
tie, 256

Iphicrates, Athenian, is fent to. 7
aid Core via, V. 135. . he is
placed at the head of the Gre-
cian troops in .the expedition of *
Artaxerxes againft Egypt, i86 r '
he retires to Athens where Phar-

nabafuscaufes him to be accufed
of making the expedftion mif-

. carry, 189. the Athenians em-
ploy hrm in the war with the
allies, 204. he is accufed by
Chares, and eked to take his
trial, 209. means which he em-
ploys for his defence, iiid. tec.
he re~e(latytihes Pcrdiccas upon
the throne of Macedonia, 249.
praifeof Iphicrates, 205. mi-
litary difciplme which he eUa-
btlfhes amongft the troops, 206

Ipfus, city of Phrygia, famous for
the victory of Ptolemy, Caf-
fander, Seleucus, and Lyfima-
chus, over Antigonus and De-
metrius, VII. 14$

Irony attributed to Socrates, IV.

298

I fadas, young Spartan; his great
courage, V. 17 r

Ifagoras, Athenian, forms a fac-
tion in Athens after the expul-
sion of the tyrants, III. 70

Ifcholas, Spartan, guards an im-
portant pafs during, the irrup-
tion of the Thebans ioto Laco-
nia, and diilinguilhes himfelf in
a peculiar manner, V. 147

Ilk, part of the city of Syracufe :
description of it, IV. 50

Ifmenks, Theban, is made pri-
foner with Pelopidas, by Alex-
ander of Pherat, V. 161. he is
delivered by Epaminondas, 164

Ifmenius, Polemarch of Thebes,
is feifed by Leontides, and car-
ried prifoner to the citadel, V.
118, he is condemned and exe-
cuted, iio

I foe rates, Greek orator: Ser-
vices which he endeavoured to
render the Athenians by his
writings, V. 210. his death,

3*x

liberates, Greek grammarian, ia
fent pTifcner tp Rome for hav-
ing endeavoured to juftify the
aflamflation of 0#ayius, 1 X„

182
Jffus,

tNXTEX,

Tffiis, city of CtHcia, famous for
Alexander's vi&ory over Da-
rius, VI. 51
I ft hmian, fotemn games of G reece,

I. 62

Italians maflacred in Afia Minor

. by order of Mithridates, X.

lihobal, king of Tyre, when
befieged by Nebuccdonofqr, II .

Itboma, a cityof Menenia, famous
.for the battle fought there be.
tween the Meflenians and Lace,
dsemonians, 1. 141. the inhabi-
tants of that city fubje&ed by
the Lacedaemonians, . 145

Ituraea, part of Ccelofyria, IX.

263. the I turaeans are obliged

by Ariftobulus to embrace

. Judaifm, ibid,

Juba I. king of Mauritania, is
conquered by Caefar, and kills
himielf, II. 174

Juba II. fon of the former, is led
• in Qsefar's triumph whilftan in-
fant, II. 174. Auguftus reftores
him the dominions of his father,
175. works of learning afcribed
. to this prince,. ibid.

Judas, called Maccabaeus, third
ion of Mattathias, is chofen ge-
neral by his father againft Anti-
4 ochus E piphanes, VIII. 405 , 6 .
he gains feveral great victories
over that prince, 409, 412, &c.
he retakes the temple* and de-
. dicates it anew to the fervice of
God, 414. he gains new ad-
. vantages over the generals of An-
tiochus Eupator, and over that
prince in perfon, IX. 160, Jrc.
repeated victories of Judas Mac-
cabaeus over the generals of
Demetrius Soter, 170, 180. he
dies in battle fighting glorioufly,

Judaea, region of Syria called alfo
,Palej(ttne, I. 39

Judith, Jewefs ; Hej courage and
boldnefs, jj, ^29

Jugurtha, Maunina's -grandfoiu-
4s adopted by Micipfa, and af-
fociated with the other children-
of that prince, II. 166. he
feifes the kingdom of Numidia,.
and puts one of the two princes,,
his brothers by- adoption, to
death, 167* he attacks the £e-
. cond with open force, 168. be-
fieges him in Cirtha, ibid., the
Romans declare war aga&nft
him, 169. Jugurtha fruftrates
their efforts feveral times by
bribes,, ibid, the Romans fend
Metellus ftrft, and then Marius,.
againft him, who both gain
T many advantages over him, 171.
Sec. Jugurtha has recourse to*
Bocchus his father-in-law, who
. gives him up to the Romans,.
172. he is led in triumph, 174.
• and afterwards thrown into a
deep, dungeon where he periihes.
miferably, ibid.

Julius is lent deputy by the Ro-
mans, into Achaia, to appeafe
the troubles there, IX. 134;

Junius, conful is defeated at fea,.
. by the Carthaginians, 1 1 . a 1

Juftice, the fupreme of virtues,
V. 119. and the principal Sup-
port of regal authority, IV..

221

Juventius Thalna (P.) Rqman
praetor, marches againft An-
drifcus, IX. 133. he is killed
in a battle, ibid,.

K.

Kingdoms : Origin and progrefs
of kingdoms from their firft
inftitution, I. 22

Kings. Princes. Qualities ef-
fential in a- prince j fincerity,
truth, and faith-to engagements,
III. 350. to know how .to own
faults when they happen to
commit {hem, 175. not; to
harbour envy and jealoufy^ no*
open his heart to flattery, 17a.
in what t a prince, ought to

endea-'

INDEX*

endeavour to diftinguifh Mm-
& If from his fubje&s, II. 547.
noble ufe which he ought to
make of hit riches, VII. 223,
Ice. a prince is the fword and
Jhield of his dominions, II.
39$. the knowledge of the heart
of man is of great importance
to t prince* VI. 94. tempe-
rance is a very eltimable virtue
in a king/ 1*4. vices odious in
a prince, 204

L.

Labovlon : Fort fituated in the
neighbourhood of Syracufe, IV.

Laborofoarchod afcends the throne
of Affyria, and is killed foon
after, II. 219. bad inclinations
and cruelty of that prince, ibid.

and 278

Labynit. See Baltazar, or Bel-
ftazzar.

Labyrinth of Egypt : Defcription
of it, I. 176

Lacedsemon, or Sparta, city of
Peloponnefus, capital of Laco-
nia. Lacedsemonians or Spar-
tans, III. 14

Kings of Lacedsemonia, III.
14. the Heraclidse feife Lftce-
dsfemon, where two brothers,
Euryftenes and Procles, reign
jointly, 15. die crown remains
in thole two families, ibid, the
Laeedaemonians take Bios, and
reduce the inhabitants of that
city to the condition of Haves
under the name of Helots, 1 .
1 3*. Lycnrgus, legislator of
Sparta, 137. war between the .
iJutttomoiuans and Argrvet,
jl%. firft war be t we en the La-
cedsemonians and Meflenians,
139. defeat of the Lacedaemo-
nians near lthonta, 141. they
take and deftoy Ithoma, and
grant peace to the MeflenUne ,
•144. lecoadwarof taeLacedae-
inchians a** Mcucnian*, #W.

the Lacedsemonians are defeat-
ed, 147. they demand a general
of the Athenians, who give them
Tyrtseus, by profeflion a poet,
ibid, by his verfes he implies
them with courage, and occa-
sions their gaining a great vic-
tory, 148. the Lacedaemonians
fubjeel the Meflenians, and re-
duce them to the condition of
Helots 149

The Lacedsemonians deliver
Athens from the tyranny of the
Pifiiiratides, III. 68. they un-
dertake to re- inflate Hippias, fan
of Pttiftratus, but ine&duaUy,
70. Darius fends to Sparta, to
demand its fubmhTion, 1 «i. the
Spartans put his heralds to
death, i Jar. a ridiculous fuper-
ftition prevents the Lacedsemo-
nians from having a {hare in
the battle of Marathon, 159.
the honour of commanding the
Greeks is decreed to them, 197.
three hundred Spartans difpute
the pals of Thermopylae with
Xerxes, 200. battle of Salamin,
in which the Lacedsemonians
have a great (hare, 212, Stc. ho-
nours which they render The.
miftocles after the battle. 220.
the Lacedaemonians, in con-
junction with the Athenians,
cut the army of the Pernans in
pieces at the battle of Plata*,
232. they defeat the Perfiaa
fleet at the fame time near My-
cale, 239. they are for prevent- '
mg the Athenians from rebuild*
ing the walls of their city, 244.
the haughttnefs of Paufanias
occafions their lofing the com-
mand, 252. they fend deputies
to Athens, to accufe Theniif-
tocles as an accomplice in Pao-
ianias's conspiracy, 257

Earthquake at Sparta, ^11 1. .
307. fedition of the Helots*
ibid, feeds of diviftm between
Sparta and Athens, 3*8. peace

is

INDEX.

Is q?-eftaMimed
two Hates, 311

between the
jealoufy and
differences between the Lacedae-
monians and Athenians, 32$,
treaty of peace for thirty years,
3.27. new caufe of complaint
and diuenfion, ihid. open rup-
ture between Sparta and A thens,
332. Peloponnefian, war, 3$9» #
tec. allies of the Lacedemoni-
ans in that war, 370, they ra-
vage Attica, 375, Lacedaemon
has recourfe to the Perfians,
386. its deputies axe feifed by
the Athenians, carried to A-
thens, and put to death, ibid,
P lataea befieged and taken by the
Lacedaemonians, 391. they aban-
don Attica to retake Pylos from
the Athenians, 40 >. they art
defeated at fea, 408.- Lacedae-
monians (hut • up in the iflan4
of Spha&eria, ibid. Expedi-
tions of the Lacedaemonians in-
to Thrace, IV. 8, AmphipoHs,
9. truce of a year between
Sparta and Athens, 11. victory
of the Lacedaemonians over the
. Athenian's near Amphipolis, 54 ~
treaty of peace between the two
ftat.es for fifty years* 17

The wax renewed between
Sparta and Athens, IV. 25. the
Lacedaemonians give Alcibiades
refuge, 48. by his advice they
fend Gylippus to theaid'ofSy-
xacufe, and fortify Decelia in
Attica, 55. the Lacedaemoni-
ans conclude* a treaty with Per*
fia, 102. their fleet is beaten
by the Athenians near Cy^i-
cum, 108. they appoint Ly-
fander admiral, 115. tbey beat
the Athenian fleet near Ephefus,
118. Callicratidas fucceeds Ly-
fcnder, 110. defeat of the La-
cedaemonians near the Argi-
nufe, x 23, &c. they gain a fa-
mous victory over the Atheni-
ans near ifegofpo tamos, 136.
they take Athens, 140. and

change the form tf its govecnv
ment, 140. decree of Sparta*
concerning the ufe of the mo-
ney which Ly fander caufes tc*
be carried thither, 141. infa-
mous means which they ufe foe
ridding themfelves of Alcibia-
des, 150. inhumanity of the
Lacedaemonians to the Athe-
nians, who fled to avoid the
violence, of the thirty tyrants*

156, &c
The Lacedaemonians fumim.
Cyrus the younger with troops-
againlt his brother Artaxerxes,
IV. 167. they cbaftife the in-
folence of the inhabitants of
Elis, 216. they undertake, wjth
Agefilaus at the head «f th$%
to re- inflate the ancient liberty
of the Creeks of Alia, 22 x. ex-
peditions of the Lacedaemonian*
in Afia, 228. Sparta appoints
Agefilaus gencralilEmo by fea
and* land, 232. league agakift
the Lacedaempnians, 236. they
gain a great victory near Ne-
maea, 241. their fleet is. de-
feated by Conon near Cnidbs,
243. battle gained by thelfa-
cedgemonians at Coronea, 245.
they conclude aihameful pe£ce
for' the Greeks with the Persi-
ans, 251. they declare war with
the Olynthians, V. 1 16. they

'"feUe'the citadel of Thebes by
fraud and violence, 118. they
receive the Olynthians into the

' number of their allies, ^20
Prof perity ot Sparta, V. 121.
the Lacedaemonians are reduced
to quit the citadel of Thebes*
130. they form an ineffectual
enterprife againft the Piraeeus.
132. tjie arc defeated near Te-
gyra, 136, they declare war
againft the Thebans, 138. they
are defeated and put to flight at
Leuctra, 141, Sec: fhe Thebans
ravage their country, and ad-
vance to the gales of Sparta,,
* ' 147-th*

INDEX.

147. the Lacedemonians im-
plore aid of the Athenians,
153. Sparta befieged by Ep*~
minondas : battle of Mantinapa,
in which the Lacedaemonians
are defeated, 170. the Lace-
daemonians fend aid to Tachos,
who had revolted againft the
Perfians, 190. enterprise of
the Lacedaemonians againft Me-

* galopolts, ai3- they revolt
againft the Macedonians* VI.
1*1. they are defeated by An-
tipater, 162. Alexander pardons
them, 163

Sparta befieged by Pyrrhus,
VI 1 . 24 r . courage of the Spar*
tan women during that uege,
Hid. hiftory of the Lacedae-
monians in the reign of Agis»
3 1 1. and in that of Cleomenes,
33 1. Sparta tails into the hands
of Antigonus Dofon, 361. fedi-
tion in Sparta appeafed by Phi-
lip, r VIII. 31. Sparta joins the
/Etoltans againft that prince,
39. feveral anions between the
Lacedaemonians and Philip, $5.
Sparta joins with Thei&tolians
in the treaty with the Romans,
79. Machanidas becomes ty-
rant of Sparta, ibid, the Lace-
datmonians defeated by Philo-
pceraen .near Mantinaea, xoq.
Nabis fucceeds Machanidas,
xi 6. his cruel treatment of the
Lacedaemonians, ibid. Qtuntius
tlamininus befieges Sparta,
v S02. .enterprife of the M tolians
' againft Sparta, 224. that c}ty
enters into the Achaean league,

• 225. the Spartans cruelly freat-
: ed by their exiles, %%b. war

between the Lacedaemonians
and Achseans, IX. 133. the
Romans feparate Sparta from
the Achaean league, ibid.

Political government of Spar-
ta, IV. 335. Abridged idea of
the Spartan government,' 3J6.
Jove of poverty, 141. laws ejta-

blimed by Minos in Creft, «1
model of thofe of Sparta,^
gold and filver money baattdl
Sparta, III. 24. public rook
a6. education of children, £
barbarous cruelty in lefpedto
them, 30. their molt literal ec
cupation, 31. their mothers' in-
humanity, 45. their exceffive
leifure, ibid, their cruelty to-
wards the Helots, 46. Modefty
and Decency entirely nerleclad,

ibti.

Lachares, Theban, commands a
detachment of the army ox
Ochus in that prince's expedi-
tion againft Egypt, V, %%%. he
forms (he liege of PeJufiuin,
and takes it, 124

Laconia, province of Pebponva-
fus, III. J

Lada, 1 fmall iiland oref-againft
Miletus, ZII. 141

Lais, famous courtezan, IV. 4!

Laius, king of Thebes, his mif-
, fortunes, III. H

Lake of Maeris, 1. 177

Lamachus is appointed general
with Nicias and Aldmesa

' the expedition' of the Atnesi-
ans.againft Sicily, IV. 32. his
poverty makes him contempti-
ble to the troops, 47 . he is kaTed
at the fiege of Syracufe, 60

Lamja, courtefan to Demetrius:
Her enormous exbenfes, VJI.
143. pleafantry of a comic noet
in refpec\to her, tSid.

Lamia, city of Theflaly, famous
for the victory of the Athenians
over Antipater, . VII. 13

Lands : Diftribution of them is-
ftituted by Lycurgus at Sparta,
III. 24. rcneftioa upon that
partition, 37

Laodice, wife of Antiochus The-
os, is repudiated by that prince,
VI I v 264. Antiochus takes her
again, 274. the caufes him t»
be poifoned, ibid, and Seleucus
Callinlcus' to be declared king

INDEX.

n his (lead, 275. (he caufes tians, 197, laws of Crete, IV.

Berenice and her Ton to be put 345. laws of Sparta, 111. 21.

to death, ibid. Ptolemy putt laws of Athens, <i

tier to death, 277 Leaping : Exercife amongft the

odke, daughter of Mithridates Greeks, I-_74

king of Pont us, marries Antio- Legion Roman; foldiers of which

-hus the Great, VIII. 5 it was compofed, II. 75

odice, filter of Demetrius Soter, Legifiators, famous ones of ami-

md widow of Perfeus king of quity; Draco, III. 4$. Solon,

Macedonia, is put to death by ibid. Lycurgus, 22. Charon.

Ammonius, favourite of Alex. das, III. 363. Zaleucus, 36$

ander Bala, IX. 187 Lelex, firft king of Lacedaemonia,

odice, widow of Ariarathet III. 14

VI. ails as a regent during the Lentifcus, fon of Ptolemy, is

minority of fix- princes her - taken prifoner by Demetrius,

children, IX. 211. me poifons and fent back to his father by

five of them, and prepares to that prince, VII, 114

do the fame by the iixth, ibid, Lentulus is fent to Thebes by

Ihe is put to death .by the the Romans, to have an eye over

people, ibid. Bceotia, during the war with

lodice, filter of Mithridates Perfetfs, IX. 22

Eupator, marries firft Ariara- Lentulus, eonful, is ordered to re.

tries VII. king of Cappadocia, inflate Ptolemy Auletes upon

and afterwards Ntcomedes king the throne, X. 167. is prevent*

of Bithyaia, IX. 328. part ed from executing that com.

which he makes her act at minion by a pretended oracle of

Rome before the fenate, ibid. the Sybils, 168

lomedon, one of Alexander's Leon, Corinthian, defends the

captains : Provinces which tell citadel of Syracufe again Icetas
to him after that prince's death, ' and the Carthaginians, V. 105

VII'. 5. he is difpouefled of Leon, Athenian, is fent deputy

them by Nicanor, who takes with Timagoras to the court of

him prifoner, 41 Perfia, and accufes his colleague

iranda, cit/of Pifidia, revolts at his return, V. 157

againft Perdiccas, VII. 30. tra. Leonatus, one of Alexander's cap.

gical end of that city, ibid, tains: Provinces that fell to

iriflU, city of Theflaly, III. 4 him after that prince's death,

dthenes, chief magiftratc of VII, 5. he marches 4 to th« aid

Olynthus, puts that city into of Anti pater befieged in Lamia,

the hands of Philip, V. 280 14: he is killed in battle, ibid.

fthenes, of Crete, fupplies De- Leonidas, governor of Alexander,

metrius Nkator with troops for VI . 4

afcending the throne of Syria, Leonidas I. king of Sparta, de-

IX. 1 88. his bad conduct makes fends the pais of Thermopylae

that prince commit many faults, with unparalleled bravery a.

191 g&inft the innumerable army of

ithyrus. See Ptolemy La- Xerxes, III. 199. he is killed

thyrus. there, 201. the Lacedaemonians
ws, Origin and inftitution of erect him a magnificent mo.

laws, 1. 195. laws of the Egyp- nument, aoa

Leonidas

Ceonidas 11. reigns at Sparta , fori is excluded the throne, IV.

jointly with Agis, VII. 311. * 49

he oppofes the defigns of that Leptinus, brother of Dienyfius,

prince, 318. he is diverted of is put to flight by the Carthagi-

the fovereignty, 320. he efcapes nians, with the fleet under his

to Taegea, ibid, he is recalled, command, V. 28. he is baniih-

and replaced upon the throne, ed, 44, and foon after re-called,

324. he lays friares for Agis, ibicL he kills Caiippus, Dion's

326. and puts him to death, murderer, 92. he furrenders

328. he obliges the wife of that himfelf to Timoleon, who fends

prince to marry his fon Cleo r him to Corinth, 109

menes; ,330. death of Leonidas, Leptinus, Syrian, kills O&aviug

332. his character, 312 ' the Roman ambafiador, IX.

Leontidcs, Polemarch of Thebes, 177. Demetrius delivers him
puts the citadel of that place up tothefenate, 182
into the hands of the Lacedae- Leptinus, Syracufan, Hiero's fa-
monians, V. 1 17. he imprifons ther-in-law, X. 3
Ifmenius, who was his op- Lefbos, ifland of Greece, III. 5.
ponent, 118. he fends perfons revolt of that ifland againft the
to Athens to aiTaflinate the Athenians, 394. the Atheiii-
princi pal exiles, 123. Pelopidas, ans- reduce it to its former o be-
at the head of the confpirators, dience, 399
kills him, 129 Letters. Invention of letters

Leontium, city of Sicily, IV. 39 brought into Greece by Cadmus,

JLeontius, Philip's general, in. I. 241

fults Aratus grofsly at a reaft, Leucon, king in the Bofphorus :

VIII. 54. he is fecured for the mutual generofity between that

fine laid on Megaleas upon the prince and the Athenians, V. 242

fame account, ibid. Philip takes Leuclra, fmall town of Bceotia,

the command of his troops from famous for the victory of the

him, and puts him to death, Thebans over the Lacedsmo-

59, &c nians, V. 141. &e.

Leofthenes, Athenian, informs Levinus, Roman conful, defeated

Athens of Alexander's death, by Pyrrhus, VII. 219

and animates them to throw off Levinus (M. Valerius) is fent i;»-

the Macedonian i yoke, VII. 10. to Greece and Macedonia in

he is placed at the head of the . quality of praetor, to oppofe the

' Greeks allied againft Antipater, enterprifes of Philip, VIII. 74.

ibid, his glorious .exploits, 13. enemies he excites againft that

he receives a wound at the liege prince, ibid. ice.

of 'Lamia, ibid, and dies foon Lewis XV. king of France. Glo-

after, 14 rious teftrmony which that

Leotychides, king of Lacedae- prince renders the French na-

monia, in conjunction with tion, VIII. 293, Ac.

Xanthippusthe Athenian, gains Library. Famous libraries of an-

a famous victory over the Per- tiquity ; at Alexandria, I. 193,

fians near Mycale, III. 240 at Athens, III. 64

Leotychides, fon of Timsea, wife Libya, part of Africa, IX. 253.

of Agis, pafles for the fon of war of Libya, or of the mcrce-

Alcibiades, and for that rea- 'naries, II. 1 6

- Licinius,

7

INDEX.

Licinius, conful, is fent into Ma-
cedonia againft Per feus, IX.
13 . he encamps near the river
Peneus, 27. he is defeated in a
' battle 32, Sec. and afterwards
gains fome advantage over Per-
feus, 38

Licinius (C.) the conful' s bro-
ther, commands the Italian ca-
valry in his brother's army,

IX. 30

Light-houfe of Alexandria, I. 192

Ligoras, one of the generals of
Antiochus the Great, makes
that prince mailer of the city
ofSardis, VIII. 23,24

Liguria, province of Italy, IX.
122. its inhabitants fubjeded to
the Marfeillians, by the Ro-
mans, ibid.

Lilyboeum, city of Sicily, beiieged
by the Romans, II. 19

Lines of circumvallation and con-
travallation amongft the anci-
ents, III. 392

Lionefs, Loena, or Leona, name
of a courtefan. Statue erected
in honour of her by the Athe-
nians, III. 69

Liflus, city of Illy ria : Siege and
taking of that city by Philip,

VIII. 74

Livius, conful, is fent into Cifal-
pine Gaul, to oppofe the en-
trance of Afdrubal into Italy,
II. 90. he defeats that general
in a great battle, 93 * Sec.

Loans. Law concerning tiiem a-
mong the Egyptians, I. 199.
in what manner fuch as lived
upon borrowing were confidered
amongft the Perfians, II. 380

Lotus, an Egyptian plant of which
they made bread, I. 224

Love. Care of the ancients to a-
void admitting any thing into
their dramatic poems relating
to love, I. 105

Conjugal love. Model of it,

VII. 325
Yot. X.

Lucretius, • praetor, commands
the Roman fleet fent againft
Perfeus, IX. 22. he befieges
Haliartus a city of Boeotia, and
takes and demolishes it entirely,

37

Lucullus commands the Ro-
man fleet fent againft Mithri-
dates, and gains two great vic-
tories over that prince, X. 93.
he is elected conful and charged
with the war againft Mithri,
dates, 105 . he obliges that prince
to raife the f:ege of Cyzicum,
j 08. and defeats his troops, i&id*
he gains a complete victory over
him, 113. and obliges him to
taljie refuge with Tigranes, king
of Armenia, 115. he fends an
ambaflador to demand Mithri-
dates, ibid, he regulates the af-
fairs of Afia, 116, &c. he declares
war againft Tigranes, 118. and
marches againft him, 120. he
befieges Tigranocerta, 122. he
gains a great victory over Ti-
granes, 126. and takes Tigra-
nocerta, 128. he gains a fecond
victory over the joint force of
Mithridates and Tigranes, 1 34.
his army refufes to obey him,
135, 138. £ompey is fent to
command in his ilead, 140.
Lucullus returns to Rome and
receives the honour of a tri-
umph, 144. his character, 138.
means which he ufed for ac-
quiring the knowledge of the
art of war, 93

Lufitania, port of the ancient
Spain, I. 305

Lutatius, conful, defeats the
fleet of the Carthaginians, and
puts an end by that victory to
the firft Punic war, II. 22,

Sec.

Luxury. Fatal eflfecls of luxury

amongft the ancients, II. 437,

Sec. almoft , always attended

with the ruin of ftates, 438

X Lyci.

INDEX.

Lyddsrs, Athenian, is fbr having
the propofal of Mardonius
heard, III. 2x6. he is ftoned,

ihid.

Lyrifcus, deputy from the Acar-
nanians, endeavours to engage

' the Lacedaemonians in Philip's
party, VIII. 78

Lycificus, jEtoljan, is accufedof
having treated thofe with great
cruelty who would not efpoufe
the Romans againil Perfeus,
IX. 106. P. j£milius acquits

* him, ibid. '

Lycon, Athenian, commander of
the Grecian troops in the army
of Pifuthnes, is brought into the
views of Titfaphemes, whom
he joins, IV. 4

Lycortas, Polybius's lather, is
ftnt ambafiador by theAchaeans
to Ptolemy Epiphanes, VlII.
302. lie is elected general of the
Achaeans, and avcxnjesPhilopos-
men's death, 324. he is deputed
a fecond time to Ptolemy, 335.

l*ycurgus, fon of Eunomus, king
of Sparta, governs the kingdom
as guardian to Charilaus, his
nephew, HI . 22. he endeavours
to reform the government of •
Sparta and makes feveral voy-
ages with that view, 23. on
his return he changes the form
of the government, ibid. &c. he
goes to Delphi to confult the
oracle, and dies voluntarily by •
abftaining from food, 34. re-
flexion upon Lycurgus's death,

IS
Lycurgvs, Spartan, corrupts the

Ephori, and caufes himfelf to

be eleftedkingof Sparta, VIII.

37. Chilo's attempt againft

him, 42. Lycurgus flies 'into

iEtolia to efcape the Ephoji,

and is foon after recalled, t%

Lydia, country of Afia Minor, I.

29. king of Lydia, II. I34.

it is fubje&ed by Cyrus, 300.

the Tftarmer in which the i.ydt-
a ns contracted alliance, 231

Lying. How much abhorred a-
mongft the Perlians, II. 385

LyiKces, king of Argos, I II . 11

Lyncefles Alexander is convicted
of a oonf piracy againftAlexander
the Great, and put to death,

VI. 17&

Lyiander, Ptolemy's daughter,
marries Agathocles, fon of Lyfi-
macrms, VI i. 192. after the
murder of her hufhand ihe re-
tires to Seleucus, and enp ages
him to make war agakift hyiu
rnachtts, ibid,

Ly fender is appointed admiral fcy
the Lacedemonians, IV. 115.
he becomes very powerful with
Cyrus the Younger, 116. he
•beats the Athenian fleet near
E phefus, 1 18 . his envy of CaU
ttcratidas, ftnt to fitcceed htm,
120. he corrrmatods the fleet of
the Lacedaemonians, a fccond
time, 131. and gains a femtms
vi&ory over the Athenians at
./Egofpotamos, 134, ftc. he
takes Athens, 140, *c. -and
entirely' changes the form of the
government, 141. he returns to
Sparta,, and fends thither before
hrm all' the gold and iH ver taken
from the enemy, ihid. he is fent
to Athens to re-eftabtifti the
thirty-ty rants, 157. he ftrangely
aborfes his power, 160. he fuf-
ferythe Grecian cities m Afe
MinW to confecrate altars to
him, 162. upon the complaint
of Pharnabafus he is recalled to
Spafrta; 163. L y fonder accora-
parties' Agefilatn into Afia, 221.
he quarrels with htm, aaj. and
returns to Sparta, ibid, his
ambitious defigns for changing

- the furorffon to the throne, fbid.
he is killed befpre Haliartus,
which he was going to beflfegc,

-238. Tome time after his death,

the

INDEX.

the plot he had formed againft
the two kings is difcovered,
24.8. Lyfander's character, 239.

Ly fender u elected one of the
Ephori at Sparta by the favour
of Agis, VII. 3 16. he endea-
vours- to make the people re-
ceive the ordinances of that ex-
cel lent young king, 317

Lyiiades, tyrant of Megalopolis*
renounces his power upon the

. remonijtraBce* of Asatus, and
makes his city enter into the
Achaean league, VII.- 3 10. the
Achaeans make him, their cap-
tain general three times fuccef-
ftvely, and them expel him, ihi&
\* is killed in battle, 334

Lyiias, kinfman of Antiochus
Epiphanes* U mtde governed
by that prince of part of his
dominion*, and preceptor to
Antiochus Epiphanes, VIII.
4Q9. Antiochus gives him the
command of the army agaiiiit.
the Jews, ibid, he is defeated by
}ud«s Maccabarus, 415. hepof-
ielXbs hnnfelf of the regency
during the minority of Antio-
chus Eupator, 1%, 166. the go-
vernment of Coelofyria and
PaleiUne is given to him, 167.
tic is defeated by Judas Macca-
bceus, 169. he makes peace
with the Jews, 171. he is
delivered up to Demetrius Soter,
w ho puts- him to death, 179

I*y(ias, one of tine Athenian ge-
nerals, who defeated the Lace-
daemonians near the iflands, A*-
ginufae, and at his return was
condemned to die, IV. 123

Lyficles commands the Athenian
army at Cheronaea, and is de-
feated by Philip, V. 3 19

Lyfimachia, % city of Thrace,

VIII. 190

Lyfimachus, one of Alexander's
captains, provinces which fell to
him after Alexander's death,

VII. $. he enters into a league
withPtolemySeleucus, andCaf-
fander, againft Antigonus, 84.
treaty of peace between thole

frinces, which is immediately
token, 97. Lyfirnachus, Pto-
lemy, Cauander, and Seleucus,
againit Aruigpnus and Derce«
trius, 143. they divide Alexan-
der's empire amongit them* 147.
alliance of Lyfimachus with
Ptolemy, 151. he takes Mace-
donia, from Demetrius, i6x«
and divides it with Pyrrhus,

164. he obliges Pyrrhus foon
after to quit it, 165 . he marches
againft Seleucus gives him bat-
tle, and is killed, 196

Lyfimachus, Alexander's pre-
ceptor, accompanies that prince
in his expedition, VI. 79

lyfcftrata ) coraedy of Aristophanes*
extract from it, I. 110

M.

Maccabik&v Martyrdom of them",

VI U. 4CX), &c

Macedonia, Macedonians,. Mace-
donia, kingdom of Greece, III.
4. origin, of the Macedonians, $.
commencement of their empire,
15. kings of Macedonia before
Philip, V. 248. reign of Philip,.
251. and his fon'Alexander, V}.
it. Alexander's fucceflbrs who
reigned in Macedonia : Caf-
fander,VH. 147. PhUiDhtsfion,,
153. Demetrius Poliorcetes,
159. Pyrrhus, t6i.'tyliniachus»

165. Seleucus, 195. Ptolemy
Ceraunus, 196. Soitnenes, 3£i*
Antigonus Gonat as, 206. Deme-
trius, fon of Antigonus, 28 i»
Antigonus Do fon, 289. Philip,
fon of Demetrius, 360. Perftjus,
VI 1 1 .370. Macedonia is dec hired
free by the Romans, IX. 90.
and * fom* time after reduced,
into a province of the Roman
empire, 132.

X % Macha-

INDEX.

Mnchanidas becomes tyrant of
Sparta,VllI. 79. he endeavours
to fubject Peloponnefus, 108.
Philopoemcn marches againft
him, 109. Machanidas is de-
feated and killed in battle,

112

Mr.dathes, governor of the country
oftheUxii for Darius, refufes
to furrender to Alexander, VI.
143. that prince fubdues and
forgives him, ibid.

Magas, governor of Cyrenaica
and Lybia, revolts againft Pto-
lemy Philadclphus, and caufes
himfelf to be declared king of
thole provinces, VII. 255.- he
caufes overtures of accommo-
dation to be made to that prince
and dies during the negociation,

261

Magas, brother of Ptolemy* Phi-

*" lopTiter, is put to death by his
order, VIII. 15

Magi employed in the divine
Worfhip of the Perliaris, II.
428. their religion, 430

Itlagiftrate. Duty of a magiftrate,

X. 64

Magnefia, city of Caria, in Afia
Minor, I. 28. Artaxerxes gives
the revenues of that city to The-

- miftocies for his fubfiftence,

III. 278

Mago, Carthaginian general, is

' fent into Sicily to make war a-
gainft Dionyfius the Elder, V.
%,•}. after various efforts he con-
cludes a peace with that tyrant,
35. he lofes a great battle, and

• ia killed in it, I. 322

Mago, the former's fon, com-
mands the army of the Cartha-
ginians in Sicily, and gains a
great victory over Dionyfius the
Elder, I. 323. the Carthagimi-
• ans place him at the head of
their troops in Sicily againft
Dionyfius the Younger, 324.
lie fluunefully abandons the

• conquefl of Sicily, ibid, he re-
turns to Carthage and kills him-
felf through defpair, 325

Mago, Carthaginian general, is-
placed at the head of the fleet,
fent to aid the Romans againft
Pyrrhus, I. 340. he goes to
Pyrrhus in order to found his de-
signs in refpect to Sicily, ibid.

Mago, Hannibal's brother, car-
ries the news of that general's
victory over the Romans at the
battle of Cannae to Carthage*

II. 81

Mago, Carthaginian general, is
taken prifoner in Sardinia, 1 1 .

86

Magofa, city of India, befieged
and taken by Alexander, VI.

219

Maharbal, Carthaginian officer,
endeavours to perfuade Hanni-
bal to march directly to Rome
, after the battle of Cannae, 1 1 . 79

Mahomet. Vulgar report' con-
cerning his tomb, VII. 270

Mai li, a people. of India; their
war with Alexander, VI. 245.
they fubmit to that prince, 248

Mamertines, people originally of
Italy : they feife Meflina, city
of Sicily, II. 2. they are de-
feated by Pyrrhus, VII. 233.
a divilion arifes amongft them,
which occafions tlie firft Punic
war, II. 3

Man. Wherein the fcience of
knowing mankind confuts, IV.
189. men are the fame in ail
ages, 191

Manaffeh, king of Judah, is put
in chains by the generals of
Efarhaddon, and carried captive
to Babylon, II. 209. he obtains
his liberty, and returns to Jeru-
salem, . ibid.

Mancinus (L.) the conful Pifo*a
lieutenant, engages rafhly in a
poft, from whence Scipio hap-
pily extricates him, II. 142

Mandank,

ANDEX*

Mwdsni, dfcugMer ©f Aftyages
king of the Medes, is given in
marriage to Cambyfes king of
Perfia, 1 1 . 134. foe- goes to -Me-
dia, and carries her ion Cyrus
with her, 251. the returns into

Perfo, »54

Maudanis, an Indian philofbpher,
lefufesto follow Alexander in
his train, VI,. 138

Mandroclides, young Spartan,
Supports the party of Lyiander
the Ephorus through seal for
the public good, VII. 317

Marathon* Egyptianpoeft, author
of the hUtory of the Dynafties
of Egypt, I. aag

Mania, wife of Zenis, is continued
in the government of <£oKa
after the death of her huiband,
and caufes herfeif to be admired
far her conduct, IV. ziz. (he
is aflkffinated with her ion, by
Midias her fon-irwlaw, zi$

Manillas (M,) confui, is lent
agawft Carthage in the begin.
mag of the firft Punic war, II.

133

Manilius, tribune of the peo-
ple, prepares a decree for ap-
pointing Pompey to command
the armies againft the kings
Mithridatea and Tigones, A.

139

Manius Curius, confui, gains a

guest victory over Pyrrhus, and
obliges him to quit Italy, VII.

%n

Manius Aquilkis* confui, termi-
nates the war againft Arifteni-
cue, 1X4-210. and enters Rome
in triumph, 41 x

Mtnlius (L.) is appointed con-
fui with Regulus, II. 7* they
jointly gain a great victory over
the Cat thqginians, near Ecnomaa,
U Sicily, «&</. they* go to A-
friea, fArtf. ManUus is* recall-
ed, 8

Manikica, city of Arcadia* fiuaeus

for the viAwy of
over the Lacedaemonians, and
for that of Philopoemen over
Macbamdas, tycant of Spam,

VIII. 109

Maracanda, capital city of Sogdia-
ana, fubmits to Alerandec, VI .

184

Marathon, (mall city of Attica,
famous for the victory of the
Athenians over the Perfians**

III. 15*

Mawellus (M.) confui, is lent
into Sicily to appeafe the trou-
bles there, X. 35. actions. of
Mauceilus in Sicily, 37 . he forms
the fiege of Syracufe* 39. the
confiderable loflfes of men and
fhips, by the dreadful machines
of Archimedes, oblige* him t»*
turn the fiege into a blockade,
43. he undertakes fevend ex-
peditions in Sicily, 46 he makes
himfeif mafter of Syracufe by
means of his intelligence in it,
47, &c. he abandons the city te/
be plundered, 5 5. honours -which,
he pays to the memory of Archi-
medes, 56. Msftaeilus, at firft
as nc sstor and afterwards as con-
fui, gains feveral advantages
over Hannibal, II. 84

Marciu*(L.) Roman knight, pre.
ferves Spain to the Romans by
his valous* 11. 90,

Marcius, ambagador of the Ro-
mans in Greece, has an inter-
view with Perieu* near the river
Peneus, IX. "16. he return* to-
Rome, 19. he is lent again into>
Greece, t*regulate affairs there,,

ar

Marcius Philipus (g.) confui, »
charged with the war agabiil
Per feus, IX. 41. he fetfc out
from Rome and advances to-
wards Macedonia, 41. after great
fatigues he penetrates into Ma-
cedonia, and take* feveral cities-
there* 4J , jrc.

Mar*

INDEX.

Maidonros, (on -in- law of Darius,
enten Macedonia with an army,
III. 144. his ill fuccefs obliges

. Darius to recall him, ibid, he
gives Xerxes flattering councils
which induces him to invade
Greece, 171. Xerxes choofes
him one of his generals, 189.

. that prince leaves him with
a numerous army to reduce
Greece, 117. he caufes very
advantageous offers to be made
to the Athenians, which are re-
jected, 224. he enters Athens,
and burns what had efcaped of
it, when taken the year before,
226. he is defeated, and killed
at the battle of Platsea, 23 1

Mare of Phidolas, I. 87

Maronaca, city of Thrace. Cruel
treatment of its inhabitants by
Philip, VIII. 315

Marriages. Laws concerning them
inftituted at Athens and Sparta,

III. 57

Mariamne, grand-daughter of A-
riftobulus, marries Herod the
Idumaean, I X. 280

Marius lieutenant under Metel-
lus fupplants that general, and
caufes himPelf to be appointed
general for terminating the war
with Jugurtha in his ftead, II.
172. he gets Jugurtha into his
hands, and makes htm ferve as
an ornament of his triumph,

174
Marius, <M.) Roman fenator, is
fent by Sertorius to the aid of
Mithridates, X. 104. he 1 is
taken by Lucullus and put to
death, 109

Marfeillians. Their embaffy to
Rome, 1 X. 122. origin of the
Marfeillians, ibid, they fettle
in Gaul, 123. wifdom of their
government, 124. their attach,
ment to the Romans, 127.
they obtain grace of the Ro-
mans for Phocaea, which had

been coodemnejl tobe defttoytd,

no

Mafinifla, king of Numife,
efpoufea the party of the Ro-
mans againft the Carthaginians,
II. 124. he marries Sophonifia
and is foon obliged to fend her
poifon, ibid, contefts between
Mafinifla and the Carthaginians,
1 25 . he defeats them in 2 battle,
128. he dies, and at his death
appoints Scipio JLmiliamtt
guardian of his children, W

Mafiftus, fon of Darius and Atota,
is one of the fix comminden
of the army of Xerxes, I/I.
180. tragical death of Mafiftus
and his children, *44» kc ;

Maifiva, Numidian prince, s
murdered in the midftof Ron*
by Jugurtha' s orders, H.»7°

Maftanabal, MafiniiTa'sfon,iMW
the kingdom of Nuroidia witft
his two brothers, after the data
of their father, "• *f

Mattaniah is placed ujx» &
throne of Judah in the room of
his nephew Jechonias, II- 1J 4

Mattathias, Jew of tbe k*
dotal race, refufes to obey -m
ordinances of AntiocbiB.* 111 "
$99. he retires with fe »*"£
into the mountains to«^7
perfecution, ibid, death of M*
tathias, J~>

Matho, in concert with 5pe>
dius, caufes the mercenaries ro
revolt againft the Carthagfli'g
II. 29. he is placed at tk*

• head. ibid, he takes HanwW
prifofler, and caufes him to*
hanged up in the room of Sp»-
dius, 34. he is taken by »
Carthaginians, who efcecw
him, . Jj

Maufolus, king of Caria, e*»

into a conf piracy againft A rta *"
erxes, V. ,94. he fubjeds ( «
Rhodians, and the P»? l Y

Coe, 215, hi* death, ^-^

k

INDEX.

tour paid to his memory by
*. rtemiiTa his wife, 216

izarus, Macedonian lord, is ap-
pointed governor of the citadel
of Sufa by Alexander, VI.

140
azoeus, governor of Memphis
for Darius, abandons that city
to Alexander, VI. n 1. he com-
mands the horfc in the army of
Darius at the battle of Arbela,
131. he f urrenders himfelf, and
the city of Babylon, to Alex-
ander, i$6. that prince gives
Jiim the government of Babylo-
nia, itod.
deals : Public ones mftituted at
C rete and S parta, 1 1 1 . 26
VTecaenas, favourite of Auguftus,
and patron of the learned, III.

353
Medea, her means to efcape the

purfuit of her father, X. 112
Medes, ancient people of Ana,
inhabiting Media, II. 221. hif-
tory of the kingdom of the
Medes and Peruans united, 3 34.
revolt of the Medes againft Da-
rius Nothus, IV. 7. that prince
obliges them to return to their
duty, ibid, manners of the
Modes, II. 251. manner in
which they contracted alliances,

231

Media, kingdom of Upper or

Greater Afia, I. 27. defcription

of that kingdom by Polybius,

VIII. 119
Medicine. Origin and antiquity
of medicines, II . 4 1 $

Medon, fon of Codrus, is placed '
at the head of the common-
wealth of Athens, under the title
of Archoq, III. 13

Megabates, noble Perfian, occa-
fions the mifcarrying of the en.
terprife of the Periians againft
Naxos through jealoufy of Ari-
ftagoras, III. 134

Megabyfus, governor of , Thrace
for Darius} occauons the per-

miilion that prince had give*
Hyftaeus to build a city in
Thrace to be revoked, III. 129.
he fends deputies to demand
earth and water of Amyntas,
130. infolence of thofe depu-
ties at the court of Amyntas,
and revenge taken of them by
the fons of that prince. 131

Megabyzus, fon of Zopyrus, is
one of the fix generals of the
army of Xerxes, III. 179. he
'difcovers the plot formed by
Artabanes againft Artaxerxes,
270. he is charged by that
'prince with the war againft the
revolted Egyptians, 291. he
fubjecls the Egyptians, and pro*
mifes to fpare their lives, 292.
Megabyzus, in defpair on f«e-

1 ing the Egyptians put to death,
contrary to the faith of, treaty,
revolts againft' Artaxerxes, 293.
he defeats two armies fent againft
him by that prince, ibid, he is

*• reftored to favour, and returns to
court, 294. Artaxerxes' jealoufy
of Megabyzus at a hunting-
match, ibid, death of Megaby-
zus, Hid,

Megacles, fon of Alcmeon, puts
himfelf at the head of one of
the factions that divided Athens
in Solon's time, III. 61. his
marriage with Agorifta, daugh-
ter of Clifthenes, Hid. he drives
Pififtratus but of Athens, and
foon after recalls him', 62. he
is obliged to quit Athens, 63

Megacles, friend of Pyrrhus, VI I .

• 217. that prince in a battle
gives his mantle and arms to
Megacles, and difguifes himfelf
in his, 218. Megacles is wound-
ed and unhorfed in the battle,

'iijd.

Megadates is appointed viceroy
of Syria by Tigranes, and go-
verns that kingdom fourteen
years, IX. 243. Tigranes re-
calls hin>from thence, X, 133.

Megalcas,

ItfMX.

Mofalcm*, Philip's ftnsnd* de-
votes himfelf entiiely to A pel-
Its, that prince's mimfter, Vlll,
46. be infults Aratut, in con-
cert with Leontius, at the break-
ing up of a feaft, 54. Philip im-
prifons him, and toon fets him
at liberty upon giving fecurity,
k*d. his baddefigns agakul Phi-
Up ate discovered, 59. he kill*
hnnfeif to avoid a trial and
the execution of lentence upon
him, 60

Megalopolis, city of Arcadia* V.
a 1 j. Aratus makes it enter
into the Achaean league, VII.

310

.Megan, city of Achaia, its foun-
dation, HI. 18. that city enters
• into the Achatan league, VII*

304

Mqgtftones, LicecVsmojuan cap-
taw, is fent by Cleomenes to
the aid of Argos, and is killed
fighting in that city, VII. 344

Melitus, Athenian orator, accufcs
Socptes, tV. 303; fuccefs of
that accufaaioa, 311. he is con-
demned to die, 313

Melon, Theban, is appointed
Boeotarch with Pelopidas and
Charon, V. 130

Jfannon, Rfeodsan, fc-inftated in
the iatear of Ochus, ngainit
whom he had taken arms, V.
«*7. he endeavour* to prevent
Darias's generals from fighting
the battles of tlv Granicus,
VI. ay. hethfows hamfclftnto
Miletus, and defends that place
ngainft Alexander, 34. ho de-
fends the city of Ualkasnaffiis,
agaiaft that prinoa, 35. be tranf-
ports the inhabit;*** of that
city to the ifftand of Cos, ieW.
he- advifes Darius to carry the
war into Macedonia, 38. that
prince gives the execution of
that enterprise to him* and
maks* him gtwciafififfio> Wut,

MMaanm bofiogea Mkyfeae, *nd
dies before that place* 39

Mernnon. Memnon's ftatue in
Thebai*. Wonders related of
it, I. 469

Memphis, city of Egypt : its
foundation, I. 233. taking of
that city by Cambyfes, II. 357.
and afterwasds by Alexander,

VI. in

Memphitis, ion of Phyfcon and
Cleopatra, is murdered by his
father, cut in pieces, and fent
to his mot her* IX. 219

Meaandec, Athenian,, is made col-
league to Nicias, general in
Sicily, 1 V. 69. he forces that
general to engage in a fea- fight,
in which he is worked, 73^
is partly the cauXe of the defeat
of the Athenians near ^gofpo-
tamos, i$6

Menander, comic post, change
which ho introduced income*
dy, I. 116

Menander, one of Alexander's
captains : Provinces that faJ4 to
hint after that prince* s death,.

VII. 5

Mendcs, city of Egypt, V. 192. a
prince of that city difputes the
ciown with Nectanebus, i&J.
he is defeated and taken pri-
soner by Ageiilaus, 193.

Menectates, ridiculous vanity of
that pfeyikian, V. 335

Menetaus> Ptolemy's brother, is
defeated by Demetrius, and
obliged to retire into Salamion,
Vll. us. he furfcnders himself
at discretion to Demetrius, wno
fends him to nis heather with-
out ranfom* 1 14

Mcielaus iupplante Ja&o his.
brother, htgh-pacA ot the Jews,

. and obtains his oftoe, V1U.
381. Jafon drives him out of
|eru4alem, 385. Anoochua re.

• mitates him in the hkh-prinft-
hood, &

Metes,

r

INDEX.*

Menes, or Mifraim, firftkingof

Egypt, I. 231

Menon commands the Theflalian
troops of Cyrus '-s army, in that
prince's expeditions againft his
brother Artaxerxes, IV. 168.
Tiflaphemes feifes him, with
the other Greek generals, by
treachery, and puts him to

• death, 189. Menon *s character,

I 9 I
Menoftanes, nephew to Artax-
erxes Longimanus, is defeated
and put to flight by Megabyzus,

. HI. *93

Mentor, Rhodian, is fent by Nee-

tahebus kito- Phoenicia to fup-
port the rebels there, V. 219.
he is confounded dn the approach
of Ochus, 221. he puts the city
of Sidon into that prince's hands,
- 2*2. Ochus gives him the com-
mand of a detachment of his
army againft Egypt, 224-. Men-

• tor's actions in Egypt, 225.
Ochus makes him governor of

• all the coaft of Alia, and declares

• him generaliflimo of all the
. troops on that fide, 226.' Men-

• tor's conduct m his governmont,

227
Menyllus commands the Mace-
donian garrifon, which Anti-
pa rer puts into Mirnychia, VI I .

• 1 9 . Caifander takes the command
of that fortrefs from him, 46

Mercenaries. War of the merce-
naries againft the Carthaginians,

II. 26

Mercury, Egyptian, to whom
Egypt was indebted for the in-
vention of almoft all the arts,

I. 236

Mericus, Spaniard, delivers up
one of the gates of Sy racufe to
Marcellus in the night, X. 54

Mermnadae, race of the kings of
Lydia, II. 23 £

Merodach-Baladan, king of Ba-
bylon, fends ambafladors to He-
zekiah, to congratulate him

upon the recovery of his health,

II. 203

Meroe, daughter of Cyrus, be-
comes wife of her brother Cam-
byfes, II. 362. tragical death
of that princefs, ibid*

Mefabates, eunuch, cuts off the
head and hand of Cyrus the
Younger by order of Artaxerxes,
IV.- 177. punifhment inflicted

• on him by Parifatis, • 209
Mefraim. See Menes ^
Meffengers, or 'Letter-carriers,

eftabliihed by the Univerfity of

• Paris, ' II.393
s Meffcma, a county of Peloponne-

fus, I. 139

MeiTenians. Firft war between
the MeiTenians and Lacedaemo-
nians, I. 139. . the MeiTenians
defeat the army of the Lacedae-
monians iiear I thoma, 141, &c.
they fubmit to the Lacedsemo-
- nians, 145. fecond war between
the MeiTenians and Lacedaemo-

• nians, ibid, the MeiTenians are
at firit victorious, 146. then de-
feated, 148. they are reduced to
the condition of the Helots, ibid,
they are re-inltated by the T he-
bans, V. 150. troubles between
the MeiTenians and Achaeans,
VIII. 321. the MeiTenians put

• Philopoemen to death, 3 44. they
are fubjecled by the Achaeans,
326. fault of the MeiTenians,
which occaiioned all their mis-
fortunes, V. 1 $a

Meilina, or Meuana, city of Si-
cily, U. a

Metellus (L.) conful is charged
with the' war againft Jugurtha,
II. 17 j. he is fupplanted by
Marius; ibid, he enters Rome in
triumph, , 172

Metellus (Q. Caecilius) Roman
praetor, defeats Andrifcus, IX.
132, and fends him prifoner to
Rome, ibid, he reduces another
adventurer, named Alexander,

ibid.

Methone,

TNDfcK*

lief heft*, chw of Thss*c> deftrowjd
by Philip, V. 168

Metho*, ajtronomer, ceuntertettt
the madman, and wherefore,

IV. 29

Metfodorus of Seepfis goes am-
bafttcbr for Mkbridates to TU
granea, X. 1*1. Mttbridates
puts him to death, 121

Metrodoriu, pauitet and phWofo-

{>her, is given to Paulus Mmi-
ius by the Athenians for a tu*
tor to fes toes, IX. *f

Micip&i fuoceeds his father, Ma-
finifla in tlie kingdom e€ Nu-
midia, II. r6$. he adopts J«-
gurtha his nephew, and makes
him co-heir with the reft of hi
children* 166. M kip fa's death,

167

Mfythus, guardian of the chil-
dren of Anaxilaaia. Prudence
of ms adminiftration, lit. 3 54

Nidiaa, £un~in-iaw of Mania, af-
faffinates his mother-in-law and
her ion, in order to poflpfs him.
feitf of hejr riches and govern-
meat, IV. »ij. he is. deprived
of them by Dercyllidasv Hid.

Miletus, city of look, III . B41.
eruehiea acled by Lyfandei at
Miletus, IV. 161. Miletus be-
fieged and taken by Alexander,

VI, 33

Milo of Crotona, famous athlcta,
defeats the army of the Syba-
rites, and deftroys their city,
1 1 1 . 362. extraordinary fkreugth
of that combatant, 367. his vo-
racity, 368. his death, ibid.

Milthocitus, Thracian, abandons
the Greeks after the battle of
Cunaxa, and furrenders hintfelf
to Artaxerxes, , IV. J84

Miltiades, Athenian tyrant of the
Thracian Chexfonefus, accom-
panies Darius in his expedi-
tion againft the Scythians, and
it «©f opinion that fati&facVion
ought ta he made them, III.

*vf. fti Jmfrf**6ff. bf the> S«p*
thians into Thrace obljges him
to ahead** the Chtfrfbnefwi
whither he returns fooa after,
iji. he fettle* at Athene* 146.
he commands the army of the
Athenians* and gain* a farncus.
victory as Marathon over the
Ptr&uis, 156, He. moderate
seward grven him by the. Athe-
nians, 161. he fets out with a
fleet to reduce th* icvoked
iflaods,*nd baa ill fticeeft k» the
ifleof Pharos* 162. he is cited
to. take his trial, and has a
great fine laid upon hija, lift
not being able te« nay i*» hf is
nut in pf jfcn* W *ee there*

Hid.

Mina, Creek money : It* vt*ue v

*V. j 75

M*&d*nia» Spartan admiral, is de-
feated **4 killed in battle* by
AlcibiadeK IV. 108

Minerva, geddeft, 1. 33. famous
fcaA a Athena in ho»ouf of her t

tUd.

Mines* Piodtact of mine* wet the*
principal riches of the an«ttftts»

1. 186.

Minifter. Wife leffbns for a mi-
nifter, II. 38$;

Minos, firft king of Crete, IV.
345. laws inAttuted by him m
his kingdom, Hid. Sec hatred^
of the Athenians for Minos,
35*. caufe of that hatred, /M

Mintitiu* (Marcus) is appointed
mailer or the horfe by Fabius,
1 1. 60^. he gains a flight advan-
tage over the Carthaginians in
that dicjkatof'aabfence, 73- the
people give him equal autho-
rity with the dilator, ikd. he
engages with difadvantage* out
of which F abius extricates him*
74. be acknowledges his fault,
ami returns to his obedience,
ibid, he is killed at the battle of
Caana?* 79*

Mifrei*

IN8£X.

one 4? "ttt tiros ymatg
-Hebrews preferved . jniracu-
louOyin tfaetaiiate, H.*i4

Mithras, name given the fun by
ahePeriiasis, IV. 149

3tfi*hiidates I. king of Pontus, I.
159. that prince fubraks to
Atextinder, and accomoanies
sum An his expeditions, Yl,.#>

Mhhridates II. king of Pontus,
flies to avoid i*e rage of Anti-
gomi«, I. 159

Miehridaftes III, king of Partus,
adds Cappadooia and Paplr-
lagonia to bis dominions, I.

Mthridatus IV. king of Pontus,

I. 159

Mithridates V. fumamed -Etcr-

{fetes, kyne; of Pontts, aids

tiie Romans againlt the Car-

- tfcagfeiians, 1 . 1I0. the atamans
reward 'hrm with Fhrygia Ma-
jor, IX. an. death of Mithri-
dates, - 223
Mithridates VI. furnamcd £u-
patbr, -afcends the ttaoae of
Pornu* I. 160. the Remans
take?hrygi* foift bin, X. 71.
lie poffeffes himself of Cappa-
dociaand Bichynia, after having
expelled Jhcir kings, «&tf. Ac.
he gives Jws daughter in mar-
riage to'Tigranes, k ing <tf Arme-
nia, 73. V>aen rupture between
sVf ithriclates andtbe Romans, 7 5 .
that prince gains fome advan-
tage over «ne Romans, 77.
hecaujbs all the Romans and
Italians 4n Afia Minor to be
smnTaofed in one day, 7*. he
mates himfetfAftafter of A tkens,

1 Ce. 4 wo of has* generals ate de-
feated by SyHa, **, and Mm.
felf by Fimbria, 9a. his fleet is
tfifo twice beaten, 93. he has
an interview with Sylla, and
concludes peace with the Ro-
mans, 96. Jeeend war of the
RaiftaiuwitftMttiiridajtcs, un±

dtr MtrtfM, *e*. it JuWifts
only three years, ifrV,

Mtthijtktes foakqs a treaty
with Sertorius, X. 103, 104. he
prepares to reneMr the war with
fte Romans* 105, iae idles
Paphlagenta and Bithynia, H>id.
the Romans fend Luculius and
Cetuagainfttiim, ibid. Mitfcri-

. dates defeats Cotra by foa and
land, tot. lie terms tfei fiege of

. Cyzicum,tyd. LucuU us obliges
him to *aiie 'it* and .defeats his

. troops, 108. Mandates takes

• the* field to op pole .the progress
of Luoultos, m. he U entirely
*Ve&ated,and«bUg0d 10 Hy, (.12.
he lends orders to tys lifters and
wives to die, ui. he retires to

• Tigranes, his fon-in-iaw, 115.
, Tigranes fends <him back info
_ Pontns to raifc troops, 122,

jMithrkfetes endeavours to <jon-
. ible Tigranes afitsr his defeat,
, «B, jtante two f>rmce$ apply in
c xoncert . to raifmg new forces,
430; they ate defeated 'by La.
cnUus, . 134

- ftln httd a t c a , taking advantage
. «f the fnrfwaderflaiKUtJg in the
. ftfiroaa a*iny» recovers all his
donunioDS* X. 130, 139. he
is defeased 00 f«tve#al occafioas
1 by fettsesjr* I4S» «4» be en-
deavours in vain to. tind an afy-
. ^linrt witJiT^ranei, ikMiforuiB-
law, 149 . lie .retires into the
Bo^boivs^ * s*> be puts his Ion
Xipham* to death, 154. he
•lakes propofals of peace to
ftimpfy, wfatejb are rejected,
i$6. ihc forms the denga of
c attacking Hue Romans in Italy,
icS. Pharaaeee makes the army
. revolt agaiftit Mithsidates, who
kisHs iriinfetf, i^s> chaMChf of
MHhpjdateti < i6cr

Mithridates I. king of the Par-
ihiana, dtffeats Demetch/s, and
tak« him prilbnet^ IX. 199.
6 he

INDEX.

he carries that prince into his
kingdom, and gives him 'his
daughter Rhodoguna in mar-
riage, iHd.

Mithridates II. furnamed the
Great, afcends the throne of
Parthia after the death of his
uncle Art a banes, IX. 218. he
re-eftablifbes Antiochus Eufe-
bes, who had taken refuge with
him in his dominions, 241. he
fends an ambaflador to Sylla,
to make an alliance with the
Romans, X. 73. death of Mi-
thridates, IX. 287

Mithridates III. afcends the throne
of Parthia after the death of
Phraates, IX. 218. Orodeshis
brother dethrones and puts him
to death, 387

Mithridates, young Per Han lord,
boalt* of having given Cy-
rus the Younger his mortal
wound, IV. 176. Paryfatis
caufes him to be put to death,

208

Mithridates, eunuch, and great
chamberlain of Xerxes, makes
himfelf an accomplice in the
murder of that prince, III 269.
he is put to death by the pu-
nilhment of the troughs, 273

Mithridates of Pergamus marches
with troops to the aid of Caefar
in Egypt, X. 183

Mit hrobarzanes, favourite of fTi-
granes, is fent againitLucullus
by that prince, X. 122. himfelf
and his troops are cat to pieces,

ibid.

Mitylene, capital of the ifle of
Letbos, III. 5. that city taken

' by the Athenians, 400

Mnafippus is fent with a fleet by
the Lacedaemonians to retake
Corcyra from the Athenians,
V. 134. he is killed in a battle,

Mna&ires, king of the Parthians,

IX. 287

Mnevis, name of the ox adwtd:
Egypt, I.¥

Modefty : Traces of it am«#
the ancients, II. ai&. it w
abfolutely neglecled at Spam

III. 4'

Moeris, king of Egypt, I. 233-
famous lake made by him, 1:1

Molo is made governor of Me-
dia by Antiochus the Great,
VIII. 3. he makes himfelf
fovereign in his province,^
Antiochus defeats him in «
battle, 9. he kills himfelf out
ofdefpair, B 'f

Moloch, name given Satan m
Scripture, l ; rJ

Monarchy. Original defign of mo-
narchy, II. 213. monarchioJ
the beft form of government,

P

Monima of Ionia: MHhridaw
carries her with him inhistraffl,
X. 78. ihe marries that pnncf,
113. tragical death of that J**;
cefs iX *

Monuments ercaed ty»j*tr
cients for thofe who <W *
their country, III- &' ***
kind of monuments*^

durable, AUg

Motya, city of Sicily, J-JJ

Mummies of Egypt, , |\j

Mummius, conful, « ^"^

with the war in M****

137. h«<tefeatstheAch^.

139. takes Corinth, wd «^
demolilhes it, 140. = W*3

Philopcemen, 143- "^S
imereftednefs of Mummn^T'
he enters Rome in «fg
i 4 6.hegc«sonanefflb»fly»
Egypt, Afia, Syria, «■*<*»

M

Murena commands the W\J%
ofSylla'sarmyattbe^

Cheron*a, X. 87. 81* *
fettingoutforRome,l«^ t
the government 01 ah* ^

INDEX.

lie makes war againft Mithri-
dates, 10 1. and is defeated, ibid.
he receives the honour of a
tmmphat Rome, 102

Mufeum : Academy of the learn-
ed, inftitution under that name
at Alexandria,VI 1 . 172. descrip-
tion of the building called Mu-
fteum, 17$

Muficanus, Indian prince: Sub-
jected by Alexander, VI . 251

Mufic. To what perfection car-
ried by the ancients, II. 414.
the Greeks confidered it as an
effential part in the education
of youth, IV. 376. prizes of
mufic at the feaft of Panathenea,

I. 34

Mycale, promontory of the con-
tinent of Afia, famous for the
m&ory of the Greeks over the
Perfians, ,111. 239

Mycenae* city of Peloponnefus,
III. n. kings of Mycenae, ibid.

My cerinus, king of Egypt, I. 245.
mildnefs of his raign, ibid.

MyTon, Athenian fculptor, I * 86

Myronides, general or the Athe-
nians, defeats the Spartans near
Tanagra in Bceotia, -III. 309

Myrto, fuppofed fecond wife of
Socrates, from> whom he hai
much to fuffer,- IV. 282

My feel 1 us general of the Achae-
ans, founder of Crotona, III.

360

Myfteries. Yeafts of the lefs and
greater myfteries celebrated at
Athens in honour of Ceres E leu-
fina, I. 38

.N.

Nabarzanzs, general of the horfe
in the army of Darius, per T
petrates a horrible crime upon
the perfonof that prince, VI.
151, Sec. he retires into Hyr-
cania, 154. he furrenders him-
felf to Alexander upon his pro.
mife, 165

Vol. X.

Nabis makes himfelf tyrant of
Sparta, VIII. 116. inftahces of
his avarice and cruelty, ibid.
Philip puts Argos into his
hands by way of depofit, 167.
Nabis declares for the Romans
againft that prince, ibid, the Ro-
mans declare war againft him,
196. Q. Flaminius marches a-
gainft him, 198. befieges him in
Sparta, 202. obliges him to 'de-
mand peace, 203. and grants it
him, ibid. Nabis jbreaks the
treaty, 212. he -is defeated bjr
Philopcemen, 218. and obliged
to (hut himfelf up in Sparta,
219. he is killed, 22;

Nabonaflfar, or Belefis, king of
Babylon, II.*2oj

Nabopolaflar, king of Babylon,
joins with Cyaxares king of
Media, befieges Nineveh, and
entirely ruins that city, II. 210.
he aflbciates his fon Nebucho-
donofer with him in the empire,
and fends him at the head of an
army againft Nechao, 211. Na-
bopolafiar' 8 death , 212

Nabucodonofor I . orSaofduchinus,
king of Nineveh, II. 209. that
. prince is attacked by Phraortes
king of the Medes, 228. he de-
feats Tilm in the plain of Ragau,
ravages his dominions, and puts
him to death, 229. he fends
Holophernes with a powerful
army to revenge him upon the
people who had refufed him aid,
ibid, entire defeat of his army,

ibid.

Nabucodonofor II. is aifociated
in the empire of A fly ria, by Na-
bopolafiar, II. 211. he defeats
Nechao, and conquers Syria:
and Paleftine, ibid, he beAeges
Jerufalem, makes himfelf maf-
ter of it, and carries away a
great number "of Jews captive
to Babylon, ibid. Nabucodono-
for 'sfirftdream,2 12. that prince
marches againft Jerufalem, takes
Y it,

INDEX.

it, and carries away all its trea-
sures, 214. he defeats the army
of Pharaoh king of Egypt, re-
turns to Jerufalem, and demo-
lishes its fortifications, ibid, he
caufes himfelf to be adorned as
a God, ibid, he befieges Tyre
and takes it after a long fipge,
215. Nabucodonofor's fecond
dream, 216. he is reduced to the
condition of the bcafts, he re-
covers his former fhape, 217*
and afcends the throne, 218. he
dies, ibid.

Kaptha, kind of bitumen very
combuftible, VI. 135

Naravafus, Numidian lord, joins
Barca in the war. with the mer-
cenaries, II. 31

Navy, naval affairs of the ancients,

IV. 392

Noupafhim, city of&tolia, 1 1 1 . 3

Naxus, ifland, one of the Cycla-
des, III. 132. fedition at Naxus,
which occaiions the revolt of the
Ioriians againft Darius, ibid.

Neapolis, quarter of the city of
Syracuie 10 called, IV. 5 1

Nearchus, . officer of Alexander,
undertakes, to^ view the coaft
from the Indus to the bottom of
the Perfian gulf, VI. 257." he
fucceeds in his entcrprife, 25 8

Kechao kii.g of Egypt, I. 255.
he undertakes to open a com-
munication between the Nile
and the Red-fea, ibid, able na-
vigators by his order undertake
to fail round Africa, and happily
effect it, 256. Nechao marches
againft the Babylonians and
Medes, to put a Hop to their
prbgrefs, ibid, he defeats Jofiah
king of Judah, who oppofed
his march, ibid, he beats the
Babylpnians, takes Carchemis,
and returns into, his kingdom,
357. on his way he goes to Je-
rufalem, deprives Jehoahaz o£
the crown, and gives it to je-

hoiakim,- ibid, be is conquered
by Nahucodonofor, who re-
takes Carchemis, i5.8. death of
Nechao, ibid.

Neclanebk is placed by the re-
volted Egyptians upon tfie
throne of Egypt in the room of
Tachos,V. 192. he is fu'pported
by Agefila'us, ibid, by his aid he
reduces the party of f he prime
of Mendes, 193. not being able
to defend himfelfagajnit Ochus,
he efcapes into Ethiopia from
whence he never returns, "325

Nehemiah, Jew, cupbearer of
Artaxerxes, obtains permiflion >
of that prince to return to Jeru-
falem, and to rebuild its fortifi-
cations, III. 296, &c. he ac-
quits himfelf of his commifllon
. with incredible zeal, ibid.

Neleus of Scepfis, t© whom The-
ophraftus had left the works of
Ariftotie, X. 99

Nemaea, games instituted near that
city, I. 62

Neolas, brother of Malo and A-
lexander, brings the latter the
news of Malo> defeat hv An-
tiochus, and then kills himfelf
through def pair, VI 1 1. 9

. Neoptolemus, one of Alexan-
der's captains : Provinces that
fell to him after the death of
that prince, VI t. 5. he joins
Antipater and Craterus againft
Perdiccas and Eumenes, 34. he
marches with Craterus againft
the latter, ibid, and is killed in
a battle, 35. chara&cr of Neop*
tolemus 3*

Neoptolemus, uncle of Pyrrhus,
reigns in Epirus in his ne-
phew's place, I. 162. Pyr-
rhus caufes him to be killed,

ibid,

Neoptolemus, Greek poet, V. 330

NenglhTar puts himfelf at the
head of a confpiracy againft
Eyilmerodach, king of Aflyria,

and

INDEX.

r tnd reigns in his ftead, II.

219

Nero (C. Claudius Nero) conful,

' quits his province and makes

hafte to join his colleague, in

Grder to their attacking Afdru-

• bal, II. 93
Ncvius, Roman officer, furprijes

Philip's gamp near Apol Ionia,
in the niv;ht, VIII. 70

Nicaea, city buih by, Alexander,
: at the place where he had de-
feated Porus, VI. 232

Nicander is deputed by the JE-

• toliansto Philip, VIII. 211. he
endeavours to engage that prince
to join Antiochus againft the.
Romans, ibid.

Nicanor, young officer in Alex-
ander's army : Rafh boldnefs
■ which. coffc him his life, VI.

224

Nicanor, CafTander's brother, is
put to death by order of Olym-
pias, VII. 64

Nicanor, governor of Media, un-
der Antigonus, is furprifed in
his camp in the night by Seleu- ,
cus and obliged to fly, VII. 92.
he is killed in a battle, . 115

Nicanor, officer of Seleucus Ce-
raunus, confpires againft that
prince and poifons him, VIII.

* 1. he is put to death by Achaeus,

....... Out.

Nicanor,' lieutenant general of
Antiochus Epiphanes, marches
. againft the Jews and is defeated
by Judas Maccabapus, VIII.
410, Sec. Demetrius Soter fentfs
him, with an army into Judaea,
toafllft Alcimus, IX. 179. he is
defeated by Judas Maccabaeus,

* and killed in battle, 180
Nicias, general of the Athenians,

makes them conclude a peace
with the Lacedaemonians, IV.
16. heoppofe>the war of Sicily,
in vain, 32. he is appointed ge-
neral with Lamachus and Alci-
biades, ibid, his conduct on ar-

riving in Sicily, 43. after fome
expeditions he forms the fiege
of Syracufe, 53. the. city is re-
duced to extremities, 59. the
arrival of Gylippus changes the
face of affairs, 62. Nicias writes
to the Athenians the ftate of

• his condition, and to demand
reinforcement, 65. two col-
leagues are appointed him, 69.
he is com pel led by his col-
leagues to engage in a fea tight,
in which he is defeated, t 74.
his land-army is alib defeated,
77. he hazards another fea fight
in concert with Demofthenes,

< and is again defeated, 80. he
determines to retire by land, 84.
he is reduced to furrender at
difcretion, 88. is condemned to
die and executed, 9 1

Nicias, treafurer to Perfeus,
throws the treafures of. that
prince into the fea by his order,
IX. 47. Perfeus puts him to
death, 48

Nicocles, fon of Evagoras, reigns
*at Salamin after his father's
death, V. 186

Nicoces, king of Paphos, fub-
mits to Ptolemy, VII. 88. he
makes an alliance fecretW wj^

Antigouus, fhid. he kiuThim-
felt s 9

Jftcocles, tyrant of.Sicyon, is
driven out of that city by Ara-
tu», - VII. 292, &c.

Nicogcnes, in- whofe houle The-
miftoclesrefides at iEgsea, f ap-
plies his gueit with the means
of going to the court of Perfia
infafety, III. 275

Nicolaus, 9ne of Ptolemy's ge-
nerals, refufes to defert with
Theodotus, and continues to
adhere to Ptolemy, VIII. 16.

&c.

Nicolaus, venerable old man,- ha- h

rangues the Syracufaits, to di&r^u&Z?**

.* *

fuade them from condemning* ' ' y - v .^
the Athenian generals, IV. 89 J* 2?
V* Nico- >{

INDEX.

Nicomedes I. ting of Bithynia,
builds the city of Nico media,

I. 157

Nuiomedes 1 1 . foil of Prufias king
•f Uithynia, goes to Rome, IX.
120. he kills his father, who
had given orders for murdering
him, and reigns in his (lead,
ibid, he fets up a child under
the name of Ariarathes, and
taufes the kingdom oi Cappa-
docia to be demanded for hint
of the Romans, X. 71. his
death, 73

N icomcdes III. afcends the throne
of Bithynia, X. 73. he is de-
throned by Mithridates, ibid.
the Romans re-inflate him, 75.
he is again expelle4 by Mi-
thridates, 78. Sylla reconciles
him and Mithridates, who le-
ftores him his dominions, 97.
Nkcmedes in gratitude for the
fervices of the Romans, at his
death leaves the Roman people
his heirs, 104

Micoftratus of Argos commands
o^e of the detachments of
Ochus's army in that prince's
expedition into Egypt, V. 225

jticoltratus, praetor of the A-
chaeans, defeats the troops of
Anu^fthrnf 5j who commanded
for Philip at Corinth, VIII.

Nilacus, fon of Codrus, fettles in
Afia Minor, III. 17

Nile, river of Africa, its fources
I. 179. cataracts of the Nile,
180. catifes of its inundation,
18 j. time that its inundation
continues, 182. meafure or depth
of its inundation, ibid, canals of
the Nile, 184. fertility occafioned
by the Nile, 185. double pro-
fpccl occafioned by the Nile,
187. canal of communication
between the two fcas by the
Nile, 188

Nimrod, founder of the Aflyrian
empire, II. 178. hiltory con*

founds htm with his fonfe.
178. Scripture places himvtr;
near Abraham ; for what iti
fon, J* 1

Nineveh, city of Affyria, its
dation, II. 203. defcriptionc:
that city 9 &'ut. kings of Nineveh,
ibid. &c. deft ruction of that
city, 2 j :

Ninus, king of Affyria, fuceffos
Nimrod and is often coafouwwl
" with that prince, II. ik- 1 *
builds Nineveh, 183. Iris expe-
dition againft the Badrianv**
he. marries Seniiramis, and has
a fon by her, 184. he dies toe
after, **:

Ninyas, fon of NinusandSaai-
ramis, reigns in Affyria, il
198. effeminacy and flock d
that prince, . "*•

Nitocris, queen of Babylon, II.
219. intcriptkw which
caufes to be put upon
tomb,

No-Amon, famous city of W'

1. 150

Nobility. Wherein true mW

confifts, J /; .f

Numidians, people of Afna» J1 -

31. their principalis^;

filled in cavalry, 7;

Nypfius, general of D"^

the Younger, relieves tkciu-

. del of Syracufe clofelv^
ty the Syracufans, V. 79- "
burns and plunders P»? ot jr
city of Syracufe, 82. Dwnyft*
drives him out of Syracufc"
which he had made brn^ 1

we
her

iW.

mailer,

9*

Nyfa, nurfe of Bacchus, VIM"
Nyffa, filler of Mithridates, W»
into the hands of LucuUus, *;

i'J

O.

Obedience : Model of it »» *
education of the Spartan yo»?»
III. 29. means neceflar//^

I

INDEX.

u&d for obtaining voluntary
'. obedience, If. 258

Obeliflts of Egypt, I. 171

Ocha, filter of Ochus, is buried

alive by order of that: prince,

• ■ V. 103

Ochus, takes the name of Darius,
from having put a $op .to the
'infolence of Smergis the Magus,
.III. 94. See Darius I,.

Ochus, fon of Artaxfirxes :Longi»

manus, marches. ** the head of

• a great army againft Sogdianu*,

IV. 2. he gets that prince into

his hands, and puts him to death,

\ibidr &c. he afcends the throne

.of Periia, and changes his name

.from Ochus %o Darius, 3. See

Darius Nothus.

Ochus, fan of Artaxetxes Mne-
jnon, opens his. way, to the em-
pire by the murder of his brea-
thers, V. 197 « he afoenda the
throne of Perfia, and takes the
.name of Ar|a*«rx0s, 202. cru-
elties which he commits, 203.
his iuccefsfel expedition againft
Phoenicia, 219. after thofe ex-
peditions he* abandons hinifelf
to pleafures^ftap. betapoifoned
)>y Qagoas, ,i'f: .2a«

O&via, -widow* »f :M*rcellus,
and b&er of youflgt Cmhrn-Jaeur
fies Antony, X. 198. (he leaves
Rome to goto Anftwiy/aod ar-
rives at Athens, -190. Antony
forbids her to come any father,
zoo. die returns ta Rome, ibid.
affront which fhe receives from
Antony, . 205

Octavius, (Cn.) praetor, com-
jnarnrs the Roman fleet againft
Jterfeus, IX. 55. Uc. means
avhich- he ufes to make that
prince quit tjie iflind of Safno-
. ihracia, which was deemed a
facred and inviolable afylum,
£0. Perieijs puts himfelf into
his hands, 82. O&avius re-
ceives the honour of a triumph,
glj. the Romans fend him to

Syria as ambaflador, 168. he is
murdered there, 177* the fenate
.-eroft a itatue to him, 178

O&nrius, Craffus's lieutenant,
endeavours in vain to confole
him for his defeat, IX. 3°5-
he accompanies that general in
his interview with Surena, 310.
he is killed in defending him,

312
Osteon, or theatre of mufic at A-
thens* 111,317

Qebares, Darius' s groom, by his
addrefs fecures the crown of
: Perfia to his matter, III. 72
Qebazus, Perfian lord, barbarous
cruelty of Darius in refpe& to
-htm, III. 123

Oeconomy. It is one of the prin-
cipal qualities of political
ability, III. 32*

Olthaces king of Colchis, is
fubduedbyPompey, who makes
him ferve as an ornament in hts
triumph, X. 162

Olympia, cattle in the neighbour-
/ hood of Syracufe, IV. 53

Olympias, daughter of Neopto-
Jemus, is married to Philip king
of .Macedonia, and has by that
prince Alexander the Great, V.
> 2 58 . Philip repudiates her, 3 28 .
Alexander carries her to Epirus,
929. Polyfperchon recalls heir
) from Epirus, whither (he had
retired during Aritipater's re-
gency, and divides the govern-
- mentwith her, VII. 45. Olym-
pias caufes Aridaeus, and his
wife Eury dice to be put to
death, 64. Caffander befieges*
her in Pydna, whither .(he had
retired, fakes her prifoner and
puts her to death, 65

Olympic. Solemn games of
Greece, I. 62. ladies admitted
to them, 83

Olympiads. Epocha of the Olym-
piads, III. 14
O Lynthus, city of Thrace, V. 116.
the Lacedaemonians declare war
x^3 againft

INDEX.

•tainit it, 117. it is reduced to dependent, VJ I. roi. hefuffm

furrender, 120. Olynthus, upon himfelf to be leduced by Aga-

the point of being befieged by thecles, and carries him troops

Philip, implore* aid of the A- into the country of the Cartha-

thenians, V. 175. Philip makes ginians, I. 338. Agathoclesputs

himfelf mafter of that city by him to death, ibid.

the treafon of two of its citi- Opbra, king of Egypt. See A.

Jens, and plunders it, 280 pries,

Oneiicritus, philofopher and Oppius, Roman pro-conful,

hiftorian : Alexander deputes marches agalnil Mithridates,

him to the Brachmans, to en- and is taken prifoner, X. 77

gage them to join in his train, Oracles : Famous ones of antiqai-

VI. 238. he can prevail upon ty% I. 48. of Dodona, ibid, of
none of them to do fo except Trbphonius in Boeotia, ibid, of
Calanus, ibid. the Branchidae, 49. of Claros,

Onefimus, Macedonian lord, not ibid, of Delphos, 50. ufnzl

being able to dhTuade Perfeus character of oracles, 53. wbe-

from making war with the Ro- ther they are-?o be afcribed to

mans, quits his party, and re. the operation of devils, or the

tires to Rome, IX. 50 knavery of men, 5/

Onias, fonof jaddus, high-prieft Orations: Funeral orations pro-
of t he Jews, fucceeds his father, nounced in Greece over the

VII. 3 8. his death, 149 tombs of thofe who had died
Onias, high-prieft of the Jews, fighting for their country, Nit

makes himfelf venerable for his j;;

piety, VIII. 371. he refufes Orator: Quality tnoft euentiaf to

Heliodorus the treafures kept in an orator, V. 134

the temple of Jerufalem, 372, Orcbeftra, part of the theatre of

Sec. he is depofed by the in- the ancients, /. 179

trigues of Jafon his brother, Orchomenos,partofB<Bona,wftefe

378.. his death, 381 the batjtle between Sylia and

Onias, fon of the former, having Archelau* was fought, X. 91

jailed of the high*priefthood, Oreftes, foil and fuccetibr of A.

retires into Egypt, IX. 186. he gamemnon king of Mycenae,

builds a temple there for the III. 12

Jews, Hid. Sec. Oreftes, Roman cotamiuary, gees

Onomarchus, brother of Philo- ' to Corinth, and notifies to the

metus, general of the P hocaeans, Achasans the decree of the ferule

takes upon him the command for feparating feveral cities from

of the troops in his ftead, V. theft league, IX. 133. he flies

268. he is defeated by Philip, to efcape the violence of the

and killed in the battle, 270. people, 134

his body is fattened to a gibbet, Oretes, governor of Afia Minor

ibid. forCambyfes, puts Polycrates

Onomaftes, governor of Thrace to death, and feifes the ifland

for Philip, executes the cruel of Samos, II. 365. Darius puts

decree of that prince againft the him to death, III. ^9.

people of Maronsea, VII. 315 Oroandes of Crete promifes Per-

Ophellas, governor of Libya and- feus to receive him into his

Cyrenaica, revolts againit Pro. fbip, and embarks part of the

Jemy, and readers himfelf in- riches of that prince, IX. 8 1.

he

INDEX,

he runs away with thofe trea-
fures, " MM-

Orobazus is fen* ambaflador to
Sylla by Arfaces, king of Par-
thia, to make an alliance with
the Romans, X. 72. Arfaces
puts him to death at his return,

ibid,

Orodes, king of Parthia, IX. 288.
war of .that prince with the Ro-
mans under Craflus, ibid, Oro-
des, jealous of the glory Su-
rtna had acquired by the defeat
of Craflus, pats him to death,
315. grief of that prince for
the death of his fon Pacorus,
321. he choofes Phraates for
his fucceflbr, who caufes him to
be put to death, ibid.

Oromofdes, divinity worfhipped
by the Perfian s, II. 430

Orontes, fon-in-law of Artaxerxes
Mnemon, commands the land
army of that prince in the
war againft Evagoras, IV. 258.
he accufes Terribafus falfely,
159. he terminates the war with
Evagoras by a treaty of peace,
a6o. Artaxerxes punifhes* him
for his falfe accufation, 266

JDfontes, governor of'Myfta, joins
with the provinces of Afia Mi.
tior in their revolt againft Ar-
taxerxes Mnemon, and then be-
trays them, V. 194

Orphans : Charandos's law in fa-
vour of them, III. 364

Orfaces, otd general, accompanies
Pacorus in his expeditions by
order of Orodes, IX. 316. he is
kil led in a battle, 317

Orfines, governor of PafTagar-
cUe, re-eftablifties good order
throughout the whole province,
VI, 25 &. he goes to meet Alex-
ander with magnificent prefents,
259. he is put to death in effect
of the fecret intrigues of the
eunuch Bagoas, 261

Orthia. Inhuman worfhip ren-
dered by the Lacedemonians to

Diana, furnamed Orthia, II 1. 30
Ortygia, ifland near Syracufe, IV.

5°
Ofaeus. See Hofea.

Ofiris, . Perfian lord, marches at)
the head of an army againft Me-
gaby f us, III. 293. he is, de-
feated and taken prifoner, ibid.
Megabyfus generoufly fends him

* back to Artaxerxes, ibid.

Oftanes, chief of the Magi,
accompanies Xerxes in his ex-
pedition againft Greece, III.*

241

Oftracifm, a kind of fentence a-
mongft the Athenians, by which
perfons were condemned to b«i-*
nifhment, III. 163. the banish-
ment of Hyper bolus puts an end
to the Oftracifm, IV. 26

Ofymandias, king of Egypt, I.
232. magnificent edifices which
he caufed to be erected, ibid,'
famous library formed by that
prince, ibid, his tomb furround-
cd with a circle of gold, which
Cambyfes afterwards took a- .
way, ibid,

Otanes, Perfian lord, difcovers
the impofture of Smerdis the
Magus, by the means of his
daughter, II. 369. he forms a
confpiracy againft that ufurper,
ibid, he re-eftabliflies Sylofon, ,
tyrant of Samos*, III. 106 :

Othryades, Lacedaemonian, oh-
tains the victory for the Lace-
daemonians over the A reives by -
his valour, 1 . 138. he kills him-
lelf upon the field of battle,

139
Oxathres, brother of Darius, dif-

tinguifhes himfelf in the battle

of lflus, VI. 58. Alexander

puts Beflus into his hands, to

inflict upon that traitor the pu-

nifhment he deferved, 182.

Oxyartes, Perfian prince, enter-

. tains Alexander in his houfe*.

and gives him his daughter

Roxana in marriage, VI. 205. .

• Oxydracae>

INDEX.

dxydracae, people of India, VI.
245. their capital befieged and
taken by Alexander, ibid, phty
fubruit to that prince, 248 ,

Oxyrinchus, city of the Lower

Thebais, I . 109. wonder related

' of that city by the Abb£ Fleury

in lus ecclefiaftical batory, ibid.

Pacoru*, Ton of Oro&es, king
of the Parthians, enters Syria
'at the head of an army, and
befieges Antioch, IX. 316. he
' raifes the fiege of that dry, and
'is defeated in a battle, 317. he
returns into Syria, and is de-
feated and killed in a battle, 320

Pagan. Definition of a Pagan by
' Tectullian, III. 282. See Pa- ,
;ganiljn.

Paganilm, General reflexions

.upon paganilm, I. 32. &c. ab-

furdities of paganifm T 46. what

"the higheft perfection, to be ex-

pedttd from'it was, III. 365

Palamedes, tragedy written by

; Euripides on the occasion of the

death of Socrates, JV. 1*6

Palestine* province of Syria,' 1. 29.

Paletfcas, public fchopls in which
the athletae exerciled themfel ves
'in wreftling, I. 69

Paiicia, city of Sicily, near which
there was a temple famous for ,
"the fan&ity of the oaths taken
"there, III. 356

Palifades, difference qf thpfe ufed
"by the Greeks and' Romans in
fortifying their camps, VIII.

J70

Pammenes commandsthe troops
Sent by the Thehans to the auj
of Artabafus, and occasions his
gaining two considerable vido-
Vies, V. 204

Pammenes, Athenian general,

marches to the aid of the city

.of Megalopolis, befieged by the

Lacedaemonians, V. 215

Pampbylia, province of Afia Mi-
nor, I. 29

Panathenea, feftival celebrated at
Athens, . , I; 33

Panacratium, kipd of combat a-
mongft the ancients, I. 72, &c.

Panetius, Stoic philofopher, fye

accompanies Scipio in his em-

' bafly to the kings of the Eait,

IX. *o$-

Pantauchus, Per feus 'sambafiador
to Gentius, engages that prince
in his mailer's intereft againft
the Romans, IX. 62

Panthaea, wife of Abradates, is
taken prifoner by Cyrus, II.
275. conduct of that prince in
regard to her, ibid, (he brings
over her huiband to Cyrus,
277. her difcourfe with him be-
fore he fets out for the battle,
292. the excefs of her grief
upon the death of Abradates,
' 299 ithe itabs herfelf with a
dagger, and falls dead ujpon her
huiband, ibij.

Paphlagonia, province of An*
'Minor, . 1.2$.

P'apira, mother of the fecond
Scipio Africanus: Magnificent
.liberality of Scipio in regard to
her, II. 15$

Papyrus, plant of Egypt: De-
le rip tion of it, I. £ftj

Para 1 us, lail of the legitimate
children of Pericles, dies of the
plague, HI. 384

Parafanga, meafure of ways pe-
culiar to the Persians, Iy. ^06.

Parchment : Invention of parch*
ment, 1. 223

Paris, Trojan, returning home
with Helen, whom he had ra-
yiflied, is carried by a tgmpeft
into one of the mouths of the
5Mile A I. 243. Proteus, king of
Egypt, obliges him to leave He*
len with him, and Co quit
Egypt, ibid. Paris return* to

■ ■ ■ 1 • • a

Troy,

ibid.

Pannenio, one of Alexander's
gcuerals, is placed at the head of
the infantry, in the expedition
of thai prince agaiiut the Per-

fiant t

INDEX.

ans, and does him great fetvice,
r I. 25, he feifes the pafs of
yria, and makes himfelf mafter '
f the fmall city of Iflus, 50.
ilexander confides the irea Cures
lid up in Damafcus, and the
eepingof the prifoners to him,
8 . Parmenio advifes that prince
o accept Darius 's offers, 96.
iirprife of Parmenio, on feeing
Vlexander proftrate himfelf be-
ore the high-prieft Jaddus, 100.
Alexander caufes him to be
tilled as an accomplice in the
ronf piracy of Phiietas, 178.
p rai ie of Par menio, X 79

rmys, daughter of the true
S merdis , mar rie s, Darius I . III.

95
rricide. Reafons that prevented

Solon from making any law

againft that crime, III. 60

trtheniatae, name given to the

illegitimate children • of the;

Lacedaemonians: When grown

up, they banifh themfelves from

Sparta, and fettle at Tarentum

in Italy, I. 141

uthenon, temple of Minerva at

Athens, III. 315

irthia, country of the Parthians,

province of Upper Afia, I. 27.

beginning of the empire of the

Parthians, IX. 2S4. kings of

Parthia from Arfaces I. to

Orodes, 285, &c.

aryfatis, fifter and wife of

Darius Nothus, IV. 6. her

afcendant over her hufband,

ibid, idolatry of P aryfatis for

her fon Cyrus,, /W. lhe obtains

pardon of Artaxerxes for that

ion, and caufes him to be fent

back to his government, 146.

cruelty and jealoufy of Pary-

fatis, 208. (he poifons Statira,

-*io. Artaxerxes confines her

in Babylon, ibid.

afargada, city of Perfia, fubmits

$0 Alexander, VI. 150

Paterbcmis, officer of A pries, not
having been able to feife Ama-
fis in the mid ft of the revolted
Egyptians, is treated in, the
moll cruel .'manner by that
prince, I. 262

Pattfithes, chief of the Magi,
places his brother S merdis upon
the throne of Perfia, II. 366.
he is killed with his brother,

Patroclus, governor of Babylon
for Scleucus, abandons that
city upon the approach of De-
metrius, and retires into the
marines, VI. 96

Patroclus commands the fleet
fent by Ptolemy Philadelphus
to the aid of the Athenians be-*
fieged by Antigonus Gonatas,
VII . 254. he returns into Egypt,
and at Caunus caufes Sotades
the fatyrie poet to be put to
death, 25$

Patroclus, Athenian, cites De-
moithenes before the judges af
an infractor of the laws, V.
240. bad fuccefs of his accufa-

. tion, ibid.

Patron, general of* the Greeks in
the pay of Darius, advifes that
prince in vain to confide the
guard of .his perfon to the
Greeks, VI. 152

Paulus ^milius. See Emiiius.

Paufanias, king of Lacedaemon,
commands the army of the
Greeks jointly with A rift ides,
and gains a great battle over
the Perfians, III. 230. he
makes the Lacedaemonians lofe
the chief command by his
haughtinefs, 235. his fecret
conspiracy with the Perfians,
25$. he is difcovered, and pu-
nifhed, *57

Paufanias, king of Lacedremo-
nia, commands at the fiege of
Athens, IV. 139. he obtains
peace for the Athenians, 157*

he

•WDE3*.

*he ri*gleAs*o march to the M l
of Lyfander, and is fummoned
to take hii trial oft his return,

• 4 J8 J . ♦he' reftffcs to appear, and
is condemned toMieya^g. Tie'

1 retires to '{*egifcum> and dies,

• there,'"* '-'[ ' ibid,*
Pftufaniasy Macedonian prince,

• poftcflfcs nirhfeif ■'of'the throne

• of Macedonia, V. 249. he is
-•dethroned ey IphicratdsV 'ibid.

Pmiferiiasy ' young* 'Macedonian"
: lord; caririot obtain fatfsfadtton

• of Philip f3r an rnfult which he
' had recerved from Attains, V.
1 33*- he affaffinates -Philip in,
- Tevenfcey and f is* torn to pieces

: upon the fpot, - ; • 332.

Paiififtratus', -commander of the

• Rhodian 'fleet, is defeated by

• Polyxenes, ' Antiochus's • ad-
miral, and killed in the battle,

VIII. 249
Pay of the troops by fea and land

• *mohgft ; the ancients, • IV. 396-
Pedaretus, ' Lacedaemonians : His

• love of 'his country, III. 31
Pelafgus teaches the firft- Greeks

• to live upon acorns, II 1 . 9
Pel la, capital of Macedonia, fa-
: rnous for the birth of Phirip
' and Alexander, - V. 246
Pelopidas, Theban : His cha-
: racter, V. 121. his friendfhip

•with Epaminondas, 122. he
' abandons Thebes, and retires to
Athens, 11 8? he forms the de-
sign of re-inftating the liberty of
his country, 124. he is elected

• Boeotarch; 130. he drives the
! garrifon out of the citadel, ibid.

he caufes the Athenians to de-
v clare for the Thebans, 132. he
' gains an advantage over the

• Lacedaemonians near Tegyra,
136 » he commands the facred

. battalion at the battle of Leuc-

■ tra, 141. he is created Bceotarch

with Epaminondas, ravages La-

conia, and advances to the gates

of* Sparta, 146. * at his return
he '.is accufe'd and acquitted,
i 51. the Thebans fend him am-
baffador to 1 the cotirt of % Periia,
15 j. his credit with Artaxerxes,
156.' Pelopidas marches a gain ft

% • Alexander, tyrant of Pherce, and
reduces him' to reafon, 159 . he
"goes- to Macedonia to appeafe
the troubles of that cdurt, and
brings away Philip as an hof-
tagej too. he returns iittoThef-

' ial y*, 1 0i . he i s feifed , and made

* ■* prifoner* by treachery, ibid, he

• • ammatcs-Thebe, 'wife of Alex-

ander, ag^irift fierhufband, I$2.
■ he is delivered by Epaminon-
das, -165. • Pelbpidas inarches
againft the tyrant, gains a vic-
tory over him, and rs killed in
the battle, 165, Sec. Angular
' honours paid 'to his memory,

16*
Pelopidas, one of the officers of

• Mithridates, rsfent ambanador
by that prince to demand fatis-

' fa&ion of the Romans, and to
: declare war againft them in cafe,

• ofxefufal, -. X. 75,76
Peloponnefus, province and penin-

• fula of Greece, now called the

• Morea, HI. 3. Peloponnefian
war, 369

Pelops gives his name to' Pelo-

' ponnefus t

III. IX

Pelufium, city of Lower Egypt,

Peafions. Manner of giving pen-
sions by the kings of Perfia, II .

39*
Pehtdcofiomedimni, citizens of the

firft clafs at Athens, IV. 356
Pentathlum, affembiage of feveral
• agoniftiC' exercifes amo'ngft the
' Greeks, 1-74

Penthilus, fon of Oreftes, reigns

at Mycenae with his brother

Tifamenes, " III. 1*

Perdiccas, fon of Amyntas II.

is placed U^on the throne of

Macedonia,

INDE2f,

Macedonia by Pelopidas, V.
159. &e. he is killed m a battle
againft the Illy rians, .255

::rdiccas, one '. of Alexander's
generals, receives that prince* s
ring 'a moment before his death,
VI . 284. provinces which fell to
him after the death of Alex-
ander, VII. 5. he is appointed
guardian of Aridaeus, and, re-
gent of the empire, 4. he puts
Statira, Alexander's widow, to
death, 7. he quells the revolt of
the Greeks in Upper Afia, 9.
he puts Eurhenes into poffeifion
of Cappadocia, 30. he marries
Cleopatra, Alexander's fitter,
31. his unfortunate expedition
into Egypt, 33. killed there, 36
irgamus, city of Great Mifia in
Afia Minor, I'. 28. kingjs bf
Pergamus,. 157. the kingdom
of Pergamus becomes a Roman
province, IX. zip

jriander, tyrant of Corinth, is
ranked in the number of the
feven Cages, III. 85

ricles, Athenian: his, extrac-
tion, III. 299. his education,
ibid, care that he takes to cuU
tivate hi$ mind by the ftudy of
the fciences, and of exercifing
himfelf in eloquence, 300.
means that he employs tor con-
ciliating the iavour of the peo-
ple , ibid, he u nder takes to re-
dute the f>ower of the Areo-
pagus, and fucceeds in it, 306.
Thucydides is oppoied to Sim,
j 13. he adorns- Athens with
Tiagnificent buildings, 3 14.
in\y of the Athenians againft
Pericles, 31 5^ he juftifies him-
Telf, and caufes Thucydides to
be banifhed, 318. he changes
his conduct in refpe& to the
people, 319. his great autho-
rity* 320. his. difmftrejfteduefs,

321

Expeditions of Pericles into

the Thracian Cherfonefus III.

% a$ about Pelopot\nefus,3 z&and

, ~ againil Eubosa, 327. he reduces
the Samians, and demolilhes
their walls, 328. he caufes aid
. to be granted the people of £or-
cyra* againft the Corinthians,
329. troubles given him by his
enemies, 336;. he determines

x the Athenians to, enter into a
war with the Lacedaemonians,
34b. and to fhut themfelves up

" within their walls, 372. he pre-
. vents them . from taking, the
field, whilft their lands are ra-
vaged, 373. he makes the fune-

"' ral oration of the Athenians
killed during the campaign, 3 77.
the Athenians divert him of the
command, and fine him, 383.
grief of Pericles for the death
of his fon Paralus, 384. the
Athenians- reinftate . him, 385.
and permit iiim to inroil his
illegitimate fon amongil the ci-
tizens, 387. death of. Pericles,
388. his praife, ibid. '.Sec,

Piericles, fon of the. former, one
of. the. Athenian generals, who
defeated the Lacedaemonians
. near the iflan.d Ajgmufae, j s

condemned with his colleagues
to die, IV. $24

Perinthus, city of Thrace, be-
fieged by Philip,, and delivered
by the Athenians, V. 303

Perjury. Pummment of .perjury
in Egypt,, / I. 198

Perpenna, Roman ambaffador to
Gentius, is imprifoned, IX.
63 . Anicins delivers him, and
fends him' to Rome with the
news of his victory, 64. Per-
penna, when couful, marches
againil: Ariilonicus, defeats him
in a battle, and takes him prL.
foner, 210. he dies on his re-
turn to Rome, . ibid*

Perieus, firft king of jyiycens^

III. tr

Perfeus, fon of PJiilip, laft king
of Macedonia, forms a confpi-

.... ?*<*

INDEX.

racy at/iinft his brother Deme-
trius, and accufes him to Philip
VIII. 342. his fpeech againft his
brother, 549. Perfeus removes
from court to avoid his father's
indignation, 569. he takes pot
fcflron of the throne of Mace-
donia after his father's death,
370. he puts Antiponus, whom
his father had chofen his fuc-
ceflbr, to death, IX. 3. he pre-
pares fecretly for war againft the
Romans, 3 he endeavours to
gain aliics, ibid, he tries in vain
to bring over the Achxans, 4.
the Romans are informed of his
fecret meal u res, 7. Eumenes
confirms them concerning his
proceedings, Ibid, Perfeus en-
deavours to rid himfelf of that
prince, firft by afTaflmation,
10. and aftenvards by poifon,
if. rupture between Perfeus
and the Romans, 12. interview
©r* Perfctis and Marchis, 17.
war declared in form, 22.
Perfeus advances with his
trrops near the river Pencus,
2S. battle of the cavalry, in
\* hich that prince gains a con-

• ftderablc advantage, and makes
an ill ufeof it, 32. he makes
5>ropofals of peace, which are
rejected, 36. Jie takes fright
upon the arrival of the-conful
Marchis in Macedonia, and leaves
him the paffege open, 45. he
refumes courage foon after, 47.
he folicits aid on all fides, 59.
his avarice lofes htm confidera-
ble faccours, 60. he is entirely
defeated and put to flight by
Pauius j^miliusat the battle of
Pydna, 74» &c. he is taken
prifonerwith his children, 82.
and ferves as an ornament in
the triumph of Pauius i*Emi-
lius, 95. death of Perfeus, 96

Perfepolis, capital city of Perfia,
fubjecJked by Alexander, who
burns the palace of it in a party

■ of debauch, VI. 148, Sec.

Perfia, province of Alia, I. r.
foundation of the Perfiaaei
pire by Cyrus, II. 234 fc:;:
who reigned in Perfia ; Crcs.
ibid. Cambyfcs, ibid. Smerc:^
the Magus, 368. Darius, ':'
of Hyftafpes, 37*. Xerxes, III
170. Artaxcrxes Longioianu*
47*. Xerxes, II. IV." 1. Scg-
cfianus, iird. Darius Noth.i>,
3. Artaxerxes Mnemoa, iu.
Ochus, V. *oa. Arfes, if.
Darius Codomanus, 229. ds-
ftruetion of the empire of the
Perfians by Alexander, Vi.
155. vices which occauoocd '- r ««
decline, and at length the run
of the Perfian empire, «:/.
Manners and cuiioms of :fcc

. Perfians, II. 373. education cf
the Perfians in the time of
Cyrus, 374. government of tfce
Perfians, ibid, form of it mo-
narchical, ibid, coronation ©f
their kings, 375. refped pud to
them, ibid, manner of cdua tin*
their children, 376. public
council of the Perfians, "7«
adminiftration of julftce, ?&.
attention to provinces, J 85.
care of their finances, 394* or ~
war, 397.' entrance into the
troops, ibid, arms of the Per-
fians, 398. their chariots armed
with fcythes, 399. military
difcipline of the Perfians, 401.
their order of battle, 403. man-
ner of going to battle, 40^.
-quality of the Perfian troops in
the time of Cyrus, and after
that prince, 409. arts and fci-
ences of the Perfians, 411. their
religion, 424. marriages and
burials, 43-

Petalifm, kind of fentence efta-
blifiied at Syracufe, III. 35 6

Petra, a very ftrong place in the
country of the Nabathaea Ara-
bians, VII. 95

Petra Oxiana, inacceflible rock,

• V 1 . 1 94 . A lexander makes him-
felf mailer of it, J 96, &c .

Peu-

INDEX.

Beuceftes, on* of Alexander's
captains, diAkigaWkes himself
at Hie fiege of the city of Gxy-
«Uacfle,VI. 245. provinces which
-fell to him after the death of
Alexander, VII. 5. heoppofes
the progrefs of Pithon, and
drives him out of Media, 63

Phahmthus, general oi' the Spar-
tans called Partheniatse, fettles
them at Tarentum, I. 141

Phalanx, Macedonian : Defcarip-
tion of it, V. ac9

t^halarisV his bull taken at the
fiegeof Agr-igentum, and fent to
Carthage, ' 1. 315

Phalecus is appointed general of
the Phocxans during the facred
war, in the room of Phayllus,
V. 370. lie pillages the temple
of Delphos, as the other -had
done, and is depofed, ibid.

Phalera, part of Athena, III. 248

Phameas, general of the Cartha-
ginian cavalry, dares not take
the field, when Scipk> is to fup-
port the foragert, U, 140. he
goes over to the Romans, ibid.

Phanes of HaticarnaJTus, general
of the Greek auxiliaries, in the
army of Amatis, -goes over upon
ibme discontent to Gambyfes,
1 1. 356. live Creeks in the king
of Egypt's fervice murder his
children in revenge, r .357

Pharaoh, common name of the
kings of Egypt, I. 433. one of
them -gives his daughter to So-
lomon in marriage, .246

Phari fees, powerful feel in Judaea,
IX. 23 r. pqriecuuoa of Alex-
ander Jannseus and his party by
thePharifees, 25 a

Pharmbafus, governor of Afia,
an&t^eral of thettoops of Da-
rius and •Artaxosacts, kings of
Pevfta, aids the Lacedaemonians
againA the Athenians, IV. 107.
he makes peace with, the latter,
too. heiet^»compiai&£$,agtinft

Ly fancier te Sparta, 163. fits
whole province is ravaged by
Agefilaus, 231. interview of A-
gefilans and Pharaabafus» 234.
the latter is charged by Aitax-
erxes with- the war againft E-
gypt, V. 186. the enterprife
snifcarties through his &ult,

189

Ptiarnaoes makes the army re-
volt agatnft his father Mithri-
dates, and is elected king in his
itead, X. 159. he is declared
the friend and ally of the Ro-
mans, 1 6a. he is defeated and
driven out of Pontus by Ccefar,

.199

Pharnacias, eunuch of Xerxes
U . fupplies Sogdianus with the
means for alTaffinating that
prince, IV. 1

Pharos, its &mous tower or light
Jioufe, yil..i7r

Phafael , brother of Herod* is made
governor of Jerufalem, IX. 279.
he is taken by the Parthians arid
put in irons, ibid. ¥ he kills him-
lelf/to avoid the ignominy of
punimment, ibid.

Phayllus, general of the Pho-

casans during the fapred war,

, plunders the temple of Qelphos

to defray the eitpenifes of that

war, V. *$o. hts,<teft|fr, &id.

Ffeaylius, Qf CiQtpna, Atbfeta :
iJis £&&«» fer the Greeks,
anil -valour, VJ.,134

Phebidas, l^cedjBffiqnJjjBfU ' f*s
out from Spam at tha head of
a body of troop.8 againft Qtyn-
thus, V. xt?. Jie feifes the
citadel of ThefcesJ>y fraud, 118.
he is deprived of tne-/eomm*nd,
and fined, 119

Piiedyina, daughter of Qtanes,
and wifcpf $*&rais \bp Magus,
difepyers gat iifrrper's impof,
ture, II. 3 69. me marries Da-
rius *fw thtxfeafM? Sroerdjs,

"I 95
3» Ffeenjcia,

INDEX.

Phcnida, or Phoenicia, province P'hileteres, founder of the kinc-

dom of Pergamus, I. 158. VII.
257. means which he ufes ior
fup porting him f elf in that king-
dom , Ibid,
Philidas, one of the confpirators
againft the tyrants of Thebes,
rinds means to make him felt*
their fecretary, V. 144. on the
day fixed by the confpirators,
he gives the tyrants a (upper,
126. 'the confpirators kill them
at his houfe, 129

of Syria, I. 29. revolt of Phoe-
nicia, againft Ochus, V. 219

Phcrendates, Perfian lord, made
governor of Egypt by Ochus,

V. 2i6

Pherenicus, one of the principal
confpirators againft the tyrants
of Thebes, V. 125

F heron, king of Egypt, 1. 242.
action of that prince againft the
Nile, ibid.

Phidias, famous painter and

feu lp tor: Pericles gives him the Philip, fon of Amyntas II. king

direction of the public build-
ings at Athens, III. 3 17. in-
gratitude of the Athenians to
Phidias, 337

Phila, Ant i pater's daughter, is
married to Ccaterus, VII. 25.
after the death of Craterus (he
marries Demetrius Poliorcetes,
ibid, (he kills herfelf with poi-
fon, 166. praifeof that princefs,

Phila, daughter of Seleucus and
Stratonice, marries Antiochus
Gonatas, VII. 207

Phiiadclphus, name given ironi-
cally to Ptoleiriy II. king of
*gypt» VII. *70. See Pto-
lemy Philadelphus.

Philammon afTalfinates Arfinoe,
fifter flfiad wife of Ptolemy Phi-
lepafor, VIII. 27 . he^s beaten
to death with ftaves by the ladies
of -honour to that princefs^* li?"

of Macedonia : His birth, V.
246. Pelopidas carries him to
Thebes as an hoftage, 249. he
flies from Thebes into Mace-
donia, and is placed upon the
throne, 251. beginning of his
reign, ibid, he makes a cap-
tious peace with the Athenians,
253. his firft conquefts, 255.
birth of Alexander, 258. Phi-
lip's care of his education, ibid.
he endeavours to fubjed Thrace,
and takes Methrone, at the fiege
of which place he lofes an eye,
269. he conciliates the amity of
the Thefiaiians, and expels their
tyrants, 270. he endeavours to
feife the .pafs of Thermopylae
in vain, 271. takes the city of
Olynthus, notwithstanding the
efforts of the Athenians to pre-
vent it, 280. he declares for the
Thebans againft the Phocaeans,

Fhila^nj, f^trbreth^rs^xitiziiri^-^ and .begins in that manner to

Catthago*. fitcrifice their ltaet'foro
the good of: their country,^.;.
39 1» the Carthaginians out of •
gratitude* confecrate two altars \

to thenf* - 0*d* J

Philxnius, LacedaQmoniafr, :ac^<;
companies itannibal in his ex* :
peditions, and compotes the
hiftory of that great captain, 1 1« ;
* " -. .' r2i •

Philemon,' comic poet, preferred
. by the Greeks to Menander in
his own life time, ^ "7

(hare in the facred war, 281. he
lulls ^the Athenians with a faife
peace and falfe pr/>rnifes, 283.be
feifestthe Thermopylae, reduces
thePfiocseans and terminates the
faemd^war, 287; be caufes him-
feif to be admitted into the coun-
cil of the Amphy&ions, 288
Philip, on his return into Ma-
cedonia, pulhes his conquefts in-
to I llysium and Thrace, V . 29 1 .
he enters into a league with the
Thebans, Argives, and Mefleni-

ans»

*

a,

INDEX.

arts, for attacking Peloponnefus
with their joint forces, 29$.
Athens, declaring for the Lace-
daemonians, breaks that league,
296. Philip Snakes an attempt
upon Eubcea, 297. Ptiocion
drives him out of that illand,
300. Philip forms the liege of
Perjnthus and Byzantium/ 303.
Phocion obhges him to raife
both thofe lieges, 307. Philip
fubjects Atheas king of the Scy-
thians, and theTriballi, people
of Moelia, 309. by his intrigues
he caufes himfelf to bedeclared
. generaliffimo of the Greeks in
v the council of theAmphycYions,
311, &c. he feifes Eiataea, 313.
theAthenians and Thefcans enter
into a league again ft him, 318.
he makes propofals of peace
which are rejected by the advice
of Demofthenes, ibid, battle of
Chaeronea in which Philip gains
a great victory, 319. Philip in
the council of the Amphyctions
caufes himfelf to be declared
general of the Greeks againft
the Perlians, and prepares for
that great expedition, 328. do-
meltic troubles in his family,
ibid, he repudiates Olympias,
and marries another wife, ibid.
he celebrates the nuptials of
Cleopatra, his daughter, with
Alexander king of Epirus, and
is killed in the midlt of them,
' 33 '1 &C' memorable action? and
fayings of Philip, 332. good and
bad characters of that -prince,
' ibid. Sec.

Philip, fon of Demetrius, afcends
the throne of Macedonia, VII.
360. his aiicction for Aratus,
VIII. 30. he takes upon him
the defence of the Acha?ans
againft the JEtolians, ibid, dif-
ferent expeditions of Philip
againft the enemies of the
Achoeans, 39. ftrange abufe that
ApsiJes his minifter makes of

his confidence, 41. irruptionwf
Philip into ./Etolia, 48. he takes
Thermic by furprife, 50. excef-
fes committed there by his fol-
diers, ibid, prudence which he
(hews in his retreat, 53. troubles
in his camp, 55. pimi foment of
the authors of them, ibid, irrup-
tion of Philip into Laconia, ibid,
new intrigue of the confpirators,
56. their punilhment, $9. Phi-
lip takes Thebes of Phthiotis
from the ^Etolians, 63. he con-
cludes a peace with them, 64

Philip concludes a treaty with
Hannibal, VIII. 68. he makes
preparations for carrying the
war into Italy, 69. he is fur-
prifed and defeated by the Ro-
mans at Appol Ionia, 70. his
change of conduct, 71. his bad
faith and irregularities, ibid.
Sec. he caufes Aratus to be
poifoned, 72. he makes himfelf
mailer of the city and caftle'of
Liffus, 74. he gains feverai ad-
vantages over the ./Etolians, 79.
he is repulfed near the city of
Elis, 81. different actions of
Philip againft Sulpitius, 93, &c,
he makes peace with the Ro-
mans, 118. he enters into a
league with Antiochus for in-
vading the dominions of Pto-
lemy Epiphaues, 128. bad fuc-
cefs of Philip againft Attalus
and the Rhodians, 129. his cruel
treatment of the Cyaneans, 130.
he befieges and takes Abydosi
131, Sec. he ravages Attica, 137.
the Romans declare war againft:
him, 138

Philip makes ineffectual at-
tempts againft Athens, VIII.
140. he endeavours to bring over
the/Etolians into his party, 143.
he is defeated in a 'battle by
Sulpitius, 147. he is reduced to
abandon the defiles along the
Apfus, 1^6. ineffectual inter-
view of Philip with Flaminius

Z 2 con-

IN&£X*

ceifccming peace, t6$. be is de-
feated by Flaminius near Sco-
tuflk, and Cy nofcephale inThef-
IfeKa, 176. the Romans grant
him peace, 1&4. Philip aids
Qwnuusagainfttfabis, *©*6, 4c
his conduct to Scipio, 248. Phi-
lip's caufes ef di (content frem
the Romans, 309, Ac. the Ro-
mans order him to evacuate the
cities of Thrace, 313. he dif-
* charges his rage upon the in-
habitants of Maronxa, 315. he
fends his Ton Demetrius on on
•rabaiTy to Rome, 316. eom-
plainta againft Philip carried to
Rome, 33#. the Romans fend
back his fon with ambafiadors,
338. Philip prepares to renew
the wax With the Romans, ibid.
plot of Perfeus againft Deme-
trius, 341. he accufes him to
Philip, 346. upon a new accu-
&tioh Philip caufes Demetrius
to be put to death, 367. he dif-
ctfvers his innocence fome time
after, and Peffcus's guilt, 368.
whilithe meditates the puntth-
ment of the latter he dies> 370
Philip pretends himfelf fon of
Perfeas, and feiies the kingdom
of Macedonia, IX. 129. he
is defeated and killed by Tte-

• milius, 132
Philip, one of Alexander's cap-
tain* : Provinces which fell to

. him after that prince's- deaths

VII. s

Philip, in concert with his bro-
ther Antiochus, deftwys the
city of Mopfueftia, to avenge the
death of his brother Seleucus,

- IX. 140. he reigns in Syria with
his brother , Demetrius, after

' having driven out Eufebes, 24 1 ,
Philip's death, 243

Philip, Phrygian, is made govt.*
nor of Judaea by Antiochus

• Epiphanes, VIII. 386
Philip, fofter boother and favour-
ite of Antiochus Epiphanes, is

made governor by that prince

of his fon Antiochus Eupator,

and regent of Syria, VIII. 417.

Lyiks ufurps that employment

from him, IX. 166. Philip re.

tires into Egypt, ikid.

Philip of Acarsania* pbyfician,.

known from the falutary draught

which he gave Alexander, VI.

4a

Philipfburgh, town of Germany >
beueged and taken by the French^

VIII. a9z

Phi Ulcus is fent by the king of
Periia to reconcile the ftates of
Greece, V. 154

P&liftus, rich citizen of Syra-
cufe,, pays a fine for Dionyfius,-
V. 6. Dionyfius bajv flies him,.
44. Dionyfius the Younger re-
calls him to court, 57. death of
Philiftus, 77. be maybe can.
fidered as a great hiftdrian, 5 %

Phiiocles, Macedonian, devoted
to Perfeus, is fent by Philip oa
an embafly to Rome, VI J 1 . 304.
at his return he delivers* forged
letter to that pnnce under the
counterfeited fealof T,£uintnis*
which occafions the death of
Demetrius, 366. Philip caufes
him to he feized, and put to.

. the queftien, in which he dies,

368.

P&tfocles, one of the Athenian

. generals, is defeated and made:
prifoner with bis colleagues at
the battle of ^fegofpotamos, IV.

. 137, he is put to death, ibid*.

Phiiomelus, general of the Pho-
caeaos, fets them again!}, the de-
cree of the Amphyftions, and
determines them to take arms,
V. 266. he makes himfelf
matter of the temple of Delphi,
and takes the riches of it to pay
his- troops, 167 . he is defeated in
* battle, and throws himielf
headlong from the top of a
rock» 268

Philo&ldes, runnci to Alexander

the

INDEX.

the Great, famous for his fwift-
nefs, I. 77

Philopcemen,Megalopolitan : De-
termines his citizens to reject
the offers of Cleomenes, VII.
348. he fignalizei himfelf at the
battle of Seiafia, 355. he diftin-
guiihes himfelf in the battle
near the city of Elis, VIII. 81.
his education, 82. his great qua-
lities, 83. he is elected, general
of the horfe by the Achoeans,
87. he reforms the Achaean
troops, 88. he is elected captain
general of the Achaeans, 107.
he gains a famous victory 'over
Machanldas tyrant of Sparta,
and kills him in the .battle,
no, 112. the Achsoans ered
feimaftatue, 1^3. honours which
he receives in the alfcmbly at
the Nemaean games, 114. Phi-
lopoemen is defeated at fea by

. the tyrant Nabis, a 1 8 . . he gains
a famous victory over that tyrant
near Sparta, 219.. after the death
of Nabis he feifes Sparta, and
obliges that city to enter into the
Achaean league, 225. he refufes
the prefents offered him by the
Spartans, 226. he feeretly fa-
vours the Spartan exiles, and
caufes war to be declared againft
that city, 286. he makes him-
felf matter of Sparta,, and re-
inflates the exiles, 288. he at-
tacks Mefiene, and is taken pri-
foner, 322. the MeiTenians put
him to death, 324. honours paid
• to his memory, 325. trial of
Philopoemen after his death,

ibid,

Philofophers, Philofophy. It is
wonderfully proper for forming
the hero, V. 178, 179. the
itudy of this fcience incompa-
tible with flavery, . III. 358

¥hilotas, fon of Parmenia, com-
mands a body of horfQ in Alex-
ander's expedition againft Pex-
iia,YI, 25. pretended cujifpiracy

of Philotas, againft Alexander
171, &c. he is put to death,

177

Philotas, governor of Upper Afia,
is put to death by Pithon, VII.

63

Philoxenus, poet,, favourite of Di*
onylius the Tyrant : His ge-
nerous freedom, V. 42, &c.

Philoxenus, Macedonian, feifes
Harpalus, and caufes him to be
put to the queftion, VI. 268

Phocsea,city of Ionia, is condemn-
ed to be destroyed by the Ro-
mans, IX. 210. the Marfeil-
lians originally defcended from
that city obtain pardon for it,

ibid*

Phocioni general of the Athenians,
drives Philip out of Eubaea,
V. 299. "he makes that prince
raifs the fiege.of Peri n thus arifl
Byzantium, 307. he rejects the
oilers of Harpalus, VI. 266. he
endeavours in vain to prevent
the Athenians from engaging in
the I.amian war, VH. 9. he is
condemned to die by the A the*
nian&, 47. his body is carried
out of the territory of Attica,
• 49. the Athenians erect a ftatu«
to him, and inter his bones ho*
nourably, 54. character, ancfc
praife of P hoc ion, V. 297. VJ .

265. VII. 49. Sec

Phocis, part of Greece, III. 5* it
is ravaged by Xerxes, 207. the
Lacedaemonians deprive the
people of Phocis of the cuftody
of the temple of Delphi, 327.
Pericles reftorts it to them, ib/'d.;
the Phocaeans till the ground
confecratcd to Apollo, V. 265,

266. they are declared guilty of
facrilege, and are fiaed, ibid.
they take arms againft the de-
cree of the Amphyctions, ibid*
the latter make war againft the
Phocaeans, 267. Philip reduces
them . 287

Z 3 Phoenix,

INBIX.

^fietirix* fabutoi* bird; wonders

related of it, I. *8$

Phoroneus, king of Argos,. HI.

11
Pkraitts I. ion of Priapatius, king
of the Parthians, IX. 286

ritraates H. fucceeds hit father
• Mithridatcs in the kingdom of
Parthia, IX. 2S6. he is defeated
three times by Antiochus Su
detes,2i$. he releafes Deme-
trius, 116. he defeats Antio-
chus, who is killed in the bat-
tle, ibid, he marries one of that
prince's daughter's ibid, he is
defeated by the Scythians, who
had called in Antiochus to
. their aid, and is killed in flying,

str7, 218
£hraates HI. fumamed Theos,
king of the Parthians, IX. 287.
he mak:s an alliance with the
Romans during the war with
Mithridatcs, ibid, he efpoufes
the part of Tigranes the Y ounger
againft the father, ibid, death
ofPhraates, ibid.

Phraates IV. is placed by his la-
ther Orsdes upon the Parthian
throne, IX, 32.1. he puts his
brothers, father^ aad'hie £on\. to
death, * x - ibU.

Thraortes, kJr^bf the Medes,
fncceeds Ms father Dejoccs, II.
227. he makes himleif mailer
ofalmoltall Upper Ada, 22*.
he makes war againft the Af-
fyrians, ibid, he is defeated, ibid.
Nabuchodonofor puts him to
death, 229

Pbrataphemes, one of Alexander's
generals : Provinces which fell
to him after that prince's death,

VII. 5
Phrygi«> province of Afla Minor,

I. 28
Phrynicus, one <©f the Athenian
generals, oppofcs the recall of
Akibiades, IV, too. he is di-
alled of the command, 1© 1

Phrynon commands the array- of
tile Athenians fent againft Mi-
tyltne, III. 83. he accepts t&r
challenge of Pittacus, and is
killed, ibid.

Pbylitts* Lacedaemonian officer,
is killed at the fiege of Sparta
by Pyrihus, fighting valiantly r

VII. 244

Phyfcon. See Ptolemy Ever,
getes, Airnamed Phyfcon.

Phyto, general of the troops of
Khegjum, defends that city a-

. gainft Dionyf&s, V. 36. Dio-
nyfius, after hating made him
fufter great indignities, puts him
to deaths 37

Pindar, Greek lyric poet, cha-
racter of his works, 1 1 1 . 352

Piraeus, port of Athens* III. *4&

Piromis, name given, to kings laid
by the Egyptian pricfts so have
reigned in Egypt, 1 . a.5 r

Pifander, Athenian captain, de-
termines the people of Athens
to recall Alcibiadea* IV. 10 1.
the Athenians fend him to treat
with Alcibiades and Tifiapher-
nes, ibid, at his return he
changes the form of the govern-
ment, ibid.

Pifander, Lacedaemonian,, is ap-
pointed by Agffiktus his bro-
ther-in-law to command the
fleet in his Head* IV. 232, he
is defeated by Coooa near
Ciiidos, arid killed rathe battle,

242

Pififtratftsy Athenian, makes huti-
felf tyrant of Athens, HI. 62.
lenity of his government, 64.
his death, 65. his character, 64.
library founded by him at
Athena, . ibid.

Pifo (Calpurnius,/ conful, com-
mands at thcflcge of Carthage
before the arrWai of Scipio* IK

>4*

PHuthnes, governor of Lydia sit

Darius, revolts againit that
7 prioqe,.

INDEX-

priace, IV, 4. beistafceaand
, put to death, ioid.

Pithoo* one of Alexander's cap-
tains, is made governor of Me-
dia -by Antipateis, VI I. 38. he
caufes Philotas to be put to
. delth, and takes po&ifion of
his government* 63 . he is driven
©ut of Media by Peuceftes,
and obliged to retire to Selew-
. cus, ibid. Antigonus puts him
. to death, S3

Pittacus of Mitylene, one of the
feven fages of Greece, drives
out the tyrant who opprefted
. his country, III. 83. he com>-
• mands the army agatnft the
Athenians, ibid, he challenges
■ Phrynon their general to (ingle
combat, and kills him, ibid.
the inhabitants of Mitylene
give him the fovereignty of their
city, 84. be- voluntarily abdi-
cates his authority at the eiu
piratton of ten years, and retires,
ibid: his death, ibid*

Places. Attack and defence of
places by the ancients,. II. 406,

&c.

P lague, contagious diftemper, III.

378. description of that difeafe,

37*
Plataea, city of Bceotia, III. 4.

the Platseans acquire glory at

the battle of Marathon, i$z.

they refufe to fubrait to Xerxes,

193. the Greeks decree the

. prize of valour to them after
the defeat of Mardonius, 234.

. the Platseans inftitute an- anni-
vcrfary feitival in lionour of
tbo£e who died in the battle,
237. fiege of Plataea by the
Tbebans, 369. Plataea bcueged
and taken by the Lacedaemo-
nians, 390. the Thebans demo-
lish it entirely, V. 137. the
PlaOeans retire to Athens, ibid.
they induce Alexander to deftcoy
Thebcfi^VI, 16, that prince per-

mits them to rebuild their city,

34
Plato, philofopher of Athens :

He retires to Maegara to avoid
the rage of the Athenians, tV.
326. Plato's travels into Sicily,
where he appears for the firft
time at the court of Dionyfius
the Younger, V. 23. his inti-
macy and friendship with Dion,
ibid. Plato's fecond Voyage info
Sicily, 57. wonderful change
occasioned by his prefence at
the court of Dionyfius the
Younger, 5S. conspiracy of the
courtiers to prevent its effe&s,
60. Plato quits the court, and'
returns into Greece, 63. adven-
ture that happens to him at
Olympia, 64. he returns to the
court of Dienyfius the Younger r

66. Dionyfius differs with hjm,

67. he permits him to return
into Greece, ibid. Plato 'sdeath,

227

'Pleminyrium, iile near Syracufe,

IV. S z

Pliftarchus, fon of Leonidas, kjng
of Sparta, III. 256

Ptifthenes, fon of Atreus* king of
Mycenae, III. 1*

PliAooax, king of Lacedxmoriia,
tabes pains to caui'e a treaty
to be concluded between Ji-
thens and Sparta, IV. 16. his
death, 119

Plutarch of Eretria calls in the
Athenians to the aid of Euboea,
befteged by Philip, V. 297. his
perfidy, 299. Phocion drives him
out of Eretria, ibid.

Pcecile, n«j*i*jj, gallery or porch
of paintings at Athens, "where
the Stoicks ufed to affemble,

III. 101

Poem, epic and dramatic, 1.92

fcocfy. Greek poets, III. 71, &c
emulation of the poets in di(V
puting the prizes in the Olym-
pic games, I. 92. poets who

invented

INDEX.

invented and improved tragedy
and comedy, 94

Polcmarch, magi ft rate at Athens,
employed both to adminifter
julticc and command armies,

III. 154
Poliorcetcs, name given Deme-
trius, fon of Antigonus, VII.

86

Polyoenus, fenalor of Syracufe,

harangues the people upon the

adion of Andranadoius, after the

death of Hieronymus, X. 30

Polybidas, Lacedaemonian, is

% charged with the war againil

Olynthus, and takes that city,

V. 120
Polybius, Greek hiflorian: his
function at the funeral of Philo-
pcemen,VlII. 325. heischofen
ambaflador to Ptolemy Epi-
phanes by the Achseans, 335. he
is elected general of the horfe
by the Achaeans, IX. 40. he is
deputed to the conful Marcius,
to whom he prefents the decree
of the Achasans, 42, 43. he
returns to Achaia, 45. he faves
the Achoeans a considerable ex-
penfe, 48. he is included in the
number of the exiles, and car-
ried to Rome, no. his great
friendship with the fecond Sci-
pio Africanus, 111. return of
Polybius into Achaia, 143. zeal
of Polybius in defending Phi-
loptemen's memory, ibid, proof
which he gives of his dinnte-
reftednefs, 144. be eftabliihes
good order and tranquillity in
his country, 145. he returns to
Scipio at Rome, and accompa-
nies him to the fiege of Nu-
mantia, iifci' after Scipio's death
he returns into his own country,
' where he ends his days, ibid.
Polybius of Megalopolis, 'officer
in the army of the Achseans,

VIII. in

Polycrates, tyrant' of Samos,

II, 364. Angular hiitory of that

tyrant, ibid, his miferable end*

366

Polycrates, firft miniiter of Ptc*.
lemy Epiphanes, renders that
prince great fervices, VIII. 305

PoJydamas, famous athleta of an-
tiquity, I. 70.

Polydecles, king of Sparta, and
brother of Lycurgus, I. 137

Polydorus, brother of jafon, ty-
rant of Phera?, fucceeds him,
and is foon after killed by Poly-
phron his own brother, V. 15!

Polygamy. It was allowed in
Egypt, I. 2CO

Polygnotus, famous painter ; ge-
nerous adionofhis to the Athe-
nians, III. 161

Polyphercon, Syracufan, in con-
cert with Leptinus, kills Cal-
lippus, Dion's murderer, V. 91

Polyphron is fubftituted to Jafon,
tyrant of Pherae his brother, V.
158. he kills Polydorus his
other brother, and is focn after
killed himfelf by Alexander of
Phera?, ibid 1 .

Polyfperchon, one of the generals
of Alexander's army, reduces
a country called Bubacene, Vf •
206. he- ridicule^ a Periian
for prcftrating himfelf before
Alexander, 210. that prince
caufes him to be put in prifon,
and pardons him foon after, iMd.
Polyfperchdn takes the city of
Ora, 220. he is appointed re-
gent of the kingdom, and go.
vernor of Macedonia by Anti-
pater, VI I 43. he recalls Olym-
pias, 45. he endeavours to fe-
cure Greece to himfelf, ibid, he
is driven out of Macedonia by
Callander, 65. he caufes Her-
cules, the fon of Alexander, and
his mother Barfina to be put to
death, 98

Polyftratus, Macedonian foldier^
carries drink to Darius at the
point of. death, and receives his
laft wolds, VI . if*

Polyxenides,.

I-rfBEX.

.etudes, admiral of the fleet
\ntiochus the Great, is de-
ted by tivius, and reduced
fly, VIII. 246. lie defeats
uiiftratus, who commanded
: fleet of Rhodes by a ftrata-
n, 249. he is defeated by
miKus, and feduced to retire
E phefus, 252

serins, brother-in-law of
onyfius, having declared a-
nft that prince, flies to avoid
ling into* his hands, V. 32
aelus, brother of Hiero I.
ng of Syracufe, gives his bro-
sr umbrage, III. 350. Theron,
5 fan-in* law, takes his part,
d. peace is made by the me-
ntion of the poet SimonUtt s,

IM.
ipeius (L.) Roman officer,
>mmand8 a fmaU body of troops
iring the war with Perfeus,
id retires to an eminence,,
here he defend* himfelf va-
antly, IX. 38.

ipey fucceed* Lncullui in the
aragainftMithridate$,X. 142.
s conduct upon arriving in his
>vernment, 143. he offers Mi-
iridates peace, 145. he gains
vera! victories over that prince,
id. he marches into Armenia
;aiaft Tigcanes, who comes
id furrenders himfelf to him,
1-7. he. purfues Mithridates,
id in his way fubjecls the Al-
mians and Iberians, 151. tired
: following Miihridates, he
>mes to Syria* of which he
kes pofleffion, and puts an
id to the empire of the Seieu-
des, 15a. he marches, to Poru
is, 154. he returns into Syria,
;6. Pompey's expeditions into,
rabia, 161. he takes Jerufa-
m, enters the temple, and the
zncium San&erum, IX. 276.
"tcr having reduced all the ci-
c& of Pontus, he returns to
ome, x. 1 6a. he receives .the

honour of atriumpn* Wid. after
his- defeat at Pharklla, he re-
tires into Egypt, 176. he is
kitted, 178

Pontus, kingdom of Ada Minor,.
I. 2S. chronological abridgments
of the hiftory of the kings, of
Pontus, 159

Pof>ilius (C.) is fenfc ambafTador
into Egypt* in order to put am-
end to the war there, VI If. 3*8.
he obliges Antioehus to quit
Egypt, and leave the two Pto-
lemies, brothers, in quiet pof-
feffibn of it, 394. he is fent into
Peloponnefus to'publim the de-
cree of the fenate there in fa*
vour of the Creeks, IX. 41

porphyry, Tyrian, a learned pa-
gan, declared enemy of Chrif-
tianity and the holy Scriptures,.

VIII. 429s

Porus, Indian king* refufea to
fubmit to Alexander, VI. %%%•.
he it defeated and taken prU
foner, 22S. Alexander reilprea
him to his dominions, 23*

Pofts. Invention of poits and cou-
riers, II. 332

Potfiinus, Ptolemy's rainiiler, de-
thrones Cleopatra, X. 176. he
advifes the death of Pompcy,
177. he endeavours to reader
Caafar odious to the Egyptians,.
180. he prevents the ened of
Caefar's decree, and makes tie
Egyptians take arms againil
him, 182. Cat far caufes him to
be put to death, 184

Fetid sea, city of Macedonia, re-
volts againit the Athenians, ta
whom it was tributary,III.33i.
it is befieged and taken by the"
Athenians,. 332. Philip takes
that city from them, V. 256

Poverty ; Love of poverty infti-
tuted at S parta, IV. 3 4 1

Power, or Rule, the fpirit of it
how umbrageous, X. 67

Prexafpes, confidant of Cam-
byfes, kills Saierdis by that

prince' 5

INDEX.

prince's order, IT. 363. hisbafe
and monftrous flattery of Cam-
byfes, 364. he promifes the
Magi to da I a re Smerdis the
Magus the true fon of Cyrus to
the people, 370. he fpeaks to
the people from the top of a
tower, declares the contrary to
them, throws himfelf down

' from the top of the tower, and
h killed, ibid.

Priapatius, fon and fucceffor of
Arfaccs II. king of the Par-
thiaxis, IX. 286

Pricne, city of Ionia, 111. 327

Princes. See Kings.

Procles, fon of Ariftodemus,
reign* at Sparta with his bro-
ther Eujyfthenes, I. 135

Proculeius, Roman officer, comes
* to Cleopatra in her retire-,
ment„ and advifes her to put
herfelf into Csefar's hands,
X. 218. he makes himfelf maf-
ter of the perfon of that, prin-
cefs, ibid. Caefar orders him to
afk her what ihedefires of him,

Prodlcos, name grrtirty'the hz-
cedaemonians to the guardians ef
the kings, ' 1. 138

Proetus, king of Argos, III. 11

Promachus, one of Alexander's
officers, dies in a debauch with
that prince, VI. 263

Prophecies in refpe& to Pharaoh
Hophraand the Egyptians, I.
260, Sec. prophecies concerning
Nineveh, II. 232. Babylon,3o6.
Cyrus, 308. Alexander, 33$.
Antiochus the Great, VIII.
496. Seleucus Philopator, 375.
Antiochus Epiphanes, 418. Ja-
cob's prophecy concerning the
Meffiah, IX. 283

Profperity. Proof to which it pins
the foul, II. 256. train of prof-
perity, IV. 245.

Protagoras, brother of Nico-
cles, expels Evagoras II. from
£alamin, and reigns in bis Head,

V. 220. Ochus confirms tht
- poflfeflion of the throne to him,

223
Protagoras of Abdera, fophift ;
opinion of Protagoras concern-
ing the Divinity, IV. 46. the
Athenians expel him their city,
and caufe his works to be burnt,

47
Proteas, Macedonian : Alexander

drinks his health in Hie bowl

of Hercules, VI. 283

Proteus, king of Egypt, I. 242.

He tfops Helen and her riches,

and restores her to Menelaus, I.

*43> &c.

Prothous, fenator of Sparta, op-
pofes the war of the Thebans*
but is difregarded, V. r39

Protogenes, famous painter. De-
metrius' s Yegard tor him du-
ring thefiegeof Rhodes, VII.

136

Protoraachus, one ef the Athe-

* nian generals that gained the
victory near the iflands Argi-
nufae, and were condemned at
their return, « JV. 123

Providence. Difcourfe of Socrates
upon Providence, IV. 193

Proxenes, of Bceotia, commands a
body of Grecian troops in the
army of Cyrus 'the Younger
againft his brother Artaxentes,
IV. 168. he is feifed by trea-
chery, and put to death, 189.
character of Proxenes, 190

Prufias I. king of Bithynia, I.

Prufias II. king of Bithynia,
funiamed the Hunter, declares
for the Romans againft Antio-
chus, VIII. 251. he makes war
againft Eumenes, 327. fervices
done him by Hannibal during
that war, ibid. Prufias agrees
to deliver him up to the Ro-
mans, 328. he endeavours to
induce the Romans to grant
Perfeus a peace, IX. 48. his
abjeft flattery in thefenate, M4,

WW

INDEX.

war of Prufias with Attalus,
1 1 8. the fenate oblige hjm to
lay down his arms, said tqmake
Attalus fatisfaction, ibid. P/u-
luis, intending to put his .foil
Nicoraedes to death, is killed
by him, 120

Prytanis, name of the chief ma-
gistrate of Corinth', 1 1 1 . 15

Pfainmenitus, king of Egypt, is
conquered by.Carnbyfes, who
uieshim withxlemency, I. 26>.
he endeavours to re-afcend the
throne, and is put to death, ibid.

Pfamnieticus, one of the twelve
kings who reigneil at the fame
time in Egypt, is baniflied into
the fens, and on what occafion,
- I. 252. he defeats the other
eleven kings, and remains fole
monarch of Egyj»t, ibid, he
makes war againil the king of
AiTyria, 253. he befieges Azo-
tus, and takes it after a fiege of
twenty-nine years, 254. he pre-
Tents the Scythians from inva-
ding Egypt, ibid, his method of
knowing whether the Egyptians
v.ere the moil ancient people of
the earth, ibid.

Pfammis, king of Egypt, II 258

Ptolemaida, daughter of Ptolemy
Soter, is married to Demetrius
Poliorcetes, VII. 166

Ptolemy, fon of Amyntas II.
difputes the crown with Per-
diccas, V. 159. Pelopidas ex*
eludes him from the throne,

160

Ptolemy, fon of Seleucus, is
killed at the battle of Ipfus,

VI. 59

Ptolemy I. fon of Lagus, one
of Alexander's generals, takes
fe veral cities of I ndia, VI. 219.
he is dangeroufly wounded at
the fiege of a city of India, 25 1.
he is cured foon after, ibid, pro-
vinces which fall to him after
the death of Alexander, VI I. 5 .
he caufes the body of Alexan-

der to be carried to Alexandria.

• *

. 29. he enters into a league
.with Antipater, Craterus, and
Antigonus, againlt, Perdiccas
and Eumenes, 31. he makes
hiinfel'f mafter of Syria, Phoe-
nicia, and J udaea, 41. he takes
Jerusalem, ibid, he forms a
league with Seleucus, Caftan- w
der, and Lyfimachus, againlt *^
t Antigonus, 84. he feifes the

, ifrmd of Cyprus, £8. he de-
feats Demetrius in battle, 89.
and makes himfelf mailer of
Tyre, 90. defeat of one of his
generals by Demetrius, 91. dif-
ferent expeditions of Ptolemy
againft Antigonus, 99. Pto-
lemy is defeated by Demetrius,
who takes from him the ifle of
Cyprus, 112, Sec.

Ptolemy a flumes the title of
king, VII. 115. he fends aid to
the R hod ians befieged by De-
metrius, 127. the Rhodians, in
gratitude, give him the title of
Soter, 136. Ptolemy allies him-
felf with Seleucus, Caflander,
and Lyumachus, again ft Anti-
gonus and Demetrius, 144. thofe
four princes divide the empire
of Alexander amongft thtm,

# 147. Ptolemy retakes the ifland
of Cyprus from Demetrius, 157.
he renews the league with Ly-
fimachus and Seleucus againlt
Demetrius, 161. he abdicates
the throne to his fon Ptolemy
Philadelphus, 170. death of
Ptolemy Soter, 177. praife of
that prince, ibid, famous library
which he caufed to be ere&ed
at Alexandria, 172, 173

Ptolemy II. lurnamed Philadel-
phus, is placed by his father

* Ptolemy Soter upon the throne
of Egypt. VII. 170. the com-
mencement of his reign, 190.
his refentment againlt Deme-
trius Phalereus, ibid, he caufes
the holy Scriptures to be tranf-

lated

INDEX,

lated tito Creek, to adorn liis
library, aoy, he cultivates the
amity of the Romans, 252. his
liberality to the Roman am-
bafladors, Hid. Ptolemy fends
aid to tne Athenians befieged
by Antjgorras, 254. revolt of
Magas againjt Ptolemy, 256.
the latter quells a conipiracy
agatnft his perfon, tbid. works
of Ptolemy of advantage to com-
merce, 260. he comes to an
accommodation with Magas,
a6i. war between Ptolemy and
Antiochus, 263. peace between
thofe princes, 264. death of
Ptolemy Philadeiphus, 270.
character and qualities of that
prince, .271. his tafte for arts

. and fciences, 269. his applica-
tion to -make commerce flourifh
in hU dominions, 260

vTtolemy III. farnamed Ever-
getes, fucceeds his father Pto-
lemy Philadeiphus, VI 1.2 70. he
avenges the cfeath of his lifter -
Berenice, puts Lapdice todeath,
and fetfes parrot' Alia, 276. in re-
turning from that expedition he
goes to Jerufalem, and offers Sa-
crifices there to the God of If.
tael, 279.. league of Antiochus
Hierax and Seieucus Callmicus
againft Ptolemy, 281. the latter
corner to an accommodation with
Seieucus, 2S2. he caufes Antio-
chus to be feUed, and imprifons
him, 2$ 5. he augments the li-
brary of A lexandria,M/V/i he gives
Jofeph, the nephew of Onias,
the farm of the revenues of the
provinces of Ccelofyria, Phceni*
cta, Judaea, and Samaria, 2UJ8.

- arrival of C leomenes at the court
of ^jypt, 361. death of Pto-
lemy Evergctes,j62. Ptolemy's
liberality to the Rhodians, 363

Jtolemy IV. fumamed Phjlo-
pator, afoends the throne of
igypi after the death of Pto-
lemy Erergetes, VII. $to» in-

juftjeeand crnehyof itot jtK?
to C leomenes, VIII. 33. Az
ochus Ae Great undertakes •:
recover Ccelofyria from Pfct-
nay, 6. fhort truce ktweaiibtt
two princes, 17. Ptofentyni
a raat victory overAnhocli;:
at Raphia,20. he comes *>Je-
rnfalein, 2t. rage and«v»jc
of Ptolemy agatnft the Jen.
becaufc they refufe to la ten
enter into the fan&uarf, &/•
he grants Antiochus peace, «
the Egyptians revolt ansa
Philopator, 25. riot jfe
gives himfelf up toil!***
of exceffes, 26.heputsAifa«,
his wife and After to death, J'
he dios worn out with a-
bauches, n h ! ~

Ptolemy V. called E|»p^
at the age of five yean afo*
the throne of Egypt, after 1-
death of Ptolemy PMf*
VIII. 126. Antiochusthft*
and Philip enter mtoalaS^
invade his dominions, vX^
lemy is put under tkg^'
ihip of the Romans, ijo- #*'
toinenes/t he youi$J"*f s P '
dian for the Rofli**» *** "'

leftirteund C«laW"*S"
tiochus, T52. Anwfc\MS^ B

thofe provinces,/i.Scep «**
friracy againftP ^!*E?J
bVAriftomenes,i9*^"
declaiedofage,!^^^

Cleopatra, daugfc^tf^;
chus;2i3.hcmakesanato :

with the Acbsr«fls, J*. *
treats Hy rcanus, the An « £
feph, with great inarKsoi--
vour and fTiewMtep, 303i»

he takes a *ifeuft X0 £tTu
nes, and puts him to<te*tn>3^
he abandons himfetf 'to all for.-
of execfles, ML the W
tians Jorm fcverai coofp^;
againft hhn, &d. ***£
chopfes Porycrates for his ft*

- priiiriter, 305. with that w*

1*. >

I-ND&X*

's affiftance he -gets the bet-
of the rebels, 305. he re-
r s the alliance with the A-
;ans, ibid, he forms the de-

of attacking Seleucus, 336.
principal peribns oi % his
rt poifon him. ibid,

my VI. called Philometor,
fix years old. fucceeds his
*cr Ptolemy Epiphanes,
II. 336. cauie of war ariies
ween Ptolemy and Antiochus
iphanes, 378. coronation of
Dlemy, 379. he is defeated

Antiochus, 3S2. he lofes a
ond battle againft Antiochus,
I is taken prifoner, 383. the
sxandrians eled his brother
olemyE vergetes II . furnamed
bPhyfcon, in his place, 3S6.
itiochus replaces Philometor
appearance upon the throne,
o. the two brothers unite and
ign jointly, 391. the Romans
event Antiochus from difturb-
5 them, 394.- Philometor is
throned by his brother Phyf-
n, IX. 17 1.. he goes to Rome

implore the fenate's cleraen-
. 172. the Romans divide
e kingdom of Xgypt between
e two brothers, 173. new
fferences arife between Phl-
metor arid P hy fcon , ibid. P hi-
metor refufes to evacuate the
and of Cyprus, 175- he gains

victory over Phyfcon, and
kes him prifoner, 176. he
trdons him and reftores him
s dominions, ibid, he mar-
;shis daughter Cleopatra to
lexander* Bala, 186. he per-
its Oniasto build a temple for
te Jews in Egypt, ibid, he
arches to the *id of Alexan-
*r his fon-in-law, attacked by
emetrius, 188. Apollonius's
Lot againft Ptolemy, ibid, up-
1 the refufal of Alexander to
.•liver up that traitor, Philo-
letor takes his daughter from

Vol. X*

him, gives her to Demetrius,
and aids him in afcending his
father's throne, ibid,

Ptolemy VII. -called -Ev-ergetes
II. and Phyfcon, fon of Pto-
lemy Epiphanes, is placed by
the Alexandrians upon the
throne of Egypt in his eldeft
brother's Head, VIII. 386. the
two brothers unite and reign
jointly, 391. they prepare to
defend themfelves againlt the
■attacks of Antiochus, ibid, the
Romans oblige that prince to
leave thofetwo princes in tran-
quillity, 395 . Phyfcon dethrones
Philometor, IX. 1,71. the Ro-
mans divide the kii^gdom be-
tvveen the two brothers, 17^
Phyfcon, diffatisfied with the
part given to him, goes to
Rome, and demands to be put
in pofieilidn of the ifland of
Cyprus, Ibid, the Romans ad-
judge It to hint, 174, tKe^pe©.
pie of Cyrenaica oppofe Phyf-
con's entrance into their coun-
try, 175. that prince re-efta-
bliihcV himfelf in that country,
and draws attempts againft his
life upon himfelf by his bad
conduct, ibid, he makes a fecond
voyage to Rome, and carries his
complaints thither againft his
brother, ibid, he undertakes to
make himfelf matter of the
iiland of Cyprus, 176. Philo-
metor btats and takes him pri-
foner and afterwards generoufly
restores him his dominions, ibid.

Phyfcon marries Cleopatra,
the widow of Philometor, af-
cends the throne of Egypt, and
puts his brother's fon to death,
IX. 190. Phyfcon's excefs of
folly and debauchery, 203.
Scipo Africanus the Younger
goes to that prince's court, aoj.
Phyfcon puts away Cleopatra,
and marries her daughter, by
Philometor, named alfo Cleo*.

A 4 P*tra*

INDEX,

jnKs, itU. horrible cruelties
vhich he commits in Egypt,
ibid, a general revolt reduces
him to quit that kingdom, 219.
new cruelties of Phylcon, ibid.
he returns into Egypt, and re-
aftemU the throne, 221. he
fupports the impofior Alexan-
der Zebina, and lends him an
army to place him upon the

• throne of Syria, ibid, he gives
' his daughter Tryphena in mar-
riage to Grypus, 224. Phy feast's
death, 225

Ptolemy VIII. called Lathyrus,
fucceeds his father Phylcon,
IX. 226. Cleopatra his mother
obliges him to repudiate his
ctdek fitter, and nrarry Selena
his youngeft, 226. Lathy rus aids
Antiochus the Cyzicenian a-
gaintl John Hyicanus, 229.
Cleopatra tr.kes her daughter

• Selena from Lathyrus, and
obliges him to quit Egypt, and
content himfelf with the king-
dom of Cyprus, 234. Lathyrus
fends an a'r:ny to befiege Ptole-
mais, and marches in perfon
againll Alexander king of the
Jows, over whom he gains a
great victory, 23 c. barbarous
action of Lathyrus after the
battle, 236. he raifes the fiege
of Ptolemais, ibid, he makes
*n inefleitual attempt againft
-Egypt, ibid, he is recalled by
the Alexandrians, and replaced
upon the throne of Egypt, 243.
a rebellion riles up againft him
in Egypt, 'bid. Lathyrus de-
#roys Thebes, whither the re-
bels had retired, ibid, he dies
foon after, ibid.

Ptolemy IX. king of Egypt. See #

Alexander fon of Phyfcon.
Ptolemy X. fon of Alexander I.

king of Egvpt. See Alexan*

tier II.
Ptplemy XI. fumamed Auletes,

is placed 4 by the Alexandrians

upon the throne of Egypt, u
the room of Alexander II. IX.
252. be caufes himfelf to be
declared the friend and all/ of
the Roman people by the
credit of CaeTar and Pamper,
X. 164. he opprene* his fub-
jecls in coniequence with tax-
ations, 165. he is dethroned,
ibid, the Alexandrians fubft-
rute his daughter Berenice in
his place, ibid, he goes to Rome,
and with money gains the fut-
frages of the principal perfocs
of the commonwealth for his
re-eftabliihment, 166. becaules
moil of the ambajQTadors, feat
by the Egyptians to Rome to
juftify their revolt, to be mur-
dered, 167. an oracle of the
Sybil. is trumpt up againfthim,
198. Gabinius re- inflates him
upon the throne, 174. Auletes
puts his daugnter Berenice to
death, ibid, his Ingratitude 2nd
perfidy to Rapirius, ibid, death
of Auletes, 17;

Ptolemy XII. fon of Ptolemy
Auletes, reigns after his Uthct
•with his filler Cleoprra, X.
17$. he expels Cleopatra, r-6.
he caufes Pompey to be affiaffv-
nated by the advice of Theo-
dotus, 177, 178. Caefar makes
himfelf judge between Ptolemy
and Cleopatra, 179. he fecurcs
the perfon of Ptolemy, iSz.
he releafes him, 1S7. Ptqlemy
renews the war againft Cxfar,
ibid, he is defeated, and drowned
in the Nile endeavouring to
"efcape, iSS

Ptolemy I. king of Cyprus, bro-
ther of Ptolemy Auletes, is de-
posed by the Romans, who con-
fifcate his treafures, IX. 259.
he poifons himfeif, ibid.

Ptolemy II. fon of Ptolemy Au-
letes, is made king of Cyprus
by Caefar, X. 18*. Caefar gives
him the crown of Egy.pt jointly

with

2NDEJC.

h Cleopatra, 189. death of Apelles in hirconfpiracyftgginlf

leifiy,*po*ifbnedby'thatprm- that prince, VIII. 56. Phjlip

:, 19* caufes him to he, put to death,

city, ftfn of Anthony mid 62,

opatra, is proclaimed king "Pul, king of the. AJTyrians, ^ho

>yria*By Anthony, X. 202 docs penance upon the preach-

my Aptiori, natural fon of ing of Jonah, ij. *o^

yfcon, is made king of Cy« iPukhcr (P. Claudius) confui) is

aica by his 'father, IX. 226. beaten at fea by Adherbal -the-

leaves his kingdom to the 'Carthaginian general, . ,11*21

mans at his death, 239 Funic: Origin and ii unification of

nxiy Ceraunus, or Thunder, that word, I. 270. Punic wars,

1 of Ptolemy Soter, quits the II. 2, £8, 130

Lirt anfl retires firft to Ly- Pydna, city 01' Macedonia, is Tub -

lachus, and afterwards to Sc- je&ed by Philip, V. 256. fa-

.tctis, Vll. 171. he engages mous victory gained -by Paul us

e latter in a war with Lyiima- JEmilius over Perfeu6,*near flhat

itis, 192. he aiTafli hates 3e- city, IX» 70

uciis arid poflefles himfelTof "Pylus, a fmall city of Meffenia,

s dominions, 197. he marries taken by the Athenians during

is fifter Arfihoe, widow of Ly- the Peloponneiian war, III, 407

machus, and caufes her two Pyramid. Description of the py-

hildreVby that prince to be ramidsof Egypt, I. 172. judjge-

lurdere'd, 19*8, ne bahiihes ment to be formed of thofe fa-

er into Sa^n&thfacia, 199. he mous-ftruclures, ijf

i loon after punimed for thofe Fyrrhias, general of the JEto-

•arricides by the Gauls, who lians w is twice beaten ty

ill him in a battle, 201 Philip* VIII. 79

•lemy Macron, governor of the IPyrrhus, JTon of j£actdes king of

flandof Cyprus under Ptolemy Epirus, flies frorn the fury of

'hilometor, revolts againft that
>rince, enters into the fervice
>f Antiochus Epiphanes, and
;ives him poneflion of the iflanci
f Cyprus, VIII. 383. Antio-
hui 'gives him a mare in his
onfidence, and the government
>f Coelofyria and Paleftine, ibid.
le marches againft the Jews,
aid is defeated by Judas Macca-
>a?us, 411. he becomes a friend
the Je'ws, IX. 167. Antio-
;hus Eupator deprives him' of
11s government, ibid* Ptolemy»
hrough defpair, poifons him-
elf, ibid.

olemy,' fon of iPyrrhus, is kil-
led in a battle againft the Lace*
diemonians, VI 1 . 246

olemy, one of the principal
utfkers of Philip, unites with

ths revolted, VII. 154. lie is
re-eilabliihed upon the throi^
of tpirus by Claucias king of
lllyrium, ibid, the Mololftans
revolt againft him, and plunder
all his riches, ibid, he retires Qr
Demetrius, fon of Antigonus,
ibid, he diftinguimesjiimfeff at
the battle of Ipfus, ibid, he
goes to Egypt as an hoftage for
Demetirius, 15$. he marries
Antigone, daughter of Berenice
ibid. Ptolemy gives him a fleet
and money, of which he mantes
life for re-po&fllng; himfelf of
his dominions, ibid. Pyrrhics
takes Macedonia from Deme-
trius, arkl is declared king of it,
161. he divides that kingdom
with' Lyfutiachus, 164. ne is
foon obliged to quit it, 165. the
A a % Tarentines

INDEX,

TarctitTncs call" in Pyrrhus to Pythia, name of the prieffelsi:

their aid againft the Romans, - Apollo at Del phi, I. r

an. that prince goes to Italy, Pythian, celebrated games a

216. he defeats the conful Lc- Greece, It*.

%inu% 219. hecaufes propofals Pythias, friend of Damon; tru

of peace to be made to the Ro- to which their friendship ^

nuns, 220. converfation of Pyr- put, V. ^

rhus with Fabncius, 223. Pyr- Pythius, Lydian prince, grnerus

thus gains a Jecond advantage offer which he makes Xen^

•▼er the Romans, 231. expedL of his riches, III. 1S1. meis

lions of Pyrrhus in Sicily, 2;i. which the princefs his wife cis

he rcturr.s into Italy, 235. he to make him fenfible of the in-

plunders the temple of Prefer- juitice and ridicule of his c:..-

pine in the country of the Lo- duel, ibid, cruelty which Pr.

cnans, 236. he is defeated by thius experiences from Xerxes,

the Romans, 237. be returns '--

imo E pirns, 23S. he throws Tythodorus, lent by the Atfce-

himfelf into Macedonia, and nians to the aid of the Lecn-

makes himfelf maiterof it for tines, is baniihed for not ha vji:;

a time, after having defeated undertaken the conoue/l c»

Anti^onns, ibid, expedition of Sicily, IV. 2S

Pyrrhus into Pcloponnefus, 24 r. Python of Byzantium, fimr«

he befieges Sparta rnefleclually rhetorician, is deputed by Phi':?

ibid, he is killed at the £ege of to the Thebans to incline thrs

Argos, 249. good and bad cruu to peace, V.ji5
ractcrs of Pyrrhus, 250, Sec.

Pythagoras, a Lacedaemonian, Q.
commands part of the fleet of

Cyrus the Younger, in the ex- Quoit. See Difcus.
petition of that prince againlt

his brother Artaxerxes, IV. 168 R.

Pythagoras, fon of Evagoras, de-
fends the city of Salamin be- Rabirius Posthumps, RonaB
fieged by Artaxerxes, during his knight, goes to Ptolemy Au-
father's abfente, IV. 259 letes, m order to be paid the

Pythagoras, philofophcr, III. fums he had lent thatjruw

3*8, he £oes to Italy and fettles at Rome, X. 174. perfidy ol

at Crotona, where he opens a Ptolemy in refpec't to hioii *&*

fthooi of philofoplry, ibid, novi- Rabirius is accufed at Rome ot

ciate of filence which he made having affifted Ptolemy in ccr *

his difciples obferve, 359 rupting the fenate, 175. C;«^

Pytharchus of Cyzicum gains the takes his defence upon nitf.

favour of Cyrus, who gives him ***'

the revenues of feven cities for Race. See Courfe,

a pennon, II. 397 Ragau, name of the plain where

Pytheas, magiftrate of the Bceo- Nabuchodonofor conquered

tians, induces them to unite Phraortes, II. i"

their forces againft theRomans, Ramefes Miairran, kingof Lf)V u

IX. Metellus puts him to I. 234. he makes tlie Ifratl^

death, 138 fufter infinite hardships, **•■*.

Pytheas, famous aftrcnomer and Rammius, citizen of Brundufium,

Geographer, JX. 126 is ordered by Perfeus to poiion

Iuxucncs»

INDftX.

. EuraeifW, IX. «i. he goes *$
Valerius at Chalci6* difcovers
the whole to him, and follows
him to Rome, 7M.

Raphia, city of Paleftine, sear
which Antiocbus the Great was
ttefeatedby Ptolemy Philopafor,

VIII. 19

Reading of hiftory especially :- of
what -uie it is to a prince, VI.
7. delicacy of the Lacedaemo-
nians in refpe& to the books
that youth were to be fuffored
to read. UK 76

•feegillus (L. JEmilius) is charged
with the command o e the Ro-
man fleet in the room of Li-
vius, VIII. 247. he gains a
•complete yi&ory over rolyx-
•enides Anfcioehus's admiral,
952. he receives the honour of
a triumph,, 277

'Regains '(M. Attilius) conful*
gains a great victory over the
Carthaginians with his fleet, 1 1 .
7. lie goes to Africa, ibid, the
Romans continue him in the
command as prdconful, 8. he
defeats the Carthaginians, and
feifes Tunis, 9. he fuficrs him.
lelf to be dazzled by his glorious
fuccefles, 10. he is defeated and
tsdeen prifoner by the Carthagi-
nians, 13. the Carthaginians
fend him to Rome to propofe
the exchange of prifoners, 16.
at his return, they put him to a
cruel death, 17

Religion. Origin and fource of
the religion of the ancients, -I.
50. attention ef the ancients, in
di (charging all the duties of re.
ligioB, II. 425. the veil of reli-
gion often ferVes to cover the
nooft criminal deftgns, and the
moft unjaft enterprifcs, IV. 8

Reomithras, one of the ohiefs
of the revolt, againft Artaxerxcs
Mnemon, delivers up the prin-
cipal rebels to that prince, to
snake hi§ own peace, sod. keeps

f he money which he had brough t
fry m Egypt for the confederacy,.

V. 19*

Refurre&ion of the body. Cvn-
fuied notion which the ancients
Mad of the reAirrediori of the
body, IV. 127

Retreat of the ten thdvfand Greeks

. after the battle of Cunaxa, IV.

192, &c>

Rhadamanthus, brother of AJi-
.nos, is appointed by that prince
to adminilter juftice in his ca-
pital city, IV. 350

Rhampiinitus, king of Egypt, I.

*44

Rhegium, city of Sicily, forms a
league againft Dionyiius, V. 18.
it makes peace with that tyrant,
ibid. it* refufal to- give hrm a

. wife, and the in (blent ahfwer
with which that refufal is at-

,. tended, 21. Dionyiius befieges
it out of revenge, 35. rniferable
fate of that city, ilid. a Roman

. legion by the aid of the Ma-

. mertines comes and fettles
there, after having expelled,
the inhabitants, II. a. the Ro-
mans re-ciiabliih the inhabit-
ants, 3

jEUiiiiaies, Aohasan, obliges his
ion Memnon, who y*as chief

. magi Urate, by menaces not to
oppofc the.trcttty witli.the Ro-
mans, . VIII. +63

Rhode*, ifland and city of A Ha Mi-

. nor, 1. 28. Rhodes takes arms
againft Athens, V. 204. it is
declared free, 2 it. it is fub-

. jected" by Maufolus, king of
Caria, 215. the Rhodians un-
dertake to dethrone Artemifa
widow of that prince, 217. that

. priiKefs takes their city, ibid*
the death of.Artemifa re- inflates
their liberty, 219. theRhodiana
refufe to aid Anttgonus againft
Ptolemy, VII. 120. Demeirlus
befieges their .city, ibid, he

% raifcs the liege a year after by
A a j a peace

INDEX,

• Mace very honourable fbf the
Rhodians, 134. he makes them
a prefient of all the machines
of war* which he* had employed
in that fiege, 135. the Rho.
dians end the famous Coloffus,
with the money raifed by the
fale of thofc machines, ibid.
their impious- flattery of Pto-
lemy to exprefs their gratitude
for the aid he had given them
during that fiege r ibid, great
earthquake at Rhodes, 3-62.
emulation of the neighbouring
princes m cenfoltng that af-
flicted city, 363. deitru&icn of
the famous Coloffus, 362. war
between the Rhodians and
Byzantines, and the caufes of it,

- VI 1 1. 13. peace is restored be-
tween the two people^, warbe-

* tween the R hodians and P hihp,
1 20 . they defeat Hannibal at fea,
2co. difpute between the Rho.
dians and Eumenes before the
Romans, concerning the G recian
cities of Afia) 267. the Rhodians
flgnalize their zeal for Rome in
the war with Perfeus, IX. 19.
they fend-ambafladors to Rome,
and to the Roman army in Ma-
cedonia/ who fpeak there m
savour of Perfeus with extraor-

' dinary infolence, 48. they fend
deputies to Rome, who endea-
vour to appeafe the anger of
the fenate* rot. after long and
warm folicitations, they pre-

- vail to be admitted into the alli-
ance of the Reman people, 106

Khodogune, daughter of Mithri-
dates king of the Parthians, is
married to Demetrius king of

- Syria,. IX. 199
Rhone,, river. Paflage of the

Rhone by Hannibal, II. 49

Rhyme. See Rythmus.

KicWiea (Cardinal) com poled
d rami tie poems, and' piqued
fcimfelf upon excelling that

Riches, contempt' whfch the* 4n^
cient Scythians had for richer

III. 114

Remans. Firft treaty between the
Romans and Carthaginians, F.

• 309. the Romans fend deputies
to inquire into the laws of the
cities of Greece, III. 26S. fe-
cond treaty between the Romans
and Carthaginians, I. 323. war
between the Remans and Pyr—
rhus, VI V. 2-1 1 . they are defeat-
ed in two battles by that prince,.
219. they gain a great victory
ever Fyrrhus, and oblige him tft
quit Italy, 237. they puniih
their citizens who had fettled
in Rhegium, II. 2. they fend-
ambafladors to. Ptolemy Phtta-
delphus, and make an alliance
with that prince, VII.. 252.

v they aid the Mamertincs againfl
the Carthaginians, II. 3. they
form the defign of fitting out 4
fleet for the firft time, 5. they
beat the Carthaginians, fuit neat
the coaft of Myle, and after*
wards near. Ecnoraa^ 6. they.gov
to Africa, 7. they are at fail vic-
torious, and afterwards defeated , .
8. they defeat the Carthaginian-
fleet in light of Sicily, 18. they
go to Sicily, and form the fiege-
of hUybaum,, 19. they are de-
feated at fea, 21. they gain a great
victory over the Cartha^nians^
to whom they grant peace, 24.
The Romans take Sardinia*
from the C arthaginkns v 1 1 . 37 1
they drive Teuta ont of Illy—
Hum, VI L. 306. they fend a fo-
lemn embafiy. into Greece to no.
tify their treaty with the Illy-
rians, 307*. the Corinthians admit
them to the Utiimian games, and
the Athenians grant, them the
freedom of their* city, ibid, tha
Romans drive Demetrius of
Pharos out of Illyrium, VI1J*
38. they fend ambaffadors to-
demand him of Philip, whane-

fufes>.

IN MX.

fate to deliverhlm up, tftf. they
declare war againft the Cartha-
ginians, II. 46. they are de-
feated near the Ticinus, 60.
near Trebia, 62. and the lake
of Thrafymene, 68. they make
feveral conquefts in Spain, 74.
they lofe a * great battle near
Cannae, 75. Hannibal belieges
Rome, 86. the Romans are de-
feated in Spain, 89. they gain a
great battle over Afdrubal, 90.
they go to Africa, 94. they de-
feat the Carthaginians near
Zama, oblige them to demand
peace, and grant it them, ioo

The Romans fend deputies to
Ptolemy and Cleopatra to renew
their ancient alliance with E-
gypt, V 1 1 1 . 25 . they gam an ad-
vantage over Philip at Apol-
lonia, 70. they break with Hie-
Kmymus, X. 27. upon the news
of that prince's death they fend
Marcellus into Sicily, 29. that
general takes Syracufe, 54. alli-
ance of the Romans with the
-ffitolians, VIII. 75. the Ro-
mans fend Suipitius to the aid
of the iEtoiians againft Philip,
79. various expeditions of that
prcetor in Macedonia, 80, 81.
general peace between the Ro-
mans and Philip, in which the
allies on both fides are included,
1 18. the Romans accept the guar-
dianship of Ptolemy Epiphanes,
136. they declare war againft
Philip, 138. they defeat that
prince in a battle, 147. they
employ their credit with Antio-
chus to induce him not to make
war with Atfalus r 151. expedi-
tions' of the Romans in Phocis,
1 $8. they make a treaty with
Nabis, 108. they gain a famous
vidory over Philp near ScotuiTa
and Cynofcephale, 176. they
grant that prince peace, 182.
they re-inftate Greece in its. an-
cient liberty, .184

The Romans lend an ejubaf-

fy to Antiochus, VTIf. 19a. it
tends only to difpofe both fides
m to an open rupture, 191. they
'make war againft Nabis, 196.
they oblige him to demand
peace, and grant it to him, 203.
preparations on all fides for a
war between the Romans and
Antiochus, 208. mutual embaf.
fies on both fides without effe&»
ibid, the Romans fend troops
againft Nabis, who had broken,
the treaty, 217. they declare war
againft Antiochus, 235. they
gain an advantage over that
prince at Thermopylae, 238.
they defeat Polyxenides, Anti-
ochus' s admiral, on. twoocca-
fions, 252. they go to Ada, and
gain a great victory over Antio-
chus near Magnefia, 263. they
grant him peace, 265. they re-
duce the &tolians, and grant
them peace, 283. they fubjeci.
the Gauls of Afia, 290, Sec.
complaints againft Philip carried;
to Rome, 308. the Romans fend.
commiffaries to examine into-
thofe complaints, and to take
cognizance of the ill treatment
of Sparta by the Achaeans, ibid,
new complaints carried to Rome-
againft Philip, 336. the Romans,
fend back his fon Demetrius
with ambauadors, 33 8

The Romans fend ambaua.
dors into Macedonia, to have art-
eye upon the conduct of Per-
feus, IX. 3* they break wkfc
that prince, 13. the war is. de-
clared in form, 22. the Romans
are worfted near the river of
Peneus, 30. the fenate makes>
a wife decree to put a ftop to
the avarice of the generals and
magiftrates, who opprefted the
allies> 39. the Romans pene-
trate into Macedonia, 43, See.
they conquer Gentius, king of
Illyrium, 64. they gain a great
victory over Perfeus near the
city of Pvdna, 70, that prince

RtDfiJCr

it takes with his children, 82.
decree of the fen ate, which grants
liberty to t!ie Macedonians and
lllyruns, 85. t!ie Romans ob-
lige a ntiochus Epiphanestoquit
Egypt, and to leave the two
reigning brothers in pcace«VI1I.
304. their cruel trc.u ment of the
jT.u lians, ico. all in eeneral
who hate favoured Pericus are
citeu t > Rome, to anfwer tor their
co.uiua there, lcb. a thouiand
Aihxans carrisd thither, no.
the fenatc banifhes them into
feveral towns of Italy, 111.
after feventeen years of bar.i/h-
ment, they are font bauk into
their own country, 112. they
ret ufe Eumcnes entrance into
Rome, 115. the Romans divide
the kingdom of Egypt between
Fhilometor and Phyfcon, 173.
one of their ambalfadois is kil-
led in Syria, 177
The Romans declare the Jews
their friends and allies, IX.
180. they acknowledge Deme-
trius king of Syria, 181. they
conquer the Ligurians, and give
their territory to the MarfeiL-
lians, 122. they defeat Andrif-
cus, and two more adventurers,
who had pofllfled themfeWes of
Macedonia, and reduce that
kingdom into a Roman pro-
vince, reo, &c they declare
war againft the Carthaginians,
II. 134. they order them to
abandon Carthage, 136. they
beiiege that city, and demeltm
it entirely, 139, Sec. decree of
the fenate for feparating feveral
cities from the Achaean league,
IX. 133, & c - troubles in A-
chaia, 136. the Romans. defeat
the Achoeans, and take Thtbes,
137, 138. they gain another
vidory over the Achacans, take
Corinth, and burn it, 139. they
. reduce Greece into a Roman

province, 14*. they penelru
treaties made with the Je»>
*97. they inherit the riches w
dominions of Attaius, kiss ^
Pergarrrus, 209. they re&c
Ariftontcus, who had pdflefiri
himfelf of them, ibid. Ptolen?
Apion> king of Cyrenaici, and
Nicomedes, -k'rrsg of fiithy&r
leave the Roma us their daoii-
rttons *t their deaths, 239, fe-
ttle Roman s-redhiee thofe king-
doms into Roman- provincts*

The Romans re~eftabliuH the,
kings of Cappadochi and Bkhv-
nta, excelled by Mithridates,
X. 73. mafifcere of all the
Romans and Italians in Alia,
Minor, 79. the Rdmaus pin.
thfee great battles againft the
generals of Mithridates, 8S, 92,.
93. they grant that prince pes*,
97. fecond war of the Romans
tvith Mithridates, 101. they are
defeated by that prince in a bat-
tle, 107 . they gain a great victory
over him, alid reduce Win to
rotite into Armenia to Tignassr
htsfon-ih-law, 114.121. tbey
declare war again** Tigntne»v
and defeat him in abattk, \as-
1*27. 'fecond victory of the Ro-
mans over the united forces of
Mithridates and Tigranes, 134-
the v -again gain feveral victories
over Mithridates, who had re-
covered his dominions, 146*
they fabjed Tigranes, kin* of
Armenia, 147* they drive An-
' tiootius A-fntictw out of Syria,.
and reduce that kingdom into a
Roman province, 15 £

'f&e Romans are declared
heirs of bis dominions by the
will of Alexander, king of E-
gypt, IX. 25-4. and of the viar
with -Mithridates, X. 160. the
, Romans drive Ptolemy viut of
. Cyprus, andxonfifeate his tiw-

fures,

INDEX.

fures, IX. 259. they invade
Parthia, and are defeated, 288.
ice. they declare Ptolemy Au-
letes their friend and ally, X.
164. they reduce Egypt into a
Roman province, 223. Cappa-

- docia is alio reduced into a Ro-
man province, IX. 334. re-
flection upon the conduct of
the Romans in refpe& to the
ftates of Greece, and the kings
both of Europe and Afia, VIII.
278. difference between the Ro-
mans and the Greeks, IX. 149.
Roman naught inefs, V 1 1 1 . 3 94.
fettlng out of the conful Jand
army, IX. 22. difference of tafte
of the Romans and Greeks in
refpeci to mows, 1 . 87

ftofaces, governor of Lydia and
Ionia, commands a detachment
of Ochus's army in that prince's
expedition againft Egypt, V.

224

Rofaces, Perfian lord, gives proofs
of his valour at the battle of
the G rank us, VI. 30

Rowers. Condition of them among
the ancients, " IV. 395

Roxana, filler of Statira, queen of
Perfia. Tragical hiitory of that
princefs, IV. 147

Roxana, daughter of Oxyartes,
wife of Alexander, VI. 206
the is delivered of a fon foon
after Alexander's death, VI I. 5.
the caufes Statira, Alexander's
widow, as well as herfelf, to be

- put to death with Drypactis,
Hephaeftion ' s widow, 7 . Caflan.
der deprives her of all the ho-
nours of a queen, and foon after
puts her to death, 67, Sec.

Roxana, fifterof Mithridates, X.
113. deplorable end of that
princefs, 1 14

S abacus, king of Ethiopia, in-
fers Egypt, and conquers it,
1. 248. at 'the expiration of

fifty years he retires voluntarily
into Ethiopia, ibid,

Sabsean, fed of idolaters in the
Eaft, II. 429

Sabracae, powerful people of In-
dia, fubjeded by Alexander,

VI. 251

Sacae, people of Aflyria, fubjecled
•by Cyrus, II. 280

Sadducees, a powerful fett among
the Jews ; fome account of
them, IX. 23a

Sadyattes, king of Lydia, II.
237. he befieges Miletus, ibid.

Sages. Abridgement of the lives
of the feven fages of Greece,

III. 81

Saguntum, city of Spain, beueged
and taken by Hannibal, II. 45

Sais, city of the Lower Egypt, I.

189

Salamin, capital city of the ifland
of Cyprus, IV. 255

Salamin, ifle of Greece, famous
for the battle at fea between
Xerxes and the Greeks, HI.

21*

Salmanafar, king of Nineveh, II.
204. he conquers Hofea king
of Samaria, loads him with
chains, and deftroys the king*
dom of Ifrael, 205. death of
Salmanafar r ibid*

Salome, wife of Ariftobulus I.
takes the three princes, her huf*
band's brothers, out of prifon,

IX. 264

Samaria, city of Paleftine, the ca-
pital of the kingdom of Ifrael,
I. 29. origin of the enmity
between the Samaritans and
Jews, II. 209. the Samaritans
oppofe the Jews at the time they
are rebuilding the temple of
Jerufalem, 336. they fubmit
to Alexander, VI. 97. they can-
not obtain the fame privileges
of that prince as the Jews, 108,
they mutiny, 117. Alexander
drives them out of Samaria, iBid.
they conform to the religion qf

Antiochu$

INDEX*

AntfcJuis Fplphancs, VIII.
3 07. definition of Samaria by
Hyrcanus, IX. I3.1

Stmfeucte, machine of war of rite
ancients, . X. 41

Sai.ios, ifland am! city of Ionia,
III. 5. Sum 09 taken and tie-
ftroyed by the Athenians, 328.
I \ lander re- eftab limes the an-
cient inhabitants in it, IV. 141,
impious Mattery of that Laced jc-
rw nim by the Saimans, 16 1

$am<*thratia, ifland of the. Archi-
pelago con fide red as facred and
in wobble, IX. 80

•Sjndrccotta, Indian, poflTefles him-
JVIi of all the provinces of tn-
ciia, which Alexander had con*
qucred, VII. 140. Selcucus un-
ite r takes to drive him dut of
them, ibid, thofe two princes
come to an accommodation, M/<£,

Bangala, ciry of India, taken and
entirely dcmoUihcd try Aiefcan-
oer, VI. 23.4

Stofduchfa, king of Babylon. See
Nabuchadtmofdr I.

6b j>pho ot Mitvlene, furnamed the
the tenth Mufe, HI. 8b

Saracut, king of A'flyria, II. aio.
revolt of NabopoUflar agalhft
that prince, ibid, death of Sa-
racits, i.32.

fcardanapalus, king of Aftyna,
II. *oo. his effeminacy, ibid.

' his death, ioi

Sardinia, i ft arid of Europe in the

• Mediterranean, fubjected by true
Carthaginians, I. 303

Sardis, a city of Lydia, fubje^ed
by Cyrus, II. 300. it is taken
and burnt by Ariftagoras and
the Athenians, HI. 138

Satrapae, name given the gover-
nors of provinces amongft the
Ferfians, II. $8$

Saturn. Pagan divinity, I. Z73

Satyr, fort of poem, 1. 95

Sayd, the ancient Thebais df E-
gypt, I. 168.

Scamma, name given the pfc*
where the Athlefae combat.

I.-:

Scarpas, general of Antony,
army in Libya, declares L*
Ctfcfar. X. !::•

Scanrus, Pbfnpey's lieutenar.:,
reduces Syria and I>araafcu:,

X. i<:

Scanrus (Amilius) rs deputed by
the Romans to Jugurtha, II.
I69. he fufiers himferf to be
corrupted by that prince, ib.J.

Scene, or Stage, part of the, thea-
tre of the ancients, I. 5;

Scerdflides, king of Illyrium, ei-
ercifes a kind of piracy at tae
expence of all Iiis neighbours,
VI 1 . 306 . he joins the Achaean
againft th'e^toIians,V7li. $%.
he makes an alliance with tic
Romans* JJ

Sciences. See Arts.

Scjpto (Publius) marches b&
Spain, againil Hannibal, II. 5*
he pafles Che Pot ahdis defeated
ricar the Ticinus, 58. he is fat
into Spain, and joins his brother
Cn. Scipio there, 74. the/make
a great progress there, 86. thejr
divide their troops, 89. PabHus
is "killed in a battle, i*&

Scipio fCneus) is fent byYas^
ther into Spain to make bead
againft Afdrubal, II. 53. «**
two brothers join each otta*
and have great fuccefs, 74*
Cneus is killed in a battle,

Scipio (P. Cornelius) furnamed
Africanus, makes hhnfeit
mailer of all Spain, II. 94. he
is elected conful, and goes ta
Africa, ibid, he has an inte*
view with HannibaL, and gains
a great viftory over that gene-
ral, 98. &c he grants the
Carthaginians peace, 101. con-
\erfation between Scipio and
Hannibal at Ephefu*, "J*

Sci«i>

INDEX.

^tJcfartb ferves as lieutenant to
his brother L. Cornelius Scipio

• in the war with Antiochus,
*VIII. 247. he rejecls the qf-

fers of Antiochus, 258. Sqi-

• pio's death, II. 118
Scipio (L. Cornelius) furnamed

Afiaticus, is charged with the
war againft Antiochus, VIIJ.

• 347. he goes to Alia,. 255, he
" gains a famous victory over An-
tiochus, near Magneiia, 262. he

• triumphs, 277
Scipio Nafica, fori- in- law of Sci-
pio Africanus, is charged w.Uh
an important expedition by

' Paulus iEmiiius* which he ex-
ecutes hig;hly for his honour,
IX. 68. he is fent into Mace-
donia, to appeafe the troubles
excited by Andrifcus, 130

Scipio (Pxiblius) furnamed Afri-
canus the Younger, diftin-
" guhhes himfelf in the war with
Carthage, II. 140. he returns
to Rome to demand the office of
'£dile, 142. the people give him
the confulfliip, ib d. Scipio
goes to Africa, and advances
.againft Carthage, ibid, he takes
that city and demolifhes it, 159.
he is fent ambaflador into E-
gypt, Syria, and Greece, IX.
2,04. ufe which he makes of the
prefents fent him by Antiochus
Sidetes, 214. character and
praife of Scipio, II. 156. his
intimate friendihip with Poly-
biu.s, * 571

Scifmas, eldeft fon of Datames,
becomes his accufer to Artax-
erxes, IV. 273

Scopas is placed at the head of
the troops in TEtolia in the wax
aj^ainft the Achaeans, VIII. 31..
he ravages Macedonia, 39. he
prevails upon the u3£toiUns to
make, an alliance with, the Ro-
mans, 76. he goes into the fer-
vice of Ptolemy Epiphanesking

of Egypt, 153. he pofleffes

* "himfelf of Judsea, ibid, he is de-
feated by Antiochus, and obligeo)
to accept ignominious condi-

_ tions, ibid. 154. he coafp&qe*

againft 'Ptolemy, and is put to

death, 123

Scornion, machine of war, X. 41

Scylax, Greek of Cariandia, is

cooiraUTioned by Darius to-dif-

' cover India, III. 13 l he ac-

^ quits himfelf happily of that

comrmifion, ibid,

Scylurus, king of the Scythians.

* In what manner he recom-
' mended unity t© his children*

UI. 116

Scy tale, ufed among the Lacedae-
monians. What it was, III. 36

Scythians. They pofTefs. then?-
felves of Upper Ana, II. 230.
they are driven out of it at the
end of twenty- eight years, ibid,
Darius defigns to punim, theni
for that eruption, III- 320.
the Scythians refufe to fubmif ,
125. they fend a herald to
Darius with prefents, 126. they
ravage Thrace, 131 they fend
ambafkdors to Alexander who
fpeajt to him with extraordi-
nary freedom, VI. 187. they
are defeated and fubje&ed. by
that prince, 191. they make war
with Phraates to revenge his
injuftice, defeat him a bat-
tle, and ravage his kingdom,
IXl 217. manners of the Scy-
thians according to Herodotus,
III. 112. manners andchara&er
of the ancient Scythians-accord-
ing to Juftin, 113. in what
time luxury got ground amongft
them, * 1x9

Scythopolis, city of! the tribe of
'ManaKfeh, II. 230

Sea. Red Sea. The paflage of
the Red Sea, manifestly meant
by a paflage in Diorforus Si-
eulus, I. 235

Se$s

INDEX,

Se&s of Idolaters in the Eaft, II.
428. di lie rent fects of Philofo-
phers. See Philofohers.

Sc&cfta, city of Sicily, puts itfelf
under the protection of the Car-
thaginians. • I. 312

Selafia, city of Peloponnefus, fa-
mous for the battle between An-
tigenic and Cleomenes, VII.

35*
Selene, daughter of Ptolemy,

Phyfcon ami Cleopatra, is com-
pelled by her mother to marry
her brother Lathy rus v IX. 226.
Cleopatra makes her quit La-
thy rus, and gives her in marri-
age to Antiochus Grypus, 238.
Selena after the death of Gry-
pus, marries Anticchus Fai-
frbes, 240. Eufebcs having
been driven out of his domi-
nions, ihe keeps poflWTion" of
Ptolemais with part of Phoeni-
cia and Ccelofyria, and reigns
there many years, 243. (he con-
ceives hopes of afcending the
throne of Egypt, 245. ihe lends
her two fons to Rome with that
view, ibid.

Scleucia, city of Syria, built by
Selcucus Nicator, VII. 150

Seleucia, city fituated upon the
Tigris, built by Seleucus Ni-
cator, VII. 1 $9

Seleucides. Famous aera of the
Seleucides, VII. 93. end of the
empire of the Seleucides in
Afia, X. 153

Seleucus Nicator is placed at
• the head of all the cavalry of
the allies after the death of
Alexander, VII. 6. he is fettled
by Antipater in the government
of Babylon, 38. he joins An-
tigonus and Ptolemy againft
Eumenes, 61. he efeapes from
Babylon and retires into Egypt,
83. he forms a league with
Ptolemy Lyfimachus, and Caf-
fander, againft Antigonus, S4.
he makes himfelf mafterof Ba-
tyion, 92. he alfuiiies the title

of king, xi$. be ftrengtfcw
himfelf upon the throne of Sy.
ria, ibid, he makes an expeiii.
tion into India, 140. league be.
tween Seleucus, Ptolemy, Caf-
fander and Lyfimachus, againt
Antigonus and Demetrius, 144-
Seleucus commands the army of
the confederates, and gains a
famous victory near I puis, 145.
the four victorious princes di-
vide the empire of Alexander
the Great, amongft them, 14- .
Seleucus builds feveral cities,
1 50. he makes an alliance wita
Demetrius, 151. he quarrels
with* him, and takes Ciuiia
from him, ibid, he builds SeJu-
cia, 159. he forms a leagve
with Ptolemy, Lyfimachus, ani
Pyrrhus, againit Demetrius
161. he gets that prince's pcr-
fon into his hands, 16S. he gives
his wife and part of his domi-
nions to his foil Antiochus, 19;.
he makes war againft Lyfima-
chus, defeats him in battle, aiJ
poffeuei. himfelf of all his do-
minions, 196. he is afla/Tirutcii
by Ceraunus whom he hid
laden with favours, 197* c ^ ta '
racier of Seleucus, i&i.

Seleucus Callinicus afcen&s the
throne of Syria after his father
Antiochus Theos poifoned by
Laodice, VII. 275. he endea-
vours to retake what Ptolemy
had conquered from him, and
is unfuccefsful on feveral oc-
cafions, 279. he unites with his
brother Hicrax, againft Pto-
lemy, 281. war between the
two brothers, 282. Seleucus
marches againft Arfaces, 286.
he is taken prifoner, ibid, death
of Seleucus, 3S9

Seleucus Ceraunus fucceeds his
father Seleucus Callinicu*,
VIII. 2. he is poifoned by two
of his principal officers, «W.

Seleucus Philopator is left
by his father Antiochus the

Great,

•mm*.

*GMf to g^veri Syria during Jehaftf of Rdme fefcrfberl by

Jii* *bfence, VIII. #95. he af- (Tineas-, VH. *4c

4elri* the ttfranedf Syria, j&aj- Sennacherib, kbitf of tfhievett,

lie forids Beliodorus to Jerufe. declare* war agthift ffezekiah,

lem to bring away* its»tjieaf ares, • and reduces Jenifalem to extre-

371. Hcfiiodorus* caufes him to mitjes, II. 205. he writes tcr

i f tli - Hekefifafli, a letter foil of blaf-r

Seleucus* ttie foft Of demettttu -jHfemiey agairift the God of

t&cMer caufe* hlmielf to: be fftael*, airfniarthfc* afcainfVthe

4e*lated fcing ©f Syrtyl JP. *fc. kihfc of Egypt, whofe dominions

mother Cleopatntfctifo Him he ravages,. 106. he' return*
witH her oWri hahdsS • '1*3 afeifirfftjernralfem,i07'. hisaVm^
Sdleuensf eMed fort of Jfetieefcus is deftioyed bf an angel, Ator*.
1 G rypus king of Syria), fueceefls ' he is murdered* by his owa
him, IX. 23^ heftippoftfhinu. diildretti 20#
fe4f againft Antiochut the Cy«- Sfeptimrus, Roman officer* iff the
ccnian, 230/ fervice of Ptolehiy king' of*
Seleucus- Cybfofeeta* {oh of An- Egypt, afiaffinateS Pompey> X„
tfoctiito Eufebes and Selena, 177
goes, to Rome to jblldt the fe- Septuagmt; fome account df it,
Hate for his motheri IX. 243. VII. 207, fit.
he accepts 'theerown of Egjtot Serapis, divinity adorned in BgypV
a»d Berenice, 3t. if*, he-reh- VII. i72\ ms image is brought'
ders himfelf odtotrt by; bis 4 bafe from Pont us to' Alexandria,
inclination, itaft Berenice 5 cat- ** «#*•
les hhn-tobe put* tabeath, <Md. Sertm, generaPof Ahtfochus Epi-
9deucas, governor of Peluiknn phane's, is defeated by Judas
for Cleopatra; delivers trpMhat Mactabaetis* and' killed in the>.
city to Caefar by order of that battle, VHI. 407.
oueeti, - X-. 213* Sertoritis, flfomaH general, makes*
9eitnonta, cityof SRefly, IV. 31. a: treaty with MUhridates, X.
dfcftru&lon of that city By 1O4
Haftritbd, I. 312 Sfervilhrs* fenres in the Roman
Semtramis; qtreen of Affy&a : army* in quality of proconful,
rterbirtK, II 1 . 1*4- mVrnatrfts IT. 7*- Hels'fcilied in the battle
Nirmsv M. manner in wKch^ of Cannae, ' 79.
ftie*afcends the throne, ibid, (ha Sefac, or Seibhcftfs; kingrofEfcypr,
vifits all the pat rs of her enti V. 246. Me marches agabrrt jl-ru-
pire, 193. her authority over her lalem and' carfiea away all its
people, iM. horconcjneihr, iSisef: trcafrires, 247, a£c.
ifie puts the government into SMbfr/ris, king of E^ypt, his exto-
rter Ion's hands and retires ftocr catlorr, II 236: his cortqueiVs.
the* fight of mankind, 19$. dff- 257. his works beneficial to
ference between Semiramrs. arid" Egypt, 239. his blind fbhdncfs
Sardanapalns; 2Qi for his own gTandcur, 240. his
Stmpronius,. conftil, is defeated death, %tnd*
by Hannibal near Trebia, IV. Sethon» king of Egypt, caufe*

66 iTirrrielf to be cOnfecrated'high

Senate. Carthagmian fenate, I. pfieft'of Vulcari, and abandons

279. fenale of Sfarrnr; HI. 2j. himffelf entirely to*- ftxperftitioh,

fcnatb of Athens, IV. 362. 1. 248. miraculous manner in

fc Voi. X. B»~ Which

. which Herodotus relates, tt>at city, V. 121. theyfubmic**

, he was delivered from Senna- Alexander, :• VI. 70

chcrib's irsuption iato his do- Sieges. Famous fieges of antiquity;

* minions, 249, Sec. death of of Carthage by the Romans,
' Sethon, ibid. II. J43, &c. of Babylon by

Sethofis. See Se fort ris. Cyrus, II. 315. of the fame city

Seuthes, prince of Thrace, is re- by Darius, III. 107. of Plataea

* eftablulieo* hi his father's domi- by the Lacedaemonians, 390. of.
. -nions by Xenophon, IV. 20)4. . Syracufe by the Athenians, IV.

perfidy of that prince to Xeno- 5 a. of the fame city by Mar-
phon and his .jrqops, ibid. , cellus, X. 39. of Tyre, by Ale£-
jhepherds. They were in great ander, VI. 75. of Rhodes by
consideration in Egypt, 1.217. Demetrius, VII.' rao, of A-.
and in India, VI. 214 thens by Sylla, X. 80
Shioar, plain where Babylon was Signals by fire. Manner of making
built, II. 181 fignals by fire, VII. 9^
Ship* galley, veffel. Ship- build- Simon, furnamed the Juft, fac-
ing of the ancients, -IV. 392, Sec. _ ceeds his father Onras in the 1 ,
.fitting out 61' the fleets of A- t high- pneit hood of the j«ws,
Sheos, V. 237. ihip of^nor-. VII. 149. his, death, 160
' mous magnitude built by Pto- Simon, fon of, Mattathias, VI If .
' lemy Philopafer, i VII. 160 399. he is chofen general in
Shows. Difference of tafte be- . the room of his brother Jona-
' tweenthe Greeks and Romans , than^ and marches againft Try-

* in refpect to mows, I. 87. their phon, IX. 196. he is made
'pafiion for fhows one.. of the high-prieil and prince of Judaea,

principal caufe of the decline, 197. he renews the ancient.

' degeneracy, and corruption of . treaties with the Romans, ibid,

.Athens, 92 . death of Simon, 212

Sibotis. liland over againft Cor- Simon, Jew, has the guard of the

'cyra, famous for the battle be- temple given him: HU trea-:

tween the people of Corey ra chery, VIII. 372

; and the Corinthians, III. 330 Simon ides, Creek poet ; his an-

Sltanians, people of Spain ; they fwer to Hiero, who alked him

oome.to fettle in Sicily, IV. what God was, III. 79. Si-

30 monides prefer ved by the Gods,

Sicily,40and of the Mediterrane- I. $6

an: Description of it, I. 308. Sinatrocces, king of the Parthians,

different people that Inhabited . IX. 287

it, IV. 30 Sinope, city of Pontus. Lucullus

Sicyon, city of Peloponnefus : Its gives it liberty, X. 120

Jtings, 111. 10. it is delivered Sifyphus, fon^Eolus, makes him-

from tyranny, and united to the felf mailer of Corinth, III. 15

Achaean league by Axatus, VII. Sitalces, king of the Odryfians m

293. Sicyon was long in great Thrace, makes an alliance with

' reputation for arts and fciences, the Athenians, III. 378

,296 Slavery. Slaves.- Slavery in-

fiidon, city of Phoenicia, I. 29. compatible with the ftudy of

defpair of the Sidontans when philofophy, III. 358. thehigheit

they fee Ochus matter of their * price that can be paid for it,

cannot

INDEX.

'. cannoi wconoil« fre6 men to it,
VI. 170. what happens to fuch

• as have once fubmitted to a ftate

• of ferv Node, * VI 1 1 . 37 3 •
Smerdii, or Tanaoxafes, >fon of

- Cyrus, is made governor of
< feveral provinces by his father.
-Cyrus,- II'." 343. Cambyfes
;• caufes him to be put to death,

362
Smerdis the Magus paflfes for the

• fon of Cyrus, and afcends the
, throne of Perfia, II. 308, &c.

> hi* impolture is discovered, 369.
■' he is killed by the conspirators,

i • . 371'

Sxnerdones, one of the fi ^generals

, of Xerxes* army in that prince* s

expedition agaihft Greece, HI.

. > 189'.

Smyrna, city of iEolis, III. 17

Spbriety. Excellent leflbn upon

« fobriety, . 1 1 . 253

Socrates, prince of the: phitofo-

.phers ; his birth, IV. 277. he

.applies at firft to feu Ip tare, ibid.

> then, to the itudy of the faiences,
ibid, his wonderful ,progrefs in
.them, ibid: his taite for moral
cphilofophy, 278. his character
ibid* his employments, 27.9. his
fufferings from the ill temper of
Xm wife, 281. Daemon or fami-
liar fpirit of Socrates, 283. the
Delphick oracle declares, him
the wifeit of mankind, 286. So-
crates diftinguifLes himfelf at the
battle of Pbtidaea, and at that of
Delium, III. 31. his intimacy
with Alcibiades, IV. 17. he de-
votes himfelf entirely to the in-
ftru&ion of the Athenian youth,
217. attachment of his difciples
to him, 290. admirable princi-
ples which he gives them upon
government and religion, 291,
Sec. , he • induftrioutfy applies
himfelf to difcredit the fophiila
in the opinion of. the Athenian
youth, 297, what we are to urui

derftand by the ironical manner
afcribed'to him, 298: Socrates
is accufed of holding bad opi-
nions concerning the. gods, arrtf

• of corrupting the youth of A-

• thens, 299, &cr he defends him*

- felf without arf or meannefs,307.

- he is condemned to die, 312. he
refufes to efcape out of prifon,
314. he pafles the- laft day of
his life in difcourfing with his
friends upon the immortality of

- the foul, 319, Sec. he drinks the

• hemlock, 325. punimment of his ,

• accufers, 327. honours rendered
to his memory by the Atheni-

• ans, Ibid, reflections upon the
.'fentence pa fled on Socrates by '

the Atiic;iians, and upon So-
crates himfelf, ibid, relation be. •
-tween the death of Socrates and
that of the governor of Tt-
-granes, II. 267

Socrates of Achaia commands a
-body of Greek troops in the ex-~^
•pedition of Cyrus, the Younger
•again ft his brother Artaxerxes,
-IV. 168. he is feifed by trea- •
chery, and put to death, 180

Socrates, fon of Nicomedes, de- ••
thrones his brother Nicomedes
king of Bithyma, X. 73

Sogdiaita, province of Upper Alia, -
-1. 27. A JeXander makes himfelf
mailer of it, VI.' 184. it revolts
againft that prince, ibid, groat
courage of thirty. young Sogdian
prifoners condemned to die by
Alexander, 193

Sogdlanus, natural Ibnof Artax-
erxes Longimanus, kills Xerxes
II. and afcends the throne of
Perfia in his ftead, IV. 1. :
he puts Bagorazus,. one of his
father's eunuchs to death, 2»
he is dethroned by Ochus, who
caufes him totltified in aihes*
-..*.; . . ibid*

Solar year. At what time it
began to be ufed, 1 . 2 1 6 •:

B b 2 Soldiers

aies x>f the Jtedici? in thpr l>rpyw,Oii«vfii*s^^y»iui»sr,

^««VP» . ^ m J*-fr V.46

$gk>n, one of the frvep Apt pf StaMto, one of I,*e#Uuy s *£.

£*?*» V WW Pdm 99d ficm, mmmate i* .fonfttf

,l<yilatox by t*e Athienianjb IV . jtaf «g*fce airfare tf that ge-

49. government which I* #- .*M*1, X. tio

ihttues a* Athena, i44*c.]A*r« Wi^^PjDolewy^hUppator^tm.

which he gyres the Athenians, jtlto^wiJi^^i^oB^iiicJkittg^

56. travels «f $p)pn iut* Egypt ftter and wife, to be murdered,

ap4 I^di*, JLI. 339. his <*n<W VLIf . #7. 4ie is obliged to quit

at the *ou* of Cc»fus, i*V» . hiswnpleyment, tfirf. fee jwe-

converftt*# of £o\©n with .*«* fhat pane© from aiding

Thai* HPflP .VMursvgc, IJi . $©. . fCJepmnes, sad adyj&a fcim to

*Jfo*e*ur» tp Athens ^je&tfs .A«eA^pen&», 44

.WW. thwg flto»P& ^P. *e Sofljes,. fon of the former, has

fttdffiWHii* *° *"** WfiflW* tiw.^act 4? Hi* .porfoo of 1**

sN&»ft4i« tHaroay j* pain, ytwi^kioglr^dtt^fipipiuuMs,

63. death fffttab. ttfc VUL. 1*7

SaJJiue, Uk^»«\qwo, |*ai<j€j>rtpr Std*» one of the chief confpinu

IP Hw&»U *J.. *m. A* *«- tocsagainft HfarooynMjs, firifes

jeQmjiani* Abmyba) *n his jm- pm of Jfre quarter Acbradina,

dWdifrras, and composes *te ; and fathorts the Syrac^riaas to

jiMbw*ltetgm#i*pfri«,*4#i n*o*er their liberty, jK. 29. i*

Sa»&Ca$ei*. ftdte&ifln Upon .^p is o^ofen one of the principal

Ttvpj^.of fomeof rttjr fwedkr JBaagtAuoes, 3*. fee commanfa

^o(W, .V£..*fe ^the troops lent, to the aid of

Sopfatfts. &«t«i*ion 0/ the. fa. jtfaae&w, 3*

4>hifts, iy. *w Safins ^Caw4 conful, dedans

Sophocles*, one of th* Atlanta* *u* Anthony,, and gpe$ to taiaflj

generals, is Jbantfhed far m* X.oe;

paving attempted the £c*attc& Softhoqea, Macedonian, ^aUesAbc

. pf $<£?, 4 V,. *$ J&a*la out of Macedonia, tad

SqphockB, tragic poet* te *uX fltigqp *he«* daring, dome tiaae,

pute* Che pase tfn^JSSek^Ok JVH . 4CJU he i* gygrpgwrowd

fuadxazrkfi i* j^aiqft-hiin,,*, 4^ hy the gceat aumhec viUam*

bis death, MfV. tragedies $£ h» «wb 4 * ^jsoofc, o»|

.^om#.dgaratoii«v Mf>.WAlh»| Softratus, a|ghy>Be> t htiiUt the

^wanner he defended .htmafiif ia tovvwr *f Pharos^ VL1. ij 1 . 4k«

a wry advanced age agaiatt thf «ek wrhich lie orffc* fbroogoaf.

Ingmtkade4)f ii«.ciiiidiui, i^V. ting the vvtioie faonoux of that

chasateWofSophoeka, ioi ^todc^iumixif, I. j*j

Sophooida, Aipfaubal' s id^u^htn; Softopsa, xv Sefiftiatua, ^oweipor

VJnaarM tp ftjspa^au LI. f^4* o£ fyfantie, dcsUwera up that

MaQnifii hfriagjcanquorediSy* citf t» -B^fcrtifi^ VII. 135,

phaK, jnaardes Sopbonifta> and Pynrhjia, p& «aha ihioa amapdi #

taiameajet^nmiailiiajg.intoiahtL ute^utt^tna codeadt, a^

hands- of the Romans is reduced Sottft. Oifcomia^f ftecrataa iitm

la feadiiet-fwafon, . {bid. fixe tofr death upon 4*»« im»

Sop4ipofync,daugbftar*f Dao^rfins swotiattff^fhe^Hil, IV. *a*

' «. ~ • . . h ■* Sous 9

INDEX. * -

Sout?, king of Sparta, with his • fon-in-Iaw 6f Darius, diftht-

Colleague Agis, takes the c'rty guiflies himfelf by his valour at

of Elos, • I. 136 the battle of theGranicus, VI.

Spain. Defcript ion of Spain, I. 29. Alexander lays him dead

30$. mines of gold and filver, with his lance, • lj> «

286. the Carthaginians make Stagira, city of Macedonia, Art-
^hemfelves mailers of part of itotle's country, deftroyed by

Spain, 306. it is entirely 'con- v Philip, and rebuilt by Alexan-

queredby the Romans, II. 94. der, VI. 4

Sparta. See Lacedaemon. Staficrates, architect and great me-

Spendius of Capua, in concert ehanic, is appbinted by Alex- .

with Matho, caufes the merce- ander to execute the Catafalco,

naries to revolt againft the Car- -or magnificent funeral pile of
thaginans, II. 49. he is placed. Hephaeftion, VI. 177. he pro-

at their head, ibid. heputGifgo pofes to Alexander to cut mount \

to death, 32. he treats with the * Athos into the form of a man,

Carthaginians, 33. heisfeifed "ibid. See Dinocrates.

and hanged, ibid. Stater, ancient coin: Its value,

Speufippus, philofopher, Plato's III. 381

nephew, his intimacy with States. See Kingdoms. -

•Dion, V. 69 Statira, wife of Artaxerxes Mne-

Sphaderia, fmall ifiand over— tnon : 'revenge which the takes

againft Pylos, III. 407 for the death of her brother

Spherus, philofopher, aflifts.Cleo- -Terkeuchmes, IV. 147^

ments in re- inflating the ancient Statira, wife of Darius, falls into

tlifcipline in Sparta, VII. 335 'Alexander's hands, VI. 61.

Sr>hbdrias, Lacedaemonian, who ifleath of that princefs, .118-

. commanded in Thefpiae, forms Statira, eldeft daughter of Darius,
a fruitlefs enferprife againft the . marries Alexander the Great*

Pira?eus,V. 132. he fs acquitted - VI. 263. ihe is murdered by

for that attempt by the credit the intrigues of Roxana* VII.

•of Agefilaus 1 , • - * * 34 * 7

Spirit.: 'Familiar fpirit of So'- Starira, fifter of Mithridates, re- \

urates, ' * '» IV. 283 ceives orders from that prince

Spitamenes, confidant of Beffiis, to die, X. 114. (he dies cqu*

'forms a confpiracy againft him, rageoufly, ' ibid. ;

and delivers him up to Alexan- Statuaries. See: Sculp tors.

der, VI. 181. he v raifes Bac- Stefagoras, eldeft fon of Cimon,

txiana againft that prince, 185. is eftabliihed fovereign of the »

his wife not being able to peri Thracian Cherfonefus by* hi* ;

ftiade him to'furrender himfelf : uncle Miltiades, , lit. 145

to Alexander, kills hinrrin the Stilpon of Megara,- phiiofophe**

hight, 205 • .VII. 105, 10*

Spithridates; one of Artaxerxes. Stirrups. The -trie of them-un*

Mnemon's principal officers; known to the ancients, IV. 39Q

fcoes over to Agefilaus, and does Stratius, phyfician, goes to Rome »

him great fervices, IV. 233. with Attalus, IX 98. his wife

offended at the cxceflive fcverity remonftrances prevent that"

of Herippidas, he retires to prince from aflcing to (hare the

Sardis, 234 kingdom «f-Pargamu* with hi* :

Spithrobates, iatrap of Ionia-^and biothtr Eumenea, 99, &c*

Bat Suatonke,

taut, narres £ejcuftis, V}i. |6i. itfppy 3*4 effirnKiacy of

xjl. tJu* prinj* give* fcr tt ^inhabitants, »3/V. tojal pif#

b» fon AntiotfiMft . xo£ 0/ t}jft okpy ifa

Sttatontcc, one of the. WOf of Sycnnptfs, friftj; of £U*oa f afca*-

*" L '* fttpmtfs <$ P$na- 4ws $e pa£ of •fjiai founts

•ey. X. if4- m#& Kubfu pn M* ajipn^fr of pyw the

4*e§ taksj sg ta» tf/V/. YP9Wfc IV. |i^

S*a, king of Ethiopia. Sec $a r Sylja #r*es mtf*, *£*«** in

Jncus. quality yaf g*£#or, If. 17$.

Suomiujon : Mean* for infp&fg *l»af #^ral ifW * W ft *&■

it, 11. a**, mazier of exagmg e£us to flefciye Jugiffh* from

the fubinrfBon of wjjpns feif W JW5» jffK . tffi $*W* * W« *P fr

P«|fiaiis v HJ. nft, *q. £*p> w i$ tfe* aftip* rate,.

Sotfetes, ©b*f naptotfe pf tfce £n{«<} WPP* **> w «j^6 fce if i&

laittagijriaju, J. atf ewra/;/ej?f 04s fipal,#ft/. hex*.

Sulpicius (P.) Room Wtor, is eifcbli&e^ Aripbar*anes f upe*

4tnt againft Philip, yill. ?^ the throne of Capoadbpa, X.

tfftenrnf adions oi Sulpitius in 7*. ^e/isc|ia*£c4 Wfth tfcf wajr

Macedonia, 80. fcf is elegeg a^inft Wuin#ates^ So| /jfe fee,,

•conlui, aod-gQW yyto, Mac^fta, . ifoej Athens, /W. and takes it,

wiftory om Bfciljg, 147* «»* *! ttles againft tf* KPJ?aj

ferritins Callus, ufam.tf **e & jtyi|)tffp>te£, $7. fee !£* aa

Roman army HW$ p *r&«b : ^Cf**»V.- ^*fe tba.t pjjnae a*/?

foetels an isttpfe t§ to tfooj* m?!tfcn Rfa«i ««• P?^*«*»

IX. 72. tine fenate *e#rwi$iow W^Q lip^i 9^* herpes to

>tm to infned («*ie*|* »t» ^f : A4to^t lw» H* S^ajry, 4P4

0N>o^of Eumejwaf44A£i0r W$H*to*fW& W©

fbusr»6. hi* ^«tfini4**t cfi»- ^loftn, &ot^er of ?olyifaus*

4ua in cawtutiflS W «*ffiPa*fr WMt tf ,$a*»o§ : fe^/eqerpto

*on, ik'uL |p Darius, III. ipf- w^a<4

Sun. Ptyfeuni rev«W» W|| - *fel<%,he ^t^eiv^^i ^, i^|L

vhic^toe'Pfif£a/i% a^o$e4 tfr# Sy^x, sking of Numidia^ jugs

Supcrftition. Its great e^^yagft; ^ detfj^^yMa4nifl&, IH*«f
themindsofthep^pul^c, y|. IP^t^fs &Qphqm*a ? awi

*»i o^er to the Cartlv^niaff, /^,

Supieme Good, free Qpc4- 1^ ^ ^eawejL by &$ipjp, ajid

Stirena, g«aeal of U»e a«njf qf ta^,prilone^ friiy

lot Parthians, gains a grea* Syfac^, aaio^ q( a piatfl) feq|

«Milo^oTer Qm^ I&. alt*. ^Ite^e gy, W u^| t^^^Wft

©rodet^ jealous of his glory, !V. 49

puts aim to dea*h, 3^5- pfaife .Syjafttljp, ^yff Si«ly : ^*6m#v

§f Suiena, -. ^- *aioo, 1Y. *jh defifioijo^ rf

Surveying mveoted ^y the Rgyp- $^at ci,ty, tyf J»$ftPf> 9/ ^y-

•ians, I. aj^ racule t9 trjf? reign of Getoo,

Sufa, city of Perfia, X*bpa«* te X- S9-i*gM s > W*f ^f l te

Alexander, VI- 139 ^h?ni*ftV J V * $*• l H? ci ^

Swans, whatifii4iflof Ibeirijng- » peduced to extremities, $1.

Slip- fa*f s>f afffo. H* ** A**fl«»> *9* Ww Wwftir

SyrjMatfatM rrwfce fcheuifelaes abanfiofled by Agqftftitf, Jv

jp^ftef^of the Athenian arnjy, jpts- Egypt, and retires to the

&n& p»% tftf ***> S|ea*ra}s to *pwrt pf P«#a, f 9»- Arfc|»m*f ;

S&eajtft -a i. Pionyu\«s inafce* JWftos l«i», aitf gjv* s toa tb*

Jjirjr>Ce}f if ran: of £yrac ufo V> command of his troops againft

^. ineffectual attempts pt the the (#, #*/.

SSyKaPJjJJW a$ajn£ frun, j^, *c. Taftjcs ; tvbcrain tfctf artioftfrt*

^iwyfius tsw Younsp" fl yren l a 1 1 . <*/*+

Jijs. mher, 5;. Djpn npejf Tajon*. Valy*pf tfc ftafrytaujui

JlMtt, 6jL Ak;- W«W* inga,^ • tajsntjl. j*». vaiu*«f tj* Aa.

$wJe *f the §ymw&ns to Du#, Jjcfc ftlc^t, /#£

7$, *c. Pionyjfts tjie Vounge* Tajttobtfis, AgOTfranon'* tot,

fe-aftends- the th/pne, £$• Sv- ffcM, honouy<4a«a god at Spa*.

J&U& ijflpip** the aid of t fa jft, IH. J$ft.

'C?rjnffepns> wJ» Dead them Tamos, Egyptian, coniffiandft tbt

Tmt»oH»», 9?. tfcat j^peral rer £e>et of Cyrus the Younger in

&$ates the liberty ot the city, that pfljace.** e*pa&jeft agajaft

1&6, jp9- Agatfocjfeej ufurps frs brother, JV. itf

AHfrremautfoprity # ^/axuife^ Tanay****, fm of Cym. fa*

J, 3*3. after the death of that Smejytts.

^a^^Wu^^p^er^taU- . Tfjoentiiro, city,of Jrajy, I; 14^

pexty X'. fa 1$ ca.lU in the a|4 {be Tafentines call in Pyrrhic

atf FyrHWM$ainii tfce Cartha^ ta Ihtif ajd againft the llornaji*, '

nia«s, U 3yp. it ctjoofes Hierp VII. 911. that pwre k*»es»

]|. Jfing, A. 4; mildnefc of his /garrjfea in their city, »jj

jjj^^. H^ronynaiia fucceeds. Tarr*conia, part, o£ the aiwmf

Qjero, ^3. trouble* at §yracu£ Spajar, I- *>s

after tfa fcatfe pf Hieronynju*, Taffy* city of CUicja, fcfejffod

%0. Sjrrajfufe tttijeged an4 ukfla by A gander, VI. 40

ty Marcelius, 39, $5. reflex T%xihjs, lnd^Kif»& frttts htf*>fclf -

tops fipon tfye •geyprniBt-ig and undct the prote&ion of A)o*an»

^bafa^ei^ftjljcByr^cufajnis, £3 4er, VJ. **f. to aco*mpanws •

Sym ^viwe #f ££a, I. 2^. tl>M prince in his etpftjifu*

it is fe4uce4 U*o ^ Roi»an pn> agwA Fontt, i4/i AleJtaiidef

Tince^ I^C. 259 (ends ^im to Porus to pprfuad*

Sy^ffli^s, <nj)t))6X qf D^ua, Mm *• fubinir, *3^. P pr v« ia •

♦P Hto pfi^pei !?¥ AleK4nde^ Reconciled to Taxil^s, 144

a^t#r tUc ha|tl« oi' ItfW^Vl. 61 . Ta^jhi, one of tb* ^cneiaU of

ftp icanjiftt |uif)d^ (^^^Khof -ftfithr^Hes, joins ArcbelaMs,

Alexander, 2J87 and is defeated by Sylla> X.

. T Tagaea, city of Arcadia, IU. 3,

war between its intubijaius- an4

Tauio* afcends tl*c throne of Jhpte pf Mantins»a T V. 479

bgypt, Y. i^p. he raites troopi Te^yva, city of Beqptia, l^attle be*,

|p 4efen4. h itself a^|Alt ti»e t^ecn the Thebans and Lgee-,

kjfjg o| P*rft>i i^. rje o^taina dpenionians war a, V, 13^

t^P3 froirj tt^e [.acedsenip- Teiearch, office amongft the Thc-

WV> lifr M? c<wwwrte4 t«l )iaa« ; v!m( U «MS V. 154

~ Teiwlfh

INDEX.

Teleclts* fctng of Lacea'amorr,
atfaflinated by the Meffenians,

I. 134
Ttlefbope, glafs for feeing remote

objects : I n vention of it, VIII.

107

Teleutias is declared admiral of
<the Lacedaemonian fleet by the
■credit of Agefilaus, his brother
by the mother's fide, IV. 249.
lie befieges Corinth by fea, ibid.
he is fent again it (Mynthus, in
Che room of Phoebidas, V. 120.
he is killed in battle, Ibid.

Ttitus, citizen of Athens, eftcem-
ed inoft happy, and why, II.

'" * *39

Telys, Sybarite, occafions the ruin
of his country, * III. 361

Temples, famous one* of Greece,

VI. 1.

Ten. - Council of Ten eftablifhed
«t Athens, IV. 157

Tennes, king of Sidon, delivers
tip that city to Ochus, V. 222.
Ochus, to reward his treafon',
puts him to death, iBid.

Tenth. Cuftom among the Greeks
of giving the tenth to the gods,

III. 235

Terence, Latin, poet : abridge-
ment of his life, ' f . 241

Terillus, tyrant of.Himera, de-
prived of his power by TherohJ
engages the Carthaginians to in-
vade Sicily, III. 344

Teriteuchmes, brother of Statira;
wife of' Artaxerxes, marries
Hameftris, daughter of Darius,
IV. 146. tragical hiftory of
Teriteuchmes, ■ * ibid:

T&ita, after, the death of Apon,
her hufband, prince of IflVrrum,
reigns in his ftead, VI f. 306.
her grols .infult on the Romans
in the perfons of their ambafla-
dors, ibid, (he is obliged to de-
mand peace of them, and ob-
tains it, '^ • 307

Thais, famous com*tezan*t>orn *tH
Attica, occasions the burning of

the palace of Perfepolis, in a
party of debauch with Alexan-
der, VI. 148

Thales of Miletus, philofopher z
teafons that prevent fiim from
marrying, III. 50. founder of
the IonicTeft, 81

Thaleftris, queen of the Amazons,
'comes from a remote country
to vifit Alexander, . VI . 1 66

Tharaca, king of Ethiopia, after
the deatH of Sethon, 1 . 25 j

Tharfis, fecond fon of Javan, fet-
. ties in Greece, III. 8

Thafus, ifland in Thrace, revolts

■againft the Athenians, 1 1 1 . 286.

Cimon obliges it to fubmit, ibid,

..*-•• 287

Theano, prieftefs at Athens, re-
futes to curie Alcibiades, IV.

46
' Thea rides,' brother- to Dionyfros
the Elder, is fent to Olympia
by that tyrant tb difpute the
*prizes of poetry and the cha-
'rrot-race, V. 40

Theatre. Defcription of the the-
atre of the ancients, I. 117. de-
clamation, or fpeaking of the
theatre compofed and fet to
notes, 1 10

Thebais, part of Egypt, I. 168

Thebe, wife of Alexander^ tyrant
of PJierae, obtains pernuuionof
her hufband to fee and converfe
with Pelopidas, V. 165. hec .
conver fations with that Theban
make her conceive an averfiort

. fof her hufband, ibid, fhe makes'
her three brothers affaflinate the
tyrant, ' 169

/Thebes, city of Beeotia in Greece : 4

A its foundation,.'Ul. 13. kings

'of Thebe?, ibid. the.Thebans.

befiege P*latsea, 369. tney gab* '

■* a victory over the Athenians^

hear Delium, IV. 10.* they

give refuge to the Athenians!

who fled after* the taking of

ffctrr tsty-by Lyfantter, '"ijfr":

they eater into a league with

Tithrauftea

XithrauB^s^gaioft the I*Gfidap- therft|e*ve> -to -the" Remans, $7«
aiioniajas, 2,37. valour of tjhe . Syltla deprives, them of half
Theban* at, the battle of Coup- tjjieir territory, X. 91

Xiaea,, 3*4.6. they are c^mpeUed Ttaft 0/ • 'Certain 4wd:perra»tted
"by the £reaty of AntaUides /to ( #nd even commanded to *tihc

f;iw the' cities of Hoeotia their ypuflg Lfteefcmoiiians, III. 30*
ib5iy r -Y. 1 15. Thebes- falh it ;\ms .tbe moft ieverely pu-
inio th^e band* of the Lacadje- iufhed fifell the crimes by the
jxipnians, 117. £elopidas>rein- Scythians, 114

itates its liberty, 124. tUcThe- Themtftocles, Atheaian, diftin-
"bans gain a considerable advan- guifhes -himieif at the battle

of Marathon* MI. 157. he re-
moves Epicyde> from tihe com-
mand, anti rauics hirrifelf ta-ba
el&tad general in his ftead,
194. - he ittppoRts the decree to
ireqaU .Arjftides, 195. fee refigns
the Jvmotir of crimmandiaR'the
fleet to the Laoatomonians,
^97- 4i£ deternunes the Athe-
nians *o abandon tbcirx iey , waff .
he datteemines dine .Greeks to
fight ij*.theibrak of Salapua,
til. the Lacedxmoidaa* decree
the pfiiw iof wiidora to him
.aftsr jthe ytfibory *if Satanm,
.aaa. aoplaraiKtoas .with -whidi
.tie is received at the Olympic
J&axnes, ibid. Joe. je-an Utes the
flttotlu of Atfecas, and fortifies
*te?fcrsoeus, 24$. ibiac'k detiga
pwtauh .he jeonoebieB tfor Jup-
psUeting the Laced Ajmnniane,
ft*9 *he Athenian* apd Lace- '
dsamoaian& trajti«g agai(rft hiai
*s an aacomplne 4n the «oaa-
jCpiraty af Pautamas, in: Mfcst
refuge with Adaietua, 257. toe
retires $0 Artaxcrxes, 274. his
great credit wich that priae<>
277. hs kills bunleif, aft€.
ehan&er ef Thupaiftoclas, 144,

aftf

tage over the Lacedemonians
xiear T-egyra, 136. they -deftrey
Flat«ap and Thesis, 13J}. they
defeat ttye Lacedaempnians, ana
jpu.t them to flight at the battle
' ©f Leu<ftra, 143. they ravage
XtBfoma, and advance to the
gates jof Sparta, 149. they fond
Felopidas to the poutt oi' Pec-
fia, an4 obtain t£c tttJc .of
friend and allies of the king,
1$ 5. <hey mffce- Alexander ty-
rant of Pto? Submit, 15S, z.^9
The Xheba^s make a feconjd
* attempt,again/t Sparta, V. 170.
fhey, ^am a great vidory over
t^ie Lacjed^moaians ,n$ar jtfw-
Jinaw, 17$, fcc. tfafly aid Arta-
bafu* ftgai^t d%e king of Perfo,
^04. t^cali in PiiMip *e tbajr
Aid agaiii^ the PnociaiM, ^Sji,
The Jhn^a/i^ Mei^nians, iu»d
^.Cgi^s, enter into an alliance
-with PhUij>rp*ttnck P«jrtpQn r
jnelW, 294.. tb^e Tueham j<^ja
|^e At,heiM*in* againi^ i'W.ift
318. they we "deliajtfjji ^.ssy
Cheronaca, 322. Philip puts a
gar^ibn iato .their c>ty, V^V*
the T^eba«#, a^ter t^ <4eath 0/
that prince, p^t part of t^ gar-
riibw.to the fiv<v:d, VI. J3. ^.

(exan4cr rnand^e^ ugain^ them* Tbemjftuft, migiftratp «f $yra«

aA4<M^>ys;hqir<-i:y, Hk, *c. e«{e, coofjiiiBs vwtih A*dranp-

r^.eilabliihi^nt of ThehGf by 4(>rus. Xo fei& the fowertugatyy

tijU^r.V I J\63. the 1 ^»|,^ X. 3*. he is ailed bj «nkr of

lOa^e ^ a^i^nce w>tia tl^ Ro- the othei magtitaatas, ii^»

uiarvi in ^ j^ar a^ainji Pyr- Th*nQn, c^uiraaader pf the «i-

W**> ^*« i«.« *^/ Aur«axl«j tt44 of Syracufe, furr«n*wt

himfclf

•fNDEtf.

.himfelf to' Pyrrhus, VII. 233. Theodotus,
that prince puts him to death,

Theocritasi poet at the court of

Hiero, . X. 16

Theodotus* chief of the Euntbl-

one of the princi-
pal confpirators againft the life
of Hteronymus, is put to the
rack, and dies without difco-
vering arty of his accomplices*

X. *6

pidae at Athens : what he ven- Theodotus, preceptor to the laft

tured to fay in refped to the ma-

lediclions or curies, IV. 112

Theodorus, citizen of Syracufef

ventures to declare himfelf

. openly againft Dionyfius in ra-

. vour of liberty, V. 30

Theodotus, uncle of HeracI'tddS,

Ptolemy, advifes that prince
to put Pompey to death, X. 177.
h • goes to prefent the head of
that Roman to Ca?far, 179

Theogiton, of Megara, gives the
Greeks wife advice after the
battle of Platarae, 1 1 1 . 233

if deputed by him to Dion, to Theophraftus, Antigomis's ge-

conjure him to return to the aid

. of Syracufe, V. 83.. he puts

himfelf into Dion's hands, 85.

.Dion pasdons him, 86

Theodotus, governor of Baclriana,

.revolts againfl Antiocmist and

caufes himfelf to be declared

king of that province, VII.

264. he dies, 284

Theodotus, fon of the former,

.fucceeds his father, VII. 284.

forms a league attentive and de-

feuiive with Arfaces, ibid,

Theodetus is charged by Anti-
.ochus with the
•Malo, V11I 5. he is defeated
and- obliged to abandon the field
,of battle, ibid.

Theodotus, Italian, governor of
Ccelofyria for Ptolemy, de-
fends the entrance into that
province againft Antiochus, and
obliges that .prince to retire,
VIII. 7. he is accufed, and ob-

^ueral, refuses to quit Corinth,
VII. 304. Aratus caufes him to
be put to death, i&id.

Theophraftus, philbfopher, his
difpute with an old woman of
Athens, in buying fomething
of her, IV. 39*

Theopompus, king of Spam,
commands in the war againft the
Argives, I. 138. then againft
•the MeiFeniaifs, 139. he is de-
feated, taken pri loner, and put
to death by Ariftomenes, i^f.
eftablkhes the Ephori, III. 24
war againft Theopompus, difcipleof Ifocra?
tes, gains the prize pf eloquence
over his mailer, and has the
weaknefs and vanity ta brag of

, it, V. 216

Theoxena, Theflalian lady,
daughter of Herodicus,- marries
Port, VIII. 340. tragical and
courageous end of Theoxena,

34*

liged to go to the court of Egypt Thsramcnes, one of the A the-

to give an account of his con-
duct, 15. in refentment tor that
atijront, lie declares for Antio-
chus, and puts the cities of
Tyre and Ptolemais into his
glands, jGu he enters the camp of
f'tolemy in the night with de-
fign to kill.hira,'20. he falls in
that attempt, and efcapes to his

camp,

ibidf

nian generals, is charged with
the care of burying the dead
after the battle of the Arginufx,
IV> 126. not being able to exe-
cute that order, he makes the
other -generals refponfible for it,
and accufes them at Athens,
127. he is deputed to ty lander
during the tiege of Athens, 139.
he oppoies. the violence of his

colleagues,

INDEX* :

colleagues, and draws their ha- . cafion of her hatband's cfeaf e f

t red upon himfelf, 153.- he is V» 3*

accufed by Crifips, and put to Theti, name of the lower clafs -of

death, 155 , people at Athens, IV. 356

herma, capital city of ^fctolia, Thethmofis, or Amofis, hav-

taken by furprife, and ravaged ing driven the king-fhephenis

t>y Philip, VI 1 1. 50 L out of Egypt, reigns there, I.

: herijiopv Ice, pafs of mount GEJta . • 233

in ThelTaly, HI. 198. battle of IVunbron, Lacedaemonian fee*

Thermopylae betvyeen the La- • neral,, marches -againft Tjffa-

cediemoniaris and. Xerxes, 200. J)hernes and Pharnabafus, IV.

&c': victory of the Romans . 204. upon fame difcon tent he*

oVer' Antiochus near Thermo- is recalled,, 211

pylx, VIII. 238 Thirty. Council of thirty efta-

" heron, tyrant of Agrigentum, , bliihed at Lacedaemon, III. 24.

makes an alliance with Gelon, • thirty tyrants eftablifhed at

and gains in conjunction with Athens, by Lyfander, IV. 14*.

him a great battle over the Car- cruelties which they commit in

thaginiahs, , III. 344 that city, 153. Thrafybuluy.

Thefeus, king of Athens, III. , .drives them out of Athens, 15 6.*

13. "he dies in the ifland of they endeavour to • re-inftate

Scyros, whither he had been , themfelves, and are all put to

obliged to fly, 281. Cimon the fword, 157

brings his bones to Athens, Thoas, iEtqlian, charged with*

ibid. . the execution of a defign to

Thefmothetae, Athenian magif- . feife Chalcis, fails' in the at-

* trates, IV. 367 tempt, VIII. 224, he goes to

Thefpioe, city of Achaia, ruined , Antiochus, and determines him

by the Thebans, ' V. 137 to enter Greece, 227*

Thefpis. Greek poet, confldeted- Thrace, province of Europe; yQry

as the inventor of tragedy, III . lingular cuftoms of its inhabi-

8 1 . tants, I it . i28.Thrace fubjected

Theflalonica, wife of Callander, by Philip, V, 291, & c . •

is killed by Antipater, his eldeft Thrafo, confidant of Hierony-

ibn, VII. 158 mus, is accufed by Theodotus

Theflalus, third fon of PiiiitraUis, of having confpired againft that

III. 65 prince, X. 26. he is put to

Theflaly, province of ancient death, * ibid.

Greece, III. 2. the TheiEilians Thrafybulus, tyrant of Miletus,

fubmit to Xerxes, 198'. they is betieged by Halyattes, II.

implore aid of the Theban*. ' 237/ftratagem which he ufes

againft Alexander of Pherac, to deliver himfelf from thae-

1^9.' Pelopidas delivers them liege, 2j8

from his power, ibid, they have Thrafybylus, brother of Gelon,

recourfe to Philip againft their reigns at Syracufe after Hiero's*

tyrants, 269. that prince deli- death, III. 355. he caufes

vers them, ibid. himfelf to be dethroned by h]is

Thefta, filler of Dionyfius the cruelty, * ibid.

Elder, and wife of Polyxenes : Thrafybulus is made general of*

courageous anfwer which (he the Athenians, IV. 104. he

gives her brother upon theoc- accufes Alcibudes at Athens,

* and'

INDEX.

. and canto nim fob* depeftd,

• nfl. he quits to Athens to avoid
the- cruelty of the thirty tyrants;

• 156.- lie expels the tyrants frttm
that ottyv tad re^mAfctesit* H-

. berty, «*W.

ThMfyitts it made geaeralof the

> Athenians, IV. 104,

Thraffmerie*; Lake 1 of Yttfcarty;

- famous for Himnibal's vtttafry
over the Romans, II. 67

•Phucydides*, Creefe HHroriaiv; he
i$ commanded to* go- to the

• sod of AmpRipolis, IV. 9. the

• Athenians- make it a crime in
him- to hare fuflfered- that city

• to 1 be taken, and banith him,

Thucydides, brother«>in<.law to
Cimon, is- let up againfc Peri-
d*s*-by,the nobility of Athens,
1 1 1 . . 3 rj . Pericles prevails to
have him banifhed, 318

Tfcurium, city, of Sicily: It?
foundation, Ifl, J62

Thymbra-, city- of Lydia, famous
for die battle between Cyrtis
and'€ro?Ais, II. 287

Tfhyraea, fmalJ territory ofGreece,
whiclt occasioned the war be-
tween the Atg^vtsr and tafcedie-
lttoniarHr, I. 138

Thyus, governor of Paphlagfc-

- ma, revolts' againft'Artaxefxes,
IV. 270. he • is conquered by
Datames, • *7*

Tiberius 6 raeehns is-^'fent* bjrtne
ienate into Afia to examine into
tHe condud of Eumenes; an*
that- of 1 Arttiocmis*, IX. 1 r6r
See Graccttas.

Tleinus; rivef^Htstyjiiear which
P: Scipiowas debated by Han-
nibal; Ii: 58'

"Wglah-Prtecer; king^of- Nineveh,
: 15. 20 3. he- aids Aha2, Iringof
]u«*h-, agalnnVthe kings of-Sy-
rirand Ifrael, 204.

tfigranes, fon\ of-'a king of. Arme-
nia, obtains pardon for his-ft-

• thereof Gyrus- H; Ii. 2G4-. he

et>mittai«k tfteArnTeWMttodfts,

Tlgtante*, for of Tigrariesf, king
•df Armenia* is fet at' libeftp
by the P&rthiantfon hlsTatftef**
deatfl* an* placed upoif the
thrdrte; IX. 239. he accepts the
crown of Syria, and' wears- it
eighteen yearsy 2#. he marries
Cleopatra* daughter of Nfithri-
_ date*, X. 7%. he invades tie
* kingdom of Ca'ppadocia, 102.
he give's MirhrldaTCs retugevi 1*5.
' the Romans declare w£f agaShft
him, 119. Tigranes is' defeated*
by Lucullus, 126*. Hcrailesnew
troops in concert With Mithn- n
dates, 129. he is defeated a
facond- time* 134*. Pompej*-
marches agaimt him, and finds
him at war with his fon, 147.
Tigranes fubmits his perfon and
crown to 1 the dHeretion ofPbm-
pey and rfie Romans, 14& Pdrii-
pey leaves him part of his do-
minions, 149
Tferaney, fon. of the former*
' marttes* war with his fetber> X.
147. he puts himfelf under tha*
pTOte&ioir of Pom pey, 14%*. not*
being* fadsfied; with Pom pey *s
decree, he endeavours to- flyy
149. Pdmpey referVes him for
his triumph, - iBld,
l*igranoce/ta, city of Armenia,
built by Tfgranes, X*. 102.
Lucullus takes it, and abandott*-
it to be. plundered by 'the foj-
diers, \z%
Tigris, riVef of'Afta,, Vr. 119
Timaca, wife of vEgis : Excefs of
her pafiion for Alribiades, IV.

49

Timagoras, deputed'by the Atlic-

. nians to tHe court of Perfi*,
reeeivtfs great prefents, and is
condemned to die at "his return,.

V. 156"
Timafldte, concubine, renders
Alcibfcdes the lalt'dutics, IV.

150
Tinur.

INDEX,

rnascln», tyrant of Miletus, is
conquered and killed by Antio*
chusTheos, VII. 259

imstrcsMis* governor of Baby-
lon, revolts againft Demetrius
SoC«r 9 and is pu* to death* IX.

179
imafion is chofea one of the
generals of the Greeks after die
death of Cletrchus, IV. 192
"imafttheus, chief of the pirates
of Lipara : his noble and reli-
gious behaviour in *efpe& to
the Romans, V. 96

rimenes, one of the principal
Heracjtdae, re-eaters Felopon-
xtefus, III. 17. Argos falls to
liim by lot, ibid.

Timocrates, friend *f Dionyfius
the Younger, marries Dion's
■wife while he is banifhed, V.
68. he flies on the approach of
Dion, 73

TiiriokiKS of Corinth ad>Ue5 the
cities in alliance againft the
Spartans to attack them ia their
own territory, IV. 241

Tiraolaus, Lacedaemonian, at
whofe houfc Philopesmen lay,
is~ feat by his country to offer
him the riches of Nabis, VIII.
226. he finds it difficult to ac-
quit himfelf of that commhfk* ,

iUd.
Timoleoa, Corinthian, facrifices
his brother Timophane* to his
country, V. 98. the Corinthians
fend him to the aid of Syracufe,
100. he eludes the vigilance of
the Carthaginians by a wife ftraw
tagem, 101. he gains an advan-
tage over the Carthaginian* aad
Icetas near the city of Adra-
noa, 10a. he caters Syracuft,
ibi4, Dionyfius fin-renders him.
felf to hum to*- Timofteon
fends him to Corinth, Hid. he
gains feveral vi&ories over the
Carthaginians, 105. here-efta*
bliflie* the liberty of Syracufe,
and iaftitutea wife laws there,
Vol. X. 6

107, $cc. he frees the other
cities of Sicily from tyranny,
109, fee. he gains a great vie*
tory over the Carthaginians, 1 1 1 .
he is accufed and cited to an.
fwer, 112. he quits his autho-
rity, and pafles the reft of his
life in retirement, ibid. >&c. he
dies in it, ibid, great honours
rendered his memory, 113, &c.
his praife, ilrid.

Timoph&nes, Corinthian, hav-
ing made himfelf tyrant of his
country, his brother Thiioleon
caufes him to be aflaflinated, V.

Timotheus, fon of Conon, fc fent
by the Athenians with a fleet to
the aid of the Tfcebans, V."
134. he ravages the coafts of
Laoortia, and makes himfelf
matter of the ifland of Corcyis^
ibid* he is employed by the A-
thenians in the war againft the
allies, 204. he is accufed by
Chares* and fentenced to pay
a grant fine, 108. he retires to
€ hale is, and dies there, Wd m
faie faying of Timotheus, 167.

Timotheus, lieutenant of An*
tiochus Epiphanes, is defeated
by Judas Maccafaeus, VI II, 4 14.
he is defeated a fecond time by
the fame captain in the reign of
Anaocims Eupator, IX. 1*9

Timoxeaes is chofen general of
the Acabmks, in the room of
Aratus, VII. 318

Tiribafcis, general of Artaxerxea
Mnemon, determines-that prince
not to fly before his brother
Cyrus, IV. 172. he com-
mand* the fleet of Artaxerxes
againft Evagoras, and befieges
that prince inSalamin, 25^. he
it faifely accufed by O routes,
and carried to the court ia
chains, 360. trial of Tiriba-
fus, 265. the king difcovers
his innocence, and reftores him
to his feyouf, *6$. Tiribafns
C c accompanies

INDEX.

. accompanies Artaxerxts in that
prince's expedition againft the
Cadufeans, 267. his ftratagem
for making that people return
to their obedience to -the Pcr-
funs, ibid.

Tiribafus, Cat rap of weAcm Ar-
nica u, incommodes the ten
thoufand Greeks in their Be-
treat, IV. 196

Tirintatechmus, fon of Artabanes,
one of the oommanders of
the army of Xerxes in that
prince's expedition againft
Greece, III. 1*9

Tifainenes, fon of Oreftes, reigns
at Mycenae -with his brother
Penthilus, III. 11

Tifippus, Aeolian, is accufedof
having exercifed great cruelties
againft thofe who had not taken

2*8. ho is a Vifeafrd near Sank,

430. lie is treacfaerouDy accaid.

aji, Artaxerxes ptats hira tc

* ibid. character of TiiV

ri
Tithraufies leiles TH&phenies^
order of Artaxerxes, and i*
placed at the head of the anr.i
anhisftead, IV. 231. he arc*
the ferexal Hates of Greece a-
-gainft the Lacedaemonians, 1;?

T-obit is carried captive intoAf-
fyria, II. 005. he bides hfrnfeii
fome time to avoid the cruelty
of Sennacherib, 208. he fore-
tels the ruin of Nineveh to ias
children, 209

Tomyris, queen of the Scythians,
II.344. Herodotus relates that
flw cauied Cyrus to be pot to
death, 'ibid.

?arty with the Romans againft Tragedy : Its origin, I. 94. its
erfeus, IX. 106. Pauius JE- progrefs, ibid, poets who dif-
milius acquits him, 107 . ttaguifhed themfelves in trage-

Tiflapliernes, Perfian of quality, dy, #//..

is appointed by Darius to reduce Treaties. Odd cuftom of making'
Pifuthnes governor ofLydia, IV. treaties among the I berians and
4. he effeds it, and has the go- Scythians, III. m

vernment of Lydia for his re- Trebia, river of Lombardy,ramoas
ward, 5. he fuflers himfelf to for Hannibal's victory over the
be feduced by the flattery of Al- . Romans, If. 61

cibiades, and gives himfelf up Termellius, furnamed Scrota, <k-
cntirely to him, 96. he con- feats and kills a third ufurper
eludes a treaty with the Pelo- of the kingdom of Macedonia,
. ponneuans, 102. he caufes Al- IX. 131

cibiades to be feifed, andfent Trezena, city of Argolis, gives re-
• prifoner to Sardis, 107. he com- fuge to the Athenians who had
xnands in the army of Artaxer- lately abandoned their city, III.
xes Mnemon at the battle of Cu- 209

uaxa, and diftinguilhes himfelf Triarius, one of Lucullus's licu-
in it, 172. he takes upon him tenants, is defeated by Mithri-
to re-condud the Greeks into dates, X. 137

Txibatt, people of Moefia, V.

their own country, 185. he
feifes Clearchus and the other
generals by treachery, and fends
them to Artaxerxes, 189. he
joins Pharoabafus to oppofe the
enterprifes of Dercy llidas, 215.
he fends to command Agefilaus

309. they pretend to mare with
Philip in the booty taken from
the Scythians, ibid, they are
defeated by, that prince, ibid.
they ace defeated by Alexander,

VI. 13

to quit Afia, and to declare war Tributes. Reafons for the efts-
againft him in cafe of rcfufal, . bliflunent of them, II. 394

v Trierochs,

•INDEX.

fleratchs, Athenian officers : monians to command them, ft

Their fun&ions, V. 438 147. character of his poetry,.

rophies ere&ed by the ancients Ibid, he revives the courage of

after a victory, I. 86 the latter, and occasions their

' rophonius, hero, 1 . 48. famous- ' gaining a great victory over the

oracles of Tmphonias in Boeotia> Meflenians, 148. he is made a

ibid. citizen of Sparta^ ibid.

"rough.: kwdofpuniihment ufed

h»y the Persians, MI. 273. V.

"roy, city of Alia, taken and Varcunteivs,- one of the lietii

burnt by the Greeks, III. 14 tenants of Caflus, being fe-

[*r\ith : It i& the foundation. of paratcd from, the main body of

the commerce between men, V. the army, is attacked by the

343. Parthians, and dies" fighting.

Cryphena, daughter of Phyfcon, glorioufly, > ' IX. 307
is married to A*ntiochus Gry pus, Varro (C. Terentius.) conful, is
IX. 3124. me facrifkes her defeated by Hannibal at the
filter Cleopatra to her jealoufy, battle of Cannae, II. 78
228. Antiochus, of Cyzicum* Vafthi, wife of Darius. See-
puts her. to death, in torments, Atofla.

229 Uchoreus, king of Egypt* build*

Tunis, city of Africa, is taken by Memphis, I. 23 $

Regulus, II. 9. the mercena- Udiaftes, friend. of TJeriteuchmes,.

ries .revolting againft Carthage affafiraates him by order of

make it their place of arms, 30 Darius, IV. 147. Statira caufes

T yche, quarter of the city of Sy- him to be put to death in tor-

racufe, IV. 51 ments, ibid.

Tydeus, one of the Athenian ge- Ventidius, Romaa feldier, rife*

nerals, rejeds the advice of to the higheft dignities of the

Alcibiades,andoccafionthelpf* commonwealth by his merit,

of the battle of ^Egofpotamos^ IX. 318. he revenges the di£»

_ . , . . „ IV. 135 grace of the Remans at the bat-

Tyndarus, king of Lacedaemon, tie of Came, and defeats the

~* ~ . . * , ***• *4 Parthians upon feyeialoccafions*

Tyrant. Origin of that name and . 319, &£

its fignification, III. ao. diffe- Vilius is elected conful, and

rence between a king and a ty- makes war with Philip in the*

«/ ant '. *«,_ . . V - a » &c ' room of Sulpitius, VIII. ico.

Tyre, city of Phoenicia: Itsfoun- nothing panes confiderable du-

dation, VI. 88. Tyre befieged ring his year, 15 *. he is fent

and taken by Nabucodenofor, ambafiador to Antiochus, and

II. 215. Darius re-inftates it f ucceeds in making that prince ^

m its ancient privileges, III. fufpeft Hannibal, 214

135. Tyre befieged and taken Univerfity of Paris. France ob.

by- Alexander, VI. 74* &c Jiged to it for the eftablimrhent.

then by Antigonus, VII. 86. ofpoftsandpoft-offices, II. 30*

accomplilhmeat of the diflerent Urania, divinity of the Carthagu

prophecies concerning Tyre, mans. See Moon.

^ . _ , VI. 90 I/fury* To what excefs it was car.

Tyrtaus, Greek poet* the Athe- ricd in the latter times of the-

maj»give him to the Laced*. Roman commonwealth, X. 1 17

* Utica,

5*-

_. r

tft ca. c*y of Awka.

Uur as CiiXi^r aaeljojs
m^idd mc7i4aarc&, II.

U ral-cc* to (uijuer at
«*-"•'-«• 35. it ^Ui itfcj
tfcc :;^jw>i cl lU: Romans, 13$.
tfce .*:'ci rr»«id it wjth tfje
Ian is between Carthage aad
^H'ppo, 15 j

Ui:j, j^t pie upon the fntKi
01 Ptnia, contra* by Alex-
J^Ccr the etc*, VI. 143

W.

Wa€f», comtdjr of Ariftopbanes,
c»ii«i tile V\*jp*, 1. uo

V\»tcr. Sweet water how
pre,'v k ved at Alexandria, X.

Wcilt of Jofcph in the caftle 01
C«ifo m Jigypt : Delcnpucn of
Ibeui, I. I7 o

nociien. Whether they estght to
U admitted to the adawuiftfa-
tion of public aftairs, the cean-

. mand of armies, and the Jew*.
Tcignt y of atatcs, 11. 196

Wrcitlin* ticrcik of waawhrg
amonglt the ancients, 1. 68

Writing. J la bepaaiftgs, 1. *sa

X.

Xa*th i mui, Lacedcmenku^cemes
to tic aid of the Carthaginians,
II. 10. he defeat! the army of
Reguluf, 13. he retires and
tlilappcttrs loon after, 14

Xaathiupu*, citisen of Athens,
. accuics Miltiadet of tre*fon t

HI. it*

Xenthippui, father of Pericke,
abandoning Athens on the ap-

J>roach of Xerxes, his dog fbl-
ows his Oiip to Salamin, and
. etpires on the fhore, III. a 10
Xjuuhipptt*, Athenian, com*

T?llic*4

4 v

\U n

fcppe, via
/•daoaaiB h&

Xfcetas, Achde-^xm, is
hl^oar^Akr

cats, viii. *. ta

•u buUade anal is
wuh his whole
Xenoctztes, phi
nuwobr
ttpater, to whom 1
fcitt amhatWor by

ill bit <-.
I¥. :*

feiir a^T/

teat Arv-

falis nm^-

cut to pns^>

Xenon is charg e d s>w

with the wsm

VIII. 5. hen
Xenon, Achaean,

the Jeanae* of tJae

V inwA.**
or A;-
4iad buA
Arfcr-
FI/. ,i
AHtiochu
Kcia,

apiiA

•/•«

IX. 1C9

doi to Hannibal, fills into *fe?
lasjtitof the Ronvaae, VIII. «•
he efcapes and concludes the
treaty with Hannibal, iSid. hf
is taken en hie return by Ae

- Roman*, 69

Xettonnon, hLftorian and pfctfs-

jepnerf h* commands tfcewfl

thousand Greeks after the death

■ of Cleareims, and brings them
. bask into their own country, IV.

• 1$*, tee. he joins the Laeeds-
moniane in the war aganft Ttf-
lap hemes and Ph arnabafus , 204.
he alU under Age&laus, at the
battle of Corontea, 445. differ-
ence betw e e n Xenophoa ud
Herodotus in their accounts of
Cyrus, II. y/52, «c.

Xerxes

I

INDEX.

Xerxes f. fon of Darius, Is clewed
kmg of Perfia in preference to
his brother Artabazanes, III.
166. he confirms the Jews in
their privileges, 170. he re-
duces Egypt, ibid, he prepares
to invade Greece, ibid* he deli-
berates with his council con-
cerning that expedition, ibid.
wife fpeech of Artabanes to
him, 172. rage of Xerxes upon
that occafion, 174. he difcovers
his error, and confefics it in full
council, 1751 the war is re-
folved, 177. Xerxes enters
into an alliance with the Car-
thaginians, 179. he begins his
march, and gives orders for cut-
ting a way through mount
Athos, ibid, his letter to that
mounfain upon that fubje&,
180. he advances to Sardis, ibid*
his cruelty to Pythias, 182. he
marches towards theHellefpont,
1*3. he caufes the fea to be
chaftlfed for having broken the
bridge of boats which he had
laid over it, 185, he orders a
fecond to be built, and,pa0es
the Hellefpont with his army,
ibid, number of his forces, 187.
Demaratus tell him freely his
thoughts ofthisenterprife, 191.
three hundred Spartans difpute
the pafs of Thermopylae with
Xerxes, 200. that prince in his
rage caufes the dead body of
Leonidas to be affixed to a gib-
bet, 201. he taxes and burns
Athens, 211. he is defeated at
Salamin, 216. he leaves Mar-
donius in Greece, and returns
precipitately into Afiaf 217.
violent pafiion of Xerxes for the
wife of his brother Mafiftus,
and afterwards for Artainta
that princefs's daughter, 242.
he caufes Mafiftus to be put to
death, 244. he gives himl'elf up
to luxury and Yoiuptuoufnefs,

269. he is killed by Art**
banus, captain of his guards,
ibid, character of Xerxes, 270*

Xerxes II. fbn of Artaxerxes
Mnemon* afcends the throne of
Ferfia, 1 V. 1. he is affaffinated
by his brother Sogdianus, ibid,
Xiphares, fon of Mithridates, is
5 killed hy his father, X. 154
Xuthus, ion of Helenus, fettles
in Attica, III. i§

Xychus, who had been at Rome
with Apelles and Phiiocles, in
quality of fecretary to their em«
bafy, is feifed and carried be-
fore Philip, VIII. 368. he dif-
covers the whole plot of Per-
feus againit Demetrius, tod*

Yazdan, the good deity of the
Peruana, II. 429

Year, folar, whenfirfx ufed, 1. 2 16
Youth. The irregularities of that
time of life are not always fuf-
ficjpnt grounds for defpairing of
a young man, III. 279

Z.

Zabdiel, Arabian prince, betrayi
Alexander Bala, IX. 189. he
delivers up Antiochus, fon of
Bala, to Tryphon, 193

Zaleucus, legiflator of the Lo-
crians, III. 365 . wifdom of his
laws, ibid.

Zancle, city of Sicily, IV. 31. See
Meffene.

Zebina. See Alexander Ze-
bina.

Zenis, Dardanian, governor of
iStolia under Pharn&bazus, IV.

212

Zenodotus, librarian of Ptolemy
Soterat Alexandria, IX. 285

Zerah*

>NBEX<

2erafc, yag of Ethiopia and
Egypt, makes w«ir with Ala,
kingo! Judah, and is defeated,

I.247

Zeugir*, thiid clai* of the citi-
zens of Athens, IV. 356

Zoippus, Hiero's fon-in-law :
His great credit with Hierony-
muj, X. 26. he goes ambafla-
dor to Egypt, and itays there
in voluntary banifhment, 34

Zopyrus, Periian lord, mutilates
himfclf for the fervice of Darius,
Hi. 109. he makes that prince

mailer of Babylon, i&idi n^rd
given by Darius for Co gm a
lei vice, ui

Zopyrus, flave of Pericles, and p.
veinor ot Alcibiades, IV. r

Zomaiter, founder of the fcdr
the Magi amongft the PerikiA

II. 4:

Zoioafter, another chief «as
reformer of the fame led, II.

&

Zorobaber, chief of the Jews * b

return to -Jerufalem sM the

decree of Cyrus* II. •;*

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